Visualizzazione post con etichetta filantropia. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta filantropia. Mostra tutti i post

giovedì 16 gennaio 2020

PERCHE' NON SI DONA AI GOVERNI?

DOMANDA: perché la gente non fa donazioni a favore del governo? Perché è egoista? Perché non si fida?

RISPOSTA: perché non si fida!




1) Ci si chiede: perché le donazioni a favore del governo sono così poche? a quanto pare, quando si tratta di fare del bene, ci sono sempre alternative migliori.

2) Eppure, ci sono miliardari come Warren Buffett che chiedono di essere tassate di più. ma non lo sa Buffett che esiste un IBAN governativo a cui puo' spedire i suoi soldi? In effetti non sono molte persone a farlo. Ma perché?

3) Possibili risposte: 1) perchè siamo egoisti; 2) perché se vuoi aiutare qualcuno ci sono modi migliori e più efficientiper farlo che non rivolgendosi al governo.

4) La prima spiegazione non spiega molto: la gente fa molta beneficienza.

5) Obiezione: ma qui si ignora il dilemma del prigioniero. Ci sono i noti problemi dell'azione collettiva, per esempio, nella fornitura di beni pubblici. Alcune cose ha senso farle solo se le fanno tutti.

6) Risposta: nulla di tutto ciò spiega perché, tra gli oltre $ 300 miliardi che gli americani danno in beneficenza, il governo americano raccoglie solo $ 3 milioni. Lo 0.01. Forse che gli "altri" non soffrono il "dilemma"? Sono nelle medesime condizioni, ma fanno infinitamente meglio.

7) Con un marketing migliore il governo potrebbe fare molto meglio... tipo passare dallo 0.001 all'1%!

lunedì 25 novembre 2019

beneficienza internazionale e domestica

Se un CEO che guadagna 100 volte il reddito di un cittadino medio dovrebbe donare di più in beneficenza nazionale, i molti cittadini che guadagnano 100 volte il reddito dei poveri internazionali dovrebbero donare di più in beneficenza internazionale.

Già ma un euro del Berlusca lo danneggia meno rispetto a un euro che sce dal mio portafoglio (rendimento decrescente RD). Vero ma RD implica che il mio euro produce più bene.

E poi: una volta che guadagni 50.000 euro aggiungere qualche euro non fa molta differenza (sempre per RD).

Prendere dal Berlusca è meno produttivo che prendere da me poiché nel primo caso è più probabile che si dirottino risorse da investimenti produttivi.

giovedì 8 agosto 2019

LA BENEFICIENZA DEI RICCONI

LA BENEFICIENZA DEI RICCONI
Molti sono “contro”, pensano debba essere limitata, addirittura impedita. Perché? Le risposte sono molte, tutte poco convincenti.
1) Perché questi ricconi hanno troppo potere!
Ok, ma criticarli quando fanno del bene non è comunque efficace. La gente si indigna quando Zuckerberg compra una casa da 10 milioni di dollari, non quando dona ai poveri dell’Africa 100 milioni di dollari.
2) Perché fa parte della nostra lotta contro le diseguaglianze.
Ad oggi Gates ha salvato 100 milioni di vite, rinunciare alla sua azione è davvero un prezzo che pagheresti pur di nobilitare la “tua” lotta alle diseguaglianze?
3) E’ un’attività con la quale i ricconi si fanno belli.
Non direi. Leggete le reazioni a certe iniziative filantropiche, almeno la metà sono negative. L’adulazione è altra cosa.
4) Si tratta di filantropia poco trasparente, meglio che paghino le tasse e gestisca il governo.
Ma siete davvero sicuri che quei fondi in mano al governo siano poi destinati agli ultimi del mondo? Io credo di no: quando il governo ha in mano qualcosa di solito lo spende in favore di chi lo vota o potrebbe votarlo.
5) Anche il governo fa filantropia!
Ci sono gli aiuti internazionali, vero. Di solito però non li delibera partendo dalla domanda “come posso fasre la differenza in vite umane?”. I ricconi non solo se la pongono ma assumono i massimi esperti per rispondere.
6) La scelta democratica avrà parecchi difetti ma per lo meno rappresenta la scelta del popolo.
Capisco che in qualche senso molto debole il governo mi rappresenti, ma si tratta di un “senso” talmente debole che dire che non mi rappresenta affatto è la stessa cosa.
7) Se non sei d’accordo con il governo, impegnati a cambiarlo!
Quindi io per salvare un bambino che muore di fame dovrei con la potenza del mio voto cambiare governo quando invece potrei fare un bonifico? Te lo scordi!
8) Questi ricconi con le loro elargizioni mastodontiche minacciano il pluralismo!
E’ un ragionamento difficile da seguire, infatti c’è più pluralismo in un’iniziativa personale che in qualsiasi altro fenomeno politico.
9) E Soros?
Soros è da sempre impegnato nella difesa di migranti e rifugiati. La cosa crea grattacapi all’Italia salviniana? Ce la si prenda con lo stato che non fornisce gli strumenti idonei alla salvaguardia dei confini, non con chi dà una mano ai più deboli. Soros non usa le corazzate.
Eccetera.


