IL PROBLEMA CON LA MURGIA

IL PROBLEMA CON LA MURGIA

Siccome i fascisti hanno due gambe, chi ha due gambe è un fascista.

Ecco, lo psicofascista della Murgia a volta rischia di somigliare al “fascista bipede”.

Con questo, sbaglia chi le rinfaccia l’assurdità del concetto stesso di “psicofascista”. La psicopolitica esiste ed è una cosa seria, ma non puo’ essere strumentalizzata come fa la Murgia.

Diego Gambetta, per esempio, ha studiato la mentalità del terrorista islamico rinvenendo affinità con quella degli ingegneri, per altro sovra-rappresentati in quei gruppi. Ma non ha certo lanciato allarmi del tipo: occhio ai laureati in ingegneria nelle facoltà mediorientali!

Insomma, la Murgia sembra troppo poco desiderosa di far presente che una persona puo’ anche essere maschio, amare l’ordine, disdegnare le espressioni ambigue, avere una certa chiusura cognitiva, non essere particolarmente amante degli esotismi, provare un senso di disgusto per certi comportamenti in antitesi con la tradizione, manifestare una sincera lealtà al gruppo a cui appartiene… E NON ESSERE AFFATTO FASCISTA!

POLITICA DEGLI ISTINTI

POLITICA DEGLI ISTINTI

Le preferenze politiche sono essenzialmente preferenze morali, e queste ultime possono essere ricondotte a quattro istinti fondamentale. 
1) Attenzione verso i più deboli. Deriva dall’istinto di cura per la prole.
2) Onestà. Deriva dalla valorizzazione della reciprocità, a partire dal patto coniugale.
3) Lealtà. Deriva dalla necessità di formare gruppi vasti e coesi in funzione della guerra.
4) Santità. Deriva dalla necessità di proteggerci da contaminazioni e agenti patogeni.

Questi istinti sono presenti in ciascuno di noi ma, a grandi linee, in chi vota a sinistra prevalgono 1) e 2), in chi vota a destra 3) e 4). 

HL SIX Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind

SIX Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind
Note:6@@@@@@@@@@@

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I tried a restaurant called The True Taste.
Note:ESPERIENZA

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it was a tasting bar for sweeteners.
Note:SOLO DOLCIFICANTI

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the five kinds of taste receptor found in each taste bud on the tongue—sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory
Note:I RICETTORI DELLA PAPILLA

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sweet receptor produced the strongest surge of dopamine
Note:DOPAMINA

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humans are hard-wired to seek sweetness above the other four tastes.

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DOLCE

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it was most efficient, in terms of units of pleasure per calorie, to consume sweeteners,
Note:UNITÀ DI PIACERE

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I asked him how business was going. “Terrible,”
Note:MA NN FUNZIONA...È TUTTO PIÙ COMPLICATO

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it’s a metaphor for how I feel sometimes when I read books about moral philosophy and psychology.
Note:UNA METAFORA

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many authors reduce morality to a single principle, usually some variant of welfare maximization
Note:MAX...E POI MUORI...ES JEREMY BENTHAM

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Or sometimes it’s justice or related notions of fairness, rights, or respect for individuals and their autonomy.
Note:KANT RAWLS...

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Utilitarian Grill,
Note:RISTORANRTE 1

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The Deontological Diner,
Note:2

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leads to societies that are unsatisfying to most
Note:IL MONISMO MORALE

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We humans all have the same five taste receptors, but we don’t all like the same foods.
Note:METAFORA

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To understand why people are so divided by moral issues, we can start with an exploration of our common evolutionary heritage,
Note:EVOLUZIONISMO

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It will take a lot of additional work for us to connect the universal moral taste receptors to the specific moral judgments that a particular person makes.
Note:UN LAVORO DA PAZZI

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the righteous mind is like a tongue with six taste receptors.
Note:LA METAFORA CENTRALE

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morality is like cuisine: it’s a cultural construction, influenced by accidents of environment and history, but it’s not so flexible that anything goes.
Note:UN COSTRUTTO MA NN COSÌ FLESSIBILE

