sabato 17 novembre 2012
Probabilità, valore atteso e code grasse
Oggi viviamo in un mondo di "loss an island effect", le medie sono inservibili e la matematica è inutilizzabile, è da buttare e il fatto che i crimini siano diminuiti è irrilevante, a meno che con si voglia confondere probabilità e valore atteso, rischio e incertezza. Come si fa a prendere sul serio le serie storiche quando il contesto è così profondamente mutato: ieri avevamo le mazze, offi i missili nucleari li compriamo al supermercato. Questo se non vogliamo parlare di psicologia della persona.
http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com/longpeace.pdf
http://stevenpinker.com/pinker/files/comments_on_taleb_by_s_pinker.pdf
http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/john-gray-steven-pinker-violence-review/
giovedì 29 settembre 2011
Stereotipi sugli stereotipi
In psicologia sperimentale la teoria degli stereotipi s’ incardina su quattro pilastri. Vista la prosopopea che gira, sempre meglio dare una ripassatina prima d’ infilarsi in impegnative discussioni sul tema.
1. Gli stereotipi su gruppi di persone non aumentano il rischio di razzismo.
2. Gli stereotipi su gruppi di persone sono quasi sempre accurati (hanno un valore di verità molto elevato).
3. Gli stereotipi su gruppi di persone sono adattivi (mutano nel tempo).
4. Gli stereotipi positivi sul “gruppo” di persone a cui apparteniamo difficilmente si traducono in stereotipi negativi su altri “gruppi”.
A quanto pare non sembra che la persona comune abbia in testa solo schifezze, sembra invece che siamo un po’ tutti scienziati in erba.
La miglior chiosa in merito spetta a John Ray:
Pensare per stereotipi è il modo migliore per avvicinarsi al nostro “prossimo” e tentare di conoscerlo meglio. Ma non è nemmeno il caso di dirlo visto che si tratta di sapienza diffusa, tutti adottano questa tecnica in modo più o meno esplicito. Rigettare la possibilità di “generalizzare” o “etichettare” significa rigettare il metodo della scienza, e direi persino del linguaggio.
Interessante anche quanto osserva Steven Pinker a proposito degli stereotipi di genere:
… In so many cases, as Eagly and the Stereotype-Accuracy people point out, the biases are accurate. Also, there's an irony in these discussion of bias. When we test people in the cognitive psychology lab, and we don't call these base rates "gender," we applaud people when they apply them. If people apply the statistics of a group to an individual case, we call it rational Bayesian reasoning, and congratulate ourselves for getting them to overcome the cognitive illusion of base rate neglect. But when people do the same thing in the case of gender, we treat Bayesian reasoning as a cognitive flaw and base-rate neglect as rational!… Alice Eagly and Jussim and Eccles have shown that most of people's gender stereotypes are in fact pretty accurate. Indeed the error people make is in the direction of underpredicting sex differences…
mercoledì 7 settembre 2011
Forza di volontà
Chiedete a vostro figlio se preferisce un biscotto ora o due biscotti tra un quarto d’ ora, la risposta che vi dà potrebbe illuminarvi sul suo futuro. Nulla più del self-control predice il successo dell’ individuo. Non solo, è anche un elemento della nostra personalità che possiamo almeno in parte “allenare”.
Steven Pinker commenta l’ ultima fatica di Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney:
Ever since Adam and Eve ate the apple, Ulysses had himself tied to the mast, the grasshopper sang while the ant stored food and St. Augustine prayed “Lord make me chaste — but not yet,” individuals have struggled with self-control. In today’s world this virtue is all the more vital, because now that we have largely tamed the scourges of nature, most of our troubles are self-inflicted. We eat, drink, smoke and gamble too much, max out our credit cards, fall into dangerous liaisons and become addicted to heroin, cocaine and e-mail.
Enlarge This Image291 pp. The Penguin Press. $27.95.Nonetheless, the very idea of self-control has acquired a musty Victorian odor. The Google Books Ngram Viewer shows that the phrase rose in popularity through the 19th century but began to free fall around 1920 and cratered in the 1960s, the era of doing your own thing, letting it all hang out and taking a walk on the wild side. Your problem was no longer that you were profligate or dissolute, but that you were uptight, repressed, neurotic, obsessive-compulsive or fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development.
Then a remarkable finding came to light. In experiments beginning in the late 1960s, the psychologist Walter Mischel tormented preschoolers with the agonizing choice of one marshmallow now or two marshmallows 15 minutes from now. When he followed up decades later, he found that the 4-year-olds who waited for two marshmallows turned into adults who were better adjusted, were less likely to abuse drugs, had higher self-esteem, had better relationships, were better at handling stress, obtained higher degrees and earned more money.
What is this mysterious thing called self-control? When we fight an urge, it feels like a strenuous effort, as if there were a homunculus in the head that physically impinged on a persistent antagonist. We speak of exerting will power, of forcing ourselves to go to work, of restraining ourselves and of controlling our temper, as if it were an unruly dog. In recent years the psychologist Roy F. Baumeister has shown that the force metaphor has a kernel of neurobiological reality. In “Willpower,” he has teamed up with the irreverent New York Times science columnist John Tierney to explain this ingenious research and show how it can enhance our lives.
In experiments first reported in 1998, Baumeister and his collaborators discovered that the will, like a muscle, can be fatigued. Immediately after students engage in a task that requires them to control their impulses — resisting cookies while hungry, tracking a boring display while ignoring a comedy video, writing down their thoughts without thinking about a polar bear or suppressing their emotions while watching the scene in"Terms of Endearment" in which a dying Debra Winger says goodbye to her children — they show lapses in a subsequent task that also requires an exercise of willpower, like solving difficult puzzles, squeezing a handgrip, stifling sexual or violent thoughts and keeping their payment for participating in the study rather than immediately blowing it on Doritos. Baumeister tagged the effect “ego depletion,” using Freud’s sense of “ego” as the mental entity that controls the passions.
mercoledì 3 agosto 2011
lunedì 28 febbraio 2011
Tempo perso
At the time I started writing this book it seemed clear to me that any between sex differences in thinking abilities were due to socialization practices, artifacts, and mistakes in the research. After reviewing a pile of journal articles that stood several feet high, and numerous books and book chapters that dwarfed the stack of journal articles, I changed my mind. The literature on sex differences in cognitive abilities is filled with inconsistent findings, contradictory theories, and emotional claims that are unsupported by the research. Yet despite all the noise in the data, clear and consistent messages could be heard. There are real and in some cases sizable sex differences with respect to some cognitive abilities. Socialization practices are undoubtedly important, but there is also good evidence that biological sex differences play a role in establishing and maintaining cognitive sex differences, a conclusion I wasn't prepared to make when I began reviewing the relevant literature.
sabato 14 agosto 2010
Marilynne Robinson
Ascolteranno?
No, ma deporre l' astio ed affidarsi alla bellezza e alla semplicità puo' sempre aiutare.
Una maestrina che scrive fiabe fa la lezione a Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Steven Pinker, E.O. Wilson.
Ascolteranno?
No, ma deporre l' astio ed affidarsi alla bellezza e alla semplicità puo' sempre aiutare.
Il video di una sua conferenza a Yale.