https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/12/17/18141181/foundation-charity-deduction-democracy-rob-reich


https://feedly.com/i/entry/ty+AzTYZ3TUuMuPycOdkUNamwQCXNpDbajbdLnbrc5c=_16c4084f521:684cdad:561e4df6

mercoledì 8 maggio 2019

12 Charity

12 Charity
Note:12@@@@@@@@@@

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If you notice a boy drowning in a shallow pond right in front of you, you have a moral obligation to try to rescue him.
Note:L OBBLIGO DI SINGER

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you have the exact same moral obligation to rescue children in developing countries who are dying of starvation,
Note:LA PARTE COMTROVERSA DI SINGER

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The fact that they aren’t dying right in your backyard isn’t justification
Note:IRRILEVANTE

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every time we take a vacation, buy an expensive car, or remodel the house, it’s morally equivalent to letting people die right in front of us.
Note:IMPLICAZIONE

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through college in America, you could instead save the lives of more than 50 children
Note:EQUIVALENZA

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everyday human hypocrisy
Note:COSA EVIDENZIA

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EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM
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In 2006, Holden Karnofsky and Elie Hassenfeld
Note:INIZIATORI DEL MOVIMENTO

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In financial terms, they were looking to maximize their return on investment (ROI)
Note:ANCHE QUANDO SI DONA...ROD RETURN OF DONATION

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Some simply sent glossy brochures with photos of smiling children
Note:LA RISPOSTA DELLE ONLUS

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(Take a moment to consider why a philanthropist might want to keep a “trade secret.”)
Note:LA DOMANDA

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in 2007, they decided to leave their jobs and start GiveWell,
Note:ALLA FINE

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The Against Malaria Foundation,
Note:CLASSIFICA DI GIVE WELL...1

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GiveDirectly,
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The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative,
Note:3

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These are hardly the most popular or paradigmatic charities.
Note:MARAVIGLIA!!!!!

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United Way, Salvation Army, or Make-A-Wish Foundation, for example.
Note:MOLTO PIÙ GETTONATE

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ignore charities that try to effect more nebulous (political or cultural) changes.
Note:LA CRITICA A GW

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when we start to look at real-world altruism, helping people efficiently doesn’t seem to be our top priority.
Note:AMARA CONSTATAZIONE

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REAL-WORLD ALTRUISM
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Nine out of 10 of us donate to charity every year.
Note:USA...UN POPOLO GENEROSO

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donations amounted to more than $359 billion—roughly 2 percent of the country’s GDP.
Note:NEL 2014

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The striking thing about real-world altruism is how sharply it deviates from effective altruism.
Note:IL FATTO

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The main recipients of American charity are religious groups and educational institutions.
Note:BENEFICIARI

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no more than 13 percent11 of private American charity goes to helping those who seem to need it most: the global poor.
Note:13

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only 35 percent do research on any charitable gift in the course of a calendar year.
Note:L EFFICIENZA CONTA MA NN VIENE CONTROLLATA

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•Only 3 percent of donors do comparative research
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“British people had donated over £1 billion to the Princess of Wales charity, long before the newly established charity had any idea what the donations
Note:DOPO LA MORTE DI DIANA

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One study, for example, asked participants how much they would agree to pay for nets that prevent migratory bird deaths. Some participants were told that the nets would save 2,000 birds annually, others were told 20,000 birds, and a final group was told 200,000 birds. But despite the 10- and 100-fold differences in projected impact, people in all three groups were willing to contribute the same amount.
Note:TIPICO

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scope neglect or scope insensitivity,
Note:BATTESIMO DEL BIAS

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People also prefer to “diversify” their donations, making many small donations rather than a few strategic large ones to the most useful charities.
Note:ALTRA PREFERENZA

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Giving $3,500 to the Against Malaria Foundation will save a whole human life, while the same amount divided across 100 different charities might go entirely to waste,
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IRRAZIONALE MA ANCHE DANNJOSO

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wealthy people often perform unskilled volunteer work (and are celebrated for it), even when their time is worth vastly more on the open market.
Note:ALTRO MISPLACEMENT

