CAP 1

Libera chiesa in libero stato è utopia. Meglio libera concorrenza tra religioni in libero stato

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Per la religione la neutralità politica (dare a Cesare quel che è suo) è pressochè impossibileChiesa e stato, cooperare o confliggere?Ipotesi teradizionale (teo liberazione) e ipotesi innovativa (concorrenza)Metodo: teoria + storia1@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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Conflict between church and state is nothing new.
Note:BUSINESS AS USUAL

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draws its fundamental authority from a different source-religion
Note:RAGIONI

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two realms

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makes separation difficult to obtain in practice.
Note:OPERAZIONE IMPOSSIBILE

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citizens frequently rely upon trusted public figures
Note:AUTORITÀ EFFETTIVA

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Even under "normal" political situations containing considerable uncertainty and imperfect information (e.g., voting),
Note:ANCHE NELLE STABILI DEMOCR

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significantly influence the public's perception of any given policy,
Note:IL SANTONE

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public may interpret their silence as implying acceptance
Note:ANCHE IL SILENZIO

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whether the individual choice be neutrality or activism, the result is equally political:
Note:DAN LEVINE

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For this reason, "rendering unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's" is not resolved easily for many religious elite.
Note:ROVELLO

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the civil rights movement of the 1960s
Note:UN ESEMPIO DI COMMISTIONE

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even more pronounced in Latin America-the
Note:L INTRECCIO TRA I DUE REGNI

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Iran-religious authority served to justify political regimes.
Note:DA DAVIDE ALL IRAN DI OGGI

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religious institutions would maintain a fair degree of autonomy
Note:DI SOLITO...ALMENO ALL APPARENZA

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legitimation of a regime would be traded for financial assistance or other special privileges.
Note:DO UT DES

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The teachings of Jewish prophets and early Christian communities challenged Roman hegemony
Note:SCONTRO

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Taiping Rebellion in China;
Note:ALTRO SCONTRO

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Ayatollah Khomeini orchestrated the collapse of a secular dictator
Note:ALTRO ES

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Christian base communities throughout Latin America frustrated the attempts of military regimes
Note:ALTRO ES

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how and why religious leaders choose strategies of cooperation or conflict with secular authorities is an important topic
Note:IL TEMA

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as society modernized, religion would fade eventually into the background,
Note:LA TESI CHE HA MARGINALIZZATO QS STUDI

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Religion wreaked savage revenge on the "inevitable" march of secularization.
Note:RITORNO IMPREVISTO

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Why do religious authorities, at any given time, choose to oppose
Note:LA DOMANDA

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Since the late 1960s, Latin America has become a major focus for the study of these questions,
Note:LABORATORIO

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Traditionally, Catholic Church officials forged tight links with the antidemocratic elite
Note:COLLABORAZIONISMO

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However, beginning with Brazil in the late 1960s, several national episcopacies began actively opposing
Note:BRASILE TARDI SESSANTA

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the most recent wave of Church-state conflictwas initiated by the clergy.
Note:CASO UNICA

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"preferential option for the poor"
Note:TEOLOGIA

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(roughly 1964-89).
Note:IL XIODO CRUCIALE

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many bishops, clergy, and lay activists suffered at the hands of the state (see Lernoux 1980).
Note:MARTIRI

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Oscar Romero in 1979
Note:ES

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Church, actively endorsed military regimes (as in Argentina) or remained silent (as in Uruguay, Bolivia, and Honduras).
Note:CASI DIFFORMI

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In other countries, such as Paraguay, the right of the regime to exist was never seriously questioned
Note:UN CASO A METÀ

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The Question at Hand
Note:ttttttttttt

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Why did some national Catholic episcopacies in Latin America actively oppose dictatorial rule, while others did not?
Note:LA DOMANDA CHIAVE

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Christian base communities
Note:NN CI SONO SOLO I VESCOVI

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I define "opposition" as sustained public denunciations of the regime by a majority of the bishops within the country.
Note:QUANDO LA CC SI OPPONE

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national bishops' conferences since the mid-1950s as a vehicle for enunciating Church policy
Note:LO STRUMENTO

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we are looking for the Church's "center of gravity"
Note:IL NOCCIOLO

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maintained over a substantial period
Note:ALTRO REQUISITO X PARLARE D CONDANA

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Even the most antidemocratic bishops must occasionally question blatant disregard for human rights.
Note:NN CONSIDRATI

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silence is more akin to a "wait-and-see"
Note:NEL PRIMO ANNO

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strong community values, such as trust, are a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for democratic stability
Note:RUOLO DELLA CHIESA X LA DEMO

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Religious organizations serve as one primary source for generating such values.
Note:Ccccccccc

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research addresses itself to the consequences of the Church's new orientation toward serving the poor, there has been ample speculation about the causes for this change.
Note:STUDI SUI FINI E SULLE CAUSE

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awareness on the part of the Church of the increasing "structural" poverty
Note:PRIMA CAUSA...INDUSTRIALIZZAZIONE

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awakening to the rise in repression associated
Note:SECONDA...REAZIONE ALLE REPRESSIONI

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reform within the international Church.
Note:TERZO...ONDA LUNGA VATICANO II

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manifestations-the 1968 Medellin Conference, the 1979 Puebla Conference, and the advent of liberation theology.
Note:CAUSA PRIVILEGIATA...IL VII

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This hypothesis concerns the effects religious competition
Note:LA NUOVA IPOTESI AVANZATA

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Protestants, Spiritist movements, and Marxist organizations.
Note:I COMPETITORI IN AMERICA LATINA

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competition increases the importance of obtaining active followers among nominal Catholics. Such Catholics are found predominantly among the rural and urban poor,
Note:BACINO DI UTENZA

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Where the Church faces greater competition for members, bishops will be under pressure to defend the interests of the poor,
Note:TESI

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Not doing so would lead to a greater loss of poor parishioners to competing groups
Note:NON FALO...

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Wherecompetition is weak or nonexistent, bishops can continue an alliance
Note:ALTRIMENTI

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Storia Sudamerica: Chiesa sempre vicina al govrnoSorprese degli ultimi anni dal S.: 1. smentita la teoria della secolarizzazione 2. la Chiesa diviene sempre + innovativaLa Chiesa si è sempre affidata allo Stato x la raccolta delle decime ma ha pagato con una xdita di autonomi