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THE BIRTH OF MORAL SCIENCE
Note:Tttttttttttttttttt

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Reason defeated superstition, light replaced darkness.
Note:L ILLUMINISMO NELLA VULGATA

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Enlightenment thinkers were united in rejecting divine revelation as the source of moral knowledge, but they were divided as to whether morality transcended human nature—that
Note:DIVISIONE ILLUMINISTA

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deduced by reasoning,
Note:OVVERO

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Hume’s
Note:ANTI TRASCENDALISTA

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Hume believed that “moral science” had to begin with careful inquiry into what humans are really like.
Note:PROGRAMMA HUME

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“sentiment” (intuition) is the driving force of our moral lives,
Note:L ASSUNTO

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sentiments, which give us pleasure when we encounter virtue
Note:PIACERE E GIUSTIZIA

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There’s nothing transcendental about them. You’ve got to examine tongues.
Note:PLA LINGUA MORALE

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ATTACK OF THE SYSTEMIZERS
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They are missing the social-cognitive software that the rest of us use to guess the intentions and desires of other people.

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L AUTISTICO

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empathizing and systemizing.
Note:LO SPETTRO DI BARON COHEN

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identify another person’s emotions
Note:L ABILITÀ DELL EMPATICO

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analyse the variables in a system, to derive the underlying rules
Note:L ABILITÀ DELL AUTISTICO

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exceptionally low on empathizing and exceptionally high on systemizing.
Note:L AUTISMO

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a region of personality-space—the lower right corner of the lower right quadrant—than as a discrete disease.
Note:COME PENSARE L AUTISMO

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Jeremy Bentham was born in England in 1748. He went to Oxford at the age of twelve,
Note:FONDATORE DELL UTILITARISMO...TENDE ALL AUTISMO

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he proposed that a single principle should govern all reforms, all laws, and even all human actions:
Note:SINGOLO PRINCIPIO

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“Asperger’s Syndrome and the Eccentricity and Genius of Jeremy Bentham,”
Note:ARTICOLO DI PHILIP LUCAS

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low empathy and poor social relationships.
Note:BENTHAM...ZERO AMICI...ANCHE DA PICCOLO...MAI SPOSATO...SI CONSIDERAVA UN EREMITA

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impaired imaginative capacity, particularly with respect to the inner lives of other people.
Note:IL SUO DIFETTO

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John Stuart Mill—a decidedly non-autistic utilitarian—came to despise Bentham.
Note:PARADOSSO

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KANT AND THE DEONTOLOGICAL DINER
Note:Nttttttttt

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Immanuel Kant was born in Prussia in 1724.
Note:ALTRA ETICA...ALTRO AUTISTICO

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he was disturbed by the subjectivity that such an account
Note:CONTRO HUME

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Kant, like Plato, wanted to discover the timeless, changeless form of the Good.
Note:OSSESSIONATO DALL ASSOLUTO

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moral law could only be established by the process of a priori (prior to experience) philosophizing.
Note:A PRIORI

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Rather than offering a concrete rule with some specific content, such as “help the poor” or “honor your parents,” Kant provided an abstract rule
Note:IL PRINCIPIO CARDINE DI OGNI MKORALE...LA NN CONTRADDIZIONE

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“Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”
Note:TEST KANTIANO

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Kant told us to use logic.
Note:Ccccccccc

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boiling all of morality down to a single sentence, a single formula.
Note:SIA B CHE K

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Kant was a loner who never married
Note:ALTRO FREDDO MONACO

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love of routine
Note:FAMOSO PER

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Kant was widely liked, and he did seem to enjoy company,
Note:MA CI SONO DUBBI

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GETTING BACK ON TRACK
Note:Ttttttttt

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We want to discover how the moral mind actually works, not how it ought to work,
Note:IL NS OBIETTIVO

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However, philosophy began retreating from observation
Note:PURTROPPO

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They became more analytic and less holistic.
Note:QUANDO GLI OCCIDENTALU HANNO COMINCIATO A STACCARE IL RESTO DEL MONDO