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“WARM GLOW” THEORY
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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Andreoni theorized, we do charity in part because of a selfish psychological motive: it makes us happy.
Note:TEORIE ALTERNATIVE

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Making automatic payments to a single charity may be more efficient at improving the lives of others, but the other strategy—giving more widely, opportunistically, and in smaller amounts—is more efficient at generating those warm fuzzy feelings.
Note:UN CONFRONTO...ARGOMENTO CHE SPIEGA LA DIVERSIFICAZIONE

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why it feels good when we donate to charity.
Note:RESTA UN GAP

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Visibility.
Note:FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA NOSTRA INCLINAZIONE A DARE...1

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Peer pressure.
Note:2

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Proximity.
Note:3

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Relatability. We give more when the people we help are identifiable (via faces and/or stories)
Note:4

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Mating motive.
Note:5

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VISIBILITY
Note:Ttttttt

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we give more when we’re being watched.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

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people donate significantly more when the solicitor makes eye contact
Note:SIAMO VISTI

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People also give more when the solicitor can see their donations,
Note:INOLTRE

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That’s why they commemorate donors with plaques,
Note:I FILANTROPI LO SANNO BENE

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Even blood donors typically walk away with a sticker that says, “I gave blood today.”
Note:ALTRO CASO

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Anonymous donation, for example, is extremely rare.
Note:L 1 PER CENTO

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“They were well known within their social circle . . . even though their names may not have been splashed across the newspapers.
Note:ANCHE GLI ANONIMI

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Not surprisingly, the vast majority of donations to such campaigns fall exactly at the lower end of each tier.
Note:DA 500 A 900 SOCIO... Da 1000 A 2000

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PEER PRESSURE
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First of all, solicitation works:
Note:ROMPERE LE BALLE

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up to 95 percent of all donations are given in response to a solicitation.
Note:Cccccccc

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In-person solicitations, like when someone comes to your door or passes the collection plate at church, work better than impersonal solicitations
Note:CONTATTO VISIVO

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Universities, for example, often solicit donations from alumni by having other alumni from the same class call them up.
Note:UN CASO

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PROXIMITY
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Remember the drowning boy in Peter Singer’s thought experiment?
Note:UN CLASSICO

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Jonathan Baron and Ewa Szymanska call this bias parochialism.
Note:STUDIOSI

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only an estimated 13 percent ($39 billion) went to help foreigners.
Note:DONAZIONO USA

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We treat close family better than friends, and friends better than strangers
Note:UN TRATTO INELIMINABILE

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RELATABILITY
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

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we’re much more likely to help someone we can identify—a specific individual with a name,
Note:IDENTIFICATI IDENTIFICATI I ROTAGONISTI...CON UNA STORIA ALLE SPALLE

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identifiable victim effect.
Note:BATTESIMO DEL FENOMENO

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“A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.”
Note:PAROLA DI STALN

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Liz’s story, perched beneath her bright, beaming smile, is chock-full of personal details.
Note:ADOZIONE A DISTANZA

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Contrast this with the Against Malaria Foundation. Although it saves hundreds of lives every year, it can’t offer names or faces of the people it helps, because it saves only statistical lives.
Note:VITE STATISTICHE

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there’s no single individual a donor can point to and say, “I saved this man’s life.”
Note:Ccccccccccc

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MATING MOTIVE
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the opportunity to impress potential mates.
Note:ALTRO FATTORE

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more likely to give money when the solicitor is an attractive member of the opposite sex.
Note:SPECIE GLI UOMINI

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psychologist Vladas Griskevicius
Note:SPERIMENTATORE SUL CAMPO

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APPEARANCES MATTER
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Griskevicius calls this phenomenon “blatant benevolence.” Patrick West calls it “conspicuous compassion.
Note:LA NS GENEROSITÀ

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charity is an advertisement, a way of showing off.
Note:IN ALTRE PAROLE

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“Take egotism out,” said Ralph Waldo Emerson, “and you would castrate the benefactors.”
Note:LA MASSIMA

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To donate with credit in mind hardly seems like charity at all.
Note:RIMOZINE

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one of our primary audiences is potential mates.
Note:MA CHI VOGLIAMO IMPRESSIONARE?

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Stinginess isn’t sexy.
Note:Cccccccccc

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Women actively celebrate the generosity of Princess Diana and Mother Teresa,
Note:OBIEZIONE

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women who have gone through menopause (and therefore have no mating incentive) are as generous as any other
Note:ALTRA OB

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even when they’re happily married with no chance of having further children.
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Ccccccccc

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charity serves to impress not just potential mates, but also social and political gatekeepers.
Note:INFATTI

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“Why does charity make us attractive to mates, teammates, and social gatekeepers?”
Note:ALTRA DOMANDA

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The most obvious thing we advertise is wealth, or in the case of volunteer work, spare time.
Note:COSA OSTENTIAMO?

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Those who are struggling to survive don’t make ideal allies.
Note:XCHÈ

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Charity also helps us advertise our prosocial orientation, that is, the degree to which we’re aligned with others.
Note:ALTRO BENE

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This helps explain why generosity is so important for those who aspire to leadership.
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This is one of the reasons we’re biased toward local rather than global charities.
Note:POLITICA E POTERE

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advertise our prosocial orientation helps explain why, as a general rule, we do so little original research to determine where to donate.
Note:ALTRO MISTERO CHE CADE

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in order to signal how prosocial we are, we need to donate to charities that are publicly known to be worthy.
Note:COSA CI INTERESSA VERAMENTE

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There’s one final quality that charity allows us to advertise: the spontaneous, almost involuntary concern for the welfare of others.
Note:ALTRO PROSCIUTTO IN VETRINA

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“See how easily I’m moved to help others? When people near me are suffering, I can’t help wanting to make their situation better; it’s just who I am.”
Note:COSA STIAMO DICENDO

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it means you’ll make a great ally.
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spontaneous giving demonstrates how little choice we have in the matter, how it’s simply part of our character
Note:ESSENZIALE LA SPONTANEITÀ X PUBBLICIZZARE IL NS CARATTERE

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This also helps explain why we respond to individual faces and stories more than we respond to dry statistics,
Note:LA SPONTANEITÀ SPIEGA TANTO

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Paul Bloom,
Note:STUDIOSO DI EMPATIA

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“The mark of a civilized man is the capacity to read a column of numbers and weep,”
Note:BERTRAND RUSSELL

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MISSING FORMS OF CHARITY
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giving to people in the far future.
Note:ATTIVITÀ NEGLETTA

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Instead of donating money now, we might put it in a trust and let the magic of compound interest work for 50 or 500 years,
Note:CONTENUTO

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These have been called “Methuselah trusts,” the most famous of which were set up by Benjamin Franklin.
Note:BATTESIMO

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he gave two gifts of ₤1,000 each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, and he instructed the funds to be invested for 100 years before being used to sponsor apprenticeships for local children.
Note:BF

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helping people in the far future doesn’t showcase our empathy
Note:PURTROPPO

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“marginal charity.”65 Here the idea is to nudge our personal decisions just slightly (marginally) in the direction that’s beneficial to others.
Note:CARITÀ INVISIBILE

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if the developer built 11 stories instead of 10, it would reduce their profit by only a tiny amount, but it would add a bunch of new apartments to the neighborhood.
Note:ESEMPIO

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there’s no way to demonstrate to others that you’ve engaged in an act of marginal charity;
Note:L INCONVENIENTE IN QS CASI

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WRAPPING UP
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lunedì 14 maggio 2018

9 How to Save the World— More Christmas Presents Won’t Work

9 How to Save the World— More Christmas Presents Won’t Work
Note:9@@@@@@@@@@@

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searching for a cure for cancer
Note:UNA VIA

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produce clean and cheap energy.
Note:UN ALTRA

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We want to give.
Note:QUASI UN ISTINTO

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economists are narrow and selfish.
Note:CREDENZA...L ECONOMIA CI CORROMPE

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gross domestic product,
Note:CONCETTI CON CATTIVA REPUTAZIONE

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“maximize utility”
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profit.”
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Joel Waldfogel—
Note:SE L È PRESA COL NATALE

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“deadweight loss” resulting from Christmas gifts.
Note:COS HA MISURATO

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economy loses about $4 billion
Note:OGNI NATALE USA

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individuals who had studied economics behaved more selfishly
Note:SECONDO GLI ESPERIMENTI DI ROBERT FRANK

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a given student, after studying economics, played more selfishly than before.
Note | Page: 186
COME SE NN BASTASSE

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D.H. Robertson asked in 1954 “What Does the Economist Economize?”
Note:RISPOSTA...L AMORE...CARICATURA DELL ECO

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It is easier to study selfish behavior
Note:FACILE DA MODELLARE

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How might our Inner Economist help us be better altruists?
Note:DOMANDA

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ask what is truly scarce.
Note:PRIMO

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doing the world good versus feeling better about ourselves.
Note:OPPOSIZIONE

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Here was extreme poverty on a scale of the many millions. And unlike in most of Africa, the crowding was extreme.
Note:INDIA 2004

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air was a mix of smells
Note:CARBONE MERDA E IMMONDIZIA