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Hume’s messy, pluralist, sentimentalist approach.
Note:CADE IN DISCREDITO

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BROADENING THE PALATE
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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Culture is so powerful that it can cause humans to behave in ways that override whatever ancient instincts we share with other primates.
Note:LA VIA ALTERNATIVA DEGLI ANTROPOLOGI...SEMPRE SCETTICI DELL EVOLUZIONISMO

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it would never be possible to understand morality without evolution.
Note:CONVINZIONE XSONALE

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when you see that some version of kindness, fairness, and loyalty is valued in most cultures, you start wondering if there might be some low-level pan-human social receptors
Note:DUBBI DI UNIVERSALITÀ...E MATURA UMANA

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It would be silly to posit the existence of separate receptors for mango juice, apple juice, Coca-Cola, and Fanta.
Note:ANALOGIA

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each culture has invented various ways to trigger it.29
Note:CASO MAI...

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I didn’t want to make the classic mistake of amateur evolutionary theorists, which is to pick a trait and then ask: “Can I think of a story about how this trait might once have been adaptive?”
Note:L ERRORE COMUNE....RAZIONALIZZAZIONE

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MORAL FOUNDATIONS THEORY
Note:TtttttttttttttCOME INTERAGISCONO CULTURA E NATURA

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For example, many animals react with fear the very first time they see a snake because their brains include neural circuits that function as snake detectors.
Note:MODULARITÀ...IL MODULO SI È SVILUPPATO NELL ANTENATO X ADATTARSI AL SUO AMBIENTE

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Sperber and Hirschfeld distinguished between the original triggers of a module and its current triggers.
Note:TRIGGER

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Modules make mistakes, and many animals have evolved tricks to exploit the mistakes of other animals.
Note:BIAS

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The current triggers can change in a single generation,
Note:TEMPI DEL TRIGGER

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many moral controversies turn out to involve competing ways to link a behavior to a moral module.
Note:ES...POSSIAMO PICCHIARE I FIGLI?

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spanking typically triggers judgments of cruelty and oppression.
Note:A SINSTRA

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judgments about proper enforcement of rules, particularly rules about respect
Note:A DESTRA

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Moral Foundations Theory.
Note:IL NOME DATO AL PROGETTO HAIDT

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caring for vulnerable children, forming partnerships with non-kin to reap the benefits of reciprocity, forming coalitions to compete with other coalitions, negotiating status hierarchies, and keeping oneself and one’s kin free from parasites and pathogens,
Note:I 5 FONDAMENTI..E L ADATTAMENTO DA CUI ORIGINA

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the original triggers—that
Note:IL PUNTO D AVVIO DELLA BASE MORALE

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The third row lists examples of the current triggers—the
Note:OGGI

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If your “dolors” (pains) outweigh your “hedons” (pleasures), then your reaction is irrational, from a utilitarian point of view, but it makes perfect sense as the output of a module.

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VOSTRO FIGLIO HA LA PERITONITE VIENE OPERATO IN TEMPO E VOI POTETE ASSISTERE. IL CHIRURGO AFFONDA IL BISTURI. LA VS REAZIONE IN QUEL MOMENTO

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you notice two nurses assisting in the operation—one older, one younger. Both are fully attentive to the procedure, but the older nurse occasionally strokes your son’s head, as though trying to comfort him. The younger nurse is all business.
Note:DAVANTI AL BIMBO ANESTETIZZATO CHE NN SENTE NULLA...COME GIUDICATE LE OSTETRICHE?

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If you are a utilitarian, you should have no preference.
Note:Cccccccc

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If you are a Kantian, you’d also give the older nurse no extra credit.
Note:Ccccccccccccc

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But if you are a Humean, then it is perfectly proper for you to like and praise the older nurse.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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There’s more to morality than harm and fairness.
BOTTOM LINE

LA POLITICA DELLA PAURA NON ESISTE

LA POLITICA DELLA PAURA NON ESISTE

Le preferenze politiche sono preferenze morali, e le categorie morali di fondo sono innate.