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people were living on the streets.
Note:STRADE STRACOLME

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Bengal has had socialist and communist governments for a long time,
Note:CALCUTTA...LA PARTE PIÙ POVERA

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better developed “culture of begging,”
Note:CALCUTTA

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original capital of the British Empire
Note:MOTIVO

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Cripples lay on the sidewalk, waving their stumps for sympathy.
Note:SPETTACOLO AVVILENTE

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Mothers approach with small babies wrapped
Note:ALTRO SPETTACOLO

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But should we give beggars money?
Note:SE N DAI SEI SENZA CUORE

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For less than a dollar they can eat for a few days;
Note:DA TENER PRESENTE

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many religious prophets have recommended charity.
Note:LA RELIGIONE

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“it only encourages them to beg.”
Note:LE GUIDE TURISTICHE TI DISSUADONO

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They worked pretty hard, relative to what they received.
Note:IL LAVORO DEL QUESTUANTE

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defend that space
Note:MISSIONE PERICOLOSA

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learn some English,
Note:ALTRO COSTO

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chase stopped cabs,
Note:TERZO

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becoming a beggar keeps many people from living in a more salubrious part of town,
Note:QUARTO COSTO OPPORTUNITÀ

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many Indian beggars cut off their limbs or induce gangrene
Note:ALTRO COSTO

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Three surgeons were filmed agreeing
Note:INCHIESTA CON FINTI MENDICANTI CHE CHIEDONO L AMPUTAZIONE

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10,000 rupees, or $215.
Note | Page: 189
PREZZO

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The truth is this: the more we give to beggars, the harder beggars will try.
Note:SE L ELEMSINA RENDE...CONSIGLIO: EVITA DI DARE...NON XCHÈ DARE INCORAGGIA LA RICHIESTA MA XCHÈ SVALUTA LA RENDITA

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“rent exhaustion,” which limits the net value created by the donation.
Note:IL NOSTRO DOLLARO VALE FORSE 10 CENT

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people will flow into the begging trade
Note:NUOVE RECLUTE E MARGINI PIÙ RISYRETTI

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This brings the return to begging back down.
Note:IL RISCHIO DI DARE...ORA SOLLIEVO DOMANI ANCORA PEGGIO

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we should give our money to the needy who are not trying very hard.
Note:DARE A CHI NN SE L ASPETTA

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“relatively inelastic factors”;
Note:IN GERGO

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This usually rules out beggars, who are looking for a buck
Note:DARE A CHI NN CERCA

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pick the poor person who is expecting it least.
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Give to Bengalis who are sleeping,
Note:ES.

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It is quite easy to find a Bengali sleeping under a piece of cardboard.
Note:Cccccccc

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give to those who do not ask.
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It requires us to be proactive.
Note:IL PROBLEMA...

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And when the beggars do ask, we end up saying no.
Note:INOLTRE

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we might need to spread around our giving.
Note:ESIGENZA...SW TUTTI DESSIMO A CHI DORME NN SAREBBE PIÙ UNA SORPRESA

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If we want to give money to the competent, we should seek out a Bengali running a sweets shop.
Note:PREMIARE I MERITEVOLI....CHI CON POCHI MEZZI HA FATTO QLCS DI BUONO

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solicitation for funds might make us aware that a problem exists
Note:LA FUNZIONE DEL CHIEDERE

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pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
Note:MALATTIE RARE E SCONOSCIUTE

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we must keep our interest in the problem of poverty from slipping away, and yes that means we need to feel good
Note:IL POSITIVO DEL SENTIRSI BENE

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When should we give to such pleas?
Note:TORNIAMO A BOMBA

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give to causes that we will become attached to.
Note:UNA BUONA REGOLA

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bad charities are not the foremost problem.
Note:INFATTI

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Over time most people lose interest in charitable causes.
Note:PURTROPPO

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stop ourselves from becoming indifferent
Note:IL VERO NEMICO DA COMBATTERE

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the relevant scarcity is people who really care.
Note:COSA MANCA?…LA DOMANDA DELL ECONOMISTA

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Christmas cards, letters of praise, and special plaques.
Note:TRUCCHETTI...MA CHE RENDONO IL MONDO MIGLIORE

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Loyalty to our causes makes charities more financially effective.
Note:IL DONATORE PIÙ PREZIOSO É QUELLO SU CUI SI PUÒ CONTARE

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“house file.”
Note:ZOCCOLO DURO

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a 1 percent response rate is considered a success
Note:LA RISPOSTA ALLE CAMPAGNE...IL DONATORE RESTA SCARSO

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Why spend a dollar to get thirty or fifty cents? The answer is simple: the charity is investing in developing its house file.
Note:CONTATTARE HA UN RITORNO NEGATIVO...PERCHÈ?...DIPENDENZA E CONTAGIO

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we should tell them not to rent out our name and address to other mailers.
Note:UN MODO X FARE DEL BENE...IO SONO CONVERTITO PROVA COL MIO AMICO

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“Remove the name” requests save charities thousands of dollars
Note:Cccccccccc

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this entire procedure assumes that we’ve already found the causes we love and support.
Note:OVVIO

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connecting donors
Note:LA VOSTRA OPERA

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cheaper for the donor to look for the charity.
Note:CHE IL CONTRARIO

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we should go to them rather than making them look for us.
Note:X RISPARMIARE

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If we give only a small sum to a charity, and our name continues to be rented out, we are making charities in general worse off.
Note:INOLTRE

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Don’t let your address get onto those rented mailing lists.
Note:SE DAI POCO CANCELLATI...FARAI RISPARMIATE TUTTI...CANCELLARSI DALLE ONLUS A CUI NN SI DÀ È UNA FORMA DI ALTRUISMO...NN METTERE NELLA SPAM...PRENDITI PLA BRIGA

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Don’t send a check through the mail at all.
Note:ALTERNATIVA...SUBOTTIMO

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we can subvert the nonprofits we do not like.
Note:ALTRA STRATEGIA...COMBATTERE CONTRO LA CAUSE MALVAGE...PETA...ECOLOGISMO...CAUSE POLITICIZZATE

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Choose one nonprofit you do not like and send them twenty bucks.
Note:INVERTIRE I SUGGERIMENTI

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Everyone was giving.
Note:Ttttttttttt IL CASO DELLO TSUNAMI

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celebrity concert
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Michael Schumacher led the way
Note:7 MILIONI

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Upon reflection the case for giving is not obvious.
Note:MA...M

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The stories of the victims are heart-rending, but extreme misery is not new to the world.
Note:L IMPATTO EMOTIVO CI FREGA MA CHI STA MALE NN MANCA

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send our money to Calcutta or to Haiti
Note:XCHÈ NN L ABBIAMO FATTO?

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the suffering of the country receives less publicity.
Note:HAITI

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Much of the tsunami aid was squandered or could not find appropriate mechanisms of support.
Note:NXONVENIENTE

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Katrina aid was lost due to corruption and mismanagement.
Note:ALTRO CASO

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9/11 aid
Note:ANCORA

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Concentrated aid is not necessarily more effective.
Note | Page: 198
IN GENERE

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We should give to highly public causes because this motivates our peers to give more to those same causes.
Note:PRO TSU...IN FONDO L ALTRUISMO RESTA SCARSO

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infant mortality rate for Angola;
Note:DIMENTICATI

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few of us cry when we read this fact.
Note:Ccccccc

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Reports on the Holocaust, during World War II, could be found in many U.S. newspapers, but they did not make the headlines
Note:LA STRANA DINAMICA DEL DISPIACERE...LA NS NATURA DEL DISPIACERE...TTTTTTTTT

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Yet we are mortified if we spill a drink on someone’s dress at a cocktail party
Note:Ccccccccccc

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take this facet of human nature and turn it to the advantage
Note:SFRUTTIAMO LA NS NATURA

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Interest in the tragedy snowballs,
Note:L INYERESSE È UNA VALANGA

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There is a “Cause of the Month.”
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Many of us care about being linked
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support the trend.
Note:UN DOVERE SPECIE ALL INIZIO

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Bigger snowballs are more likely to gather
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Malcolm Gladwell wrote of the “tipping point,”
Note:TIPPING

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a chance to leverage
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cause-of-the-month effect drives extra giving.
Note:NON È STUPIDO ADERIRVI...RICORDA CHE LA RISORSA SCATSA È IL DONATORE

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which victims are the most deserving.
Note:APPROCCIO ALTERNATIVO

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ignores the scarcity of true altruism.
Note:DIFETTO DELL ALTRUISMO RAZIONALE

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asks about the proper extent of giving,
Note:Tttttttttt ALTRA DOMANDA DELL ECONOMSTA

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If we give all our charity to the Cause of the Month, we will cut loose from our addictions to regular charitable causes.
Note:IL RISCHIO

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we are, for better or worse, creatures of habit.
Note:UN GRAVE DANNO

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We should not lose our connections
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get addicted to your favorite causes, but also get addicted to the idea of chasing the Cause of The Month.
Note:DIMEZZARE LE DONAZIONI MA NN RINUNCIARE

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The book and the movie City of Joy focused on the poor in Calcutta, but that Cause of the Month is over,
Note:CALCUTTA CAUDA DEL MESE