Tra queste ultime quella legata a purezza e disgusto è fondamentale. Il disgusto si è evoluto inizialmente per ottimizzare le risposte al dilemma dell’onnivoro: un senso del disgusto ben calibrato consentiva di selezionare al meglio i cibi. Il senso della purezza si origina probabilmente proprio dal trattamento adeguato degli alimenti, che opportunamente lavati cessano di essere veicolo di infezioni. L’originale sfida adattativa che ha guidato l’evoluzione della categoria di santità, quindi, era la necessità di evitare agenti patogeni e parassiti di ogni sorta.

Facciamo un caso concreto: l'immigrazione. Le culture differiscono nei loro atteggiamenti verso gli immigrati, e ci sono parecchie prove che gli atteggiamenti liberali e accoglienti sono più comuni in quei luoghi in cui storicamente i rischi di contagio e malattia erano più bassi. Le piaghe, le epidemie e le nuove malattie sono infatti di solito introdotte dagli stranieri.

In altri termini: la politica della paura non esiste. Esiste solo una politica che fa appello a categorie morali che alcuni individui posseggono in modo più sviluppato che altre. Poi, una volta attivate quelle intuizioni etiche, la razionalizzazione dell'esistente fa il resto.

SAGGIO Le basi morali della politia

Le basi morali della politica

The Moral Foundations of Politics – The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion – Jonathan Haidt

***

Trigger warning: – i cinque pilastri – perché vince la destra – equivoci sull’ “appello alla paura”

***

Care (hurting a child), Fairness (profiting from someone else’s undeserved loss), Loyalty (criticizing your nation to outsiders), Authority (disrespecting your father), and Sanctity (acting in a degrading or disgusting way).

Note:CINQUE PILASTRI DELLA MORALE

A NOTE ON INNATENESS

The brain is like a book, the first draft of which is written by the genes during fetal development. No chapters are complete at birth, and some are just rough outlines waiting to be filled in during childhood. But not a single chapter—be it on sexuality, language, food preferences, or morality—consists of blank pages

Note:IL CERVELLO È COME UN LIBRO

“Built-in” does not mean unmalleable; it means “organized in advance

Note:DEFINIZIONE DI INNATO

The list of five moral foundations was my first attempt to specify how the righteous mind was “organized in advance of experience.”

Note:MORALITÀ INNATA

1. THE CARE/HARM FOUNDATION

Mammals make fewer bets and invest a lot more in each one, so mammals face the challenge of caring for and nurturing their children for a long time.

Note:LA PROLE DEI MAMMIFERI

attachment theory, a well-supported theory that describes the system by which mothers and children regulate each other’s behavior so that the child gets a good mix of protection and opportunities for independent exploration.

Note:TEORIA DELL’ATTACCAMENTO

The moral matrix of liberals, in America and elsewhere, rests more heavily on the Care foundation than do the matrices of conservatives,

Note:LIBERAL E CURA

2. THE FAIRNESS/CHEATING FOUNDATION

Altruism toward kin is not a puzzle at all. Altruism toward non-kin, on the other hand, has presented one of the longest-running puzzles in the history of evolutionary thinking.

Note:ALTRUISMO

Trivers noted that evolution could create altruists in a species where individuals could remember their prior interactions with other individuals and then limit their current niceness to those who were likely to repay the favor.

Note:TRIVERS E LA CORRETTEZZA

Human life is a series of opportunities for mutually beneficial cooperation.

Note:COOPERAZIONE

On the left, fairness often implies equality, but on the right it means proportionality—people should be rewarded in proportion

Note:EGUAGLIANZA E PROPORZIONALITÀ

3. THE LOYALTY/BETRAYAL FOUNDATION

The male mind appears to be innately tribal—that is, structured in advance of experience so that boys and men enjoy doing the sorts of things that lead to group cohesion and success in conflicts between groups (including warfare).

Note:TRIBALISMI

The Loyalty/betrayal foundation is just a part of our innate preparation for meeting the adaptive challenge of forming cohesive coalitions.

Note:LEALTÀ E COESIONE TRIBALE

The love of loyal teammates is matched by a corresponding hatred of traitors, who are usually considered to be far worse than enemies.