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John A. List, an economist at the University of Chicago,
Note:NEL DUBBIO MISURA

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donors are irrational in their giving,
Note:PRIMO RISCONTRO

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donors do not respond to opportunities to receive something for nothing.
Note:NON VALE LA LEGGE DELLA DOMANDA...SE FAR DEP BENE DIVENTA PIÙ ECONOMICO NN AGIAMO DI CONSEG

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If the price of helping other people falls, donors do not always give more.
Note:Cccccccc

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donors could also give less
Note:ADDIRITTURA

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Donor behavior exhibits a remarkable “stickiness
Note:IN GENERE

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First, donors do not calculate very well. Second, donors do not care much about the people
Note:DUE POSSIBILITÀ

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a “matching pledge”—if you give a dollar some other donor pledges to give a dollar more—
Note:ESPERIMENTI CON UNA TECNICA DI DONO ALL ASTA

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our altruistic instincts appear to be unmoved by the prospect of larger and more potent matching grants.
Note:ESITO IRRAZIONALE...DONO SEMPRE QIELLO ANCHE QUANDO LA CONVENIENZA A RAGGIUNGERE L OBBIETTIVO AUMENTA

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giving is often about affiliation rather than helping
Note:CONCLUSIONE...L APPARTENENZA

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part of big and successful organizations.
Note:QUEL CHE VOGLIAMO

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winning sports teams,
Note:TIFARE JUVE

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work for successful companies,
Note:DIPENDENTI GOOGLE

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support the best and most influential charities.
Note:E INFINE

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undertaking a joint project with successful people or institutions.
Note:CI PIACE DA MORIRE

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But a more potent match does not constitute a greater lure to give more.
Note:IL LATO OSCURO DI LIST

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have the status
Note:IL FOCUS

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“Seed money”
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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lining up major grants in advance, before announcing a “capital campaign”
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

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shows that prestigious and wealthy donors are already committed
Note:A CHE SERVE

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raising seed money from 10 to 67 percent leads to a nearly sixfold increase
Note:LIST...FUNZIONA DI BRUTTO

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Charitable “refunds”
Note:Tttttttttt

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boosted giving by only about 20 percent;
Note:POCO

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A refund means that if the charity does not reach its specified goal, donors get their money back.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO...L NDIZIO SI IRROBUSTISCE

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a charity signal that it may be financially weaker,
Note:INTERPRETAZIONE DEL RIMBORSO

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a door-to-door fund-raising experiment across nearly 5,000 households.
Note:ALTRO ESPERIMENTO DI LIST

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selling lottery tickets)
Note:IL METODO MIGLIIRE

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(just asking for money).
Note:IL PEGGIORE

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increased the attractiveness of the woman who, on a door-to-door basis, asked
Note:SPERIMENTATO UN TRUCCHETTO

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as big a positive impact on giving as moving from the least successful
Note | Page: 205
FUNZIONAAAAAAA!!!!

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not very focused on the final effects
Note:ALTRO INDIZIO

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many charities spend too much money on executive salaries,
Note:Tttttttty IN GENERALE È VERO

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But these same mechanisms do not always keep bad charities in check.
Note:EPPURE SI SORVOLA....ALTRO INDIZIO..AFFILIARSI A CHI MOSTRA POTENZA CI PIACE

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insist on measurable results.
Note:ALTRA COSA CHE NN SI FA

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dismiss any unfavorable information
Note:IL DONATORE CATTIRATO

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When our pride is at stake, we often don’t look too closely
Note:COSA CPNTA

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What about giving money to a church?
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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receive 40 to 60 percent
Note:QUANTO RICEVE IN USA

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most of these donations keep churches going rather than finding their way to the poor.
Note:UTILIZZO

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if you want to help the poor
Note:LA RISPOSTA DIPENDE DALL OBBIETTIVO

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switch so that your new church has a poorer congregation.
Note:SECOND BEST

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buy “fair trade” coffee.
Note:TTTTTT LA TENDENZA

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the workers are treated better
Note:PROMESSA SUL SOVRAPPREZZO

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How about a product called “exploitation coffee”? You pay less, and they promise to treat the workers especially poorly.
Note:PENSATE A UN PRODOTTO ALTERNATIVO CHE AIUTA I VERAMENTE POVERI

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A more neutral phrase would be neither “fair trade” nor “exploitation coffee,” but rather, “quality differentiation.”
Note:UNA QUESTIONE DI PAROLE

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two classes of coffee (and workers),
Note:QUEL CHE FACIAMO

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Splitting up the market
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good for the workers at the higher end,
Note:UN DANNO X GLI ULTIMI