Note:IL NEMICO

The left tends toward universalism and away from nationalism,26 so it often has trouble connecting to voters who rely on the Loyalty foundation.Indeed, because of its strong reliance upon the Care foundation, American liberals are often hostile to American foreign policy.

Note:I PROBLEMI DELLA SINISTRA CON LA LEALTÀ

4. THE AUTHORITY/SUBVERSION FOUNDATION

The urge to respect hierarchical relationships is so deep that many languages encode it directly. In French, as in other romance languages, speakers are forced to choose whether they’ll address someone using the respectful form (vous) or the familiar form (tu).

Note:GERARCHIA E LINGUAGGIO

The obvious way to begin thinking about the evolution of the Authority foundation is to consider the pecking orders and dominance hierarchies of chickens, dogs, chimpanzees,

Note:ALTRE SPECIE

As the primatologist Frans de Waal puts it: “Without agreement on rank and a certain respect for authority there can be no great sensitivity to social rules,

Note:GERARCHIA E SOCIALITÀ

When I began graduate school I subscribed to the common liberal belief that hierarchy = power = exploitation = evil.

Note:PROBLEMI A SINISTRA

5. THE SANCTITY/DEGRADATION FOUNDATION

Liberals score higher on measures of neophilia (also known as “openness to experience”), not just for new foods but also for new people, music, and ideas. Conservatives are higher on neophobia; they prefer to stick with what’s tried and true, and they care a lot more about guarding borders, boundaries, and traditions.

Note:NEOFILIA NEOFOBIA

The emotion of disgust evolved initially to optimize responses to the omnivore’s dilemma.39 Individuals who had a properly calibrated sense of disgust were able to consume more calories than their overly disgustable cousins while consuming fewer dangerous microbes than their insufficiently disgustable cousins.

Note:IL DISGUSTO DEGLI ONNIVORI

It’s a lot more effective to prevent infection by washing your food,

Note:LAVARE PULIRE PURIFICARE SANTIFICARE

The original adaptive challenge that drove the evolution of the Sanctity foundation, therefore, was the need to avoid pathogens, parasites,

Note:PARASSITI

Cultures differ in their attitudes toward immigrants, and there is some evidence that liberal and welcoming attitudes are more common in times and places where disease risks are lower.41 Plagues, epidemics, and new diseases are usually brought in by foreigners—as

Note:IMMIGRAZIONE

If we had no sense of disgust, I believe we would also have no sense of the sacred.

Note:SACRO E DISGUSTO

American conservatives are more likely to talk about “the sanctity of life” and “the sanctity of marriage.”

Note:DESTRA E SANTITÀ

On the left, however, the virtue of chastity is usually dismissed as outdated and sexist.

Note:ESEMPIO CASTITÀ

You can see the foundation’s original impurity-avoidance function in New Age grocery stores, where you’ll find a variety of products that promise to cleanse you of “toxins.”

Note:IL SACRO A SINISTRA: CIBO

If you dismiss the Sanctity foundation entirely, then it’s hard to understand the fuss over most of today’s biomedical controversies. The only ethical question about abortion becomes: At what point can a fetus feel pain?

Note:BIOETICA E SENSO DEL SACRO

The philosopher Leon Kass is among the foremost spokesmen for Shweder’s ethic of divinity, and for the Sanctity foundation on which it is based.

Note:KASS

Kass argued that our feelings of disgust can sometimes provide us with a valuable warning that we are going too far, even when we are morally dumbfounded and can’t justify those feelings by pointing to victims:

Note:RIPUGNANZA COME SEGNALE

The message of my talk to the Charlottesville Democrats was simple: Republicans understand moral psychology. Democrats don’t.Republicans have long understood that the elephant is in charge of political behavior, not the rider, and they know how elephants work.

Note:IL VANTAGGIO DELLA DESTRA NEL CAMP DELLA PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE

Republicans don’t just aim to cause fear, as some Democrats charge. They trigger the full range of intuitions described by Moral Foundations Theory.

LA PAURA NON C’ENTRA