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Nicholas Kristof,
Note:Ttttttt UNA NUOVA IDEA

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buy and free two slaves.
Note:IN CAMBOGIA...MA ANCHE IN SUDAN

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$150
Note:IL COSTO PRO CAPITE

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if we buy out slaves, we bid up the price of slaves.
Note:L INCONVENIENTE...PIÙ SCHIAVI

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(Handgun purchase plans,
Note:ANALOGIA

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Tipping is a relatively wasteful means of helping
Note | Page: 208
TttttttttMANCE ########## MERCATO DEI CAMERIERI CONCORRENZIALE

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tipping makes us feel virtuous
Note:OLTRE AL DANNO LA BEFFA

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substitute for real benevolence
Note:Ccccccc

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I put the money down on the other table. I knew the same waiter would receive it.
Note:PROVATE QS ESPERIMENTO

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I recoiled in horror
Note:SENSO SGRADEVOLE

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I realized I don’t care how much the waiter gets.
Note:ILLUMINAZIONE

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to relieve my mental tension.
Note:IMPELLENZA

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tip has some elements of extortion.
Note:IL LATO OSCURO DELLE MANCE

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Because of cultural expectations, we know we are expected to tip.
Note:PRESSIONE

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our sense of ourselves as WORTHY AND GENEROUS PEOPLE WHO REWARD QUALITY.
Note:LA FUNZIONE DELLA MANCIA....USALA PURE MA AIUTA IL MONDO IN ALTRA MANIERA

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The tips are received by people who already have jobs.
Note:DIFETTI...PRIMO PUNTO

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tipping occurs in relatively wealthy countries.
Note:SECONDO

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workers who receive tips have low current income but high prospects in life.
Note:TERZO...GIOVANI

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marriage, kids, new puppies, lots of sex, and plenty of new movies and TV shows to watch.
Note:QUEL CHE ATTENDE LORO

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The market for waiters is competitive,
Note:QUINTO E DEFINITIVO

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Send the rest of the money abroad.
Note:RISPARMIA SULLE MANCE E....

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You’ll also be saving waitresses some effort.
Note:DANDO MENO

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what about gifts to your friends and loved ones?
Note:TttttttttttALTRA FORMA DI ALTRUISMO

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Gift-giving is fun, or at least it can be. But it is not the best means of helping other
Note:DOPPIA CONCLUSIONE

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Joel Waldfogel,
Note:CINICO ESPERTO

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Waldfogel found that people value their gifts at 83.9 percent of their cost.
Note:84

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figure was derived from a survey,
Note:POSSIBILI BUGIE

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true average valuation was 40
Note:PIÙ PROB

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“deadweight loss” of gift-giving runs to at least $4 billion a year.
Note:CON L 89%

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half of American adults admit to “regifting.”
Note:RICICLO

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The least effective gift-givers appear to be the elderly.
Note | Page: 211
GLI SPRECONI

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Many of the elderly don’t have any idea what interests their grandchildren.
Note:I VECCHI NN CONOSCONO I GIOVANI

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if you are old, give cash
Note:SOLUZIONE

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loss estimates fail to account for the time spent buying gifts,
Note:STIME MOOOOOLTO CONSERVATIVE

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point is not to attack gift-giving, which is a marvelous institution. But it is a self-centered institution;
Note:NN SERVE AD AIUTARE...LE FUNZIONI SONO ALTRE

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maybe you enjoyed giving her the tickets.
Note:LA XDITA VA COMPENSATA COL PIACERE DI DONARE

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You received a thrill
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Your sister gained $50 of value. You gained $100 or more of pleasure. Total gain: $150. Total cost: $100.
Note:ESEMPIO

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we give out of the joy of our hearts.
Note:PERCHÈ DONIAMO?…UNO

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Many people give just out of show.
Note:DUE

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gifts based on hostility.
Note:CI SONO ANCHE QUELLI...ES IL LIBRONE A CHI AMA LA TV

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we give gifts to control people.
Note:TRE

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gift is a signal that if the other person does us favors, he or she can expect more payment in the future.
Note:DONO RELAZIONE

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Douglas Bernheim, Andrei Shleifer, and Larry Summers
Note:HANNO STUDIATO COME SI EREDITA

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the more children called or visited their parents, the more likely they received a significant bequest.
Note:ESITO

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Both the children and the parents are behaving selfishly
Note:COROLLARIO

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Why not just give cash?
Note:ALTERNATIVA

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give cash gifts at weddings.
Note:DI FATTO MOLTO COMUNE

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practice of “the register”
Note:LA LISTA

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standard practice for Bar Mitzvahs.
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money helps pay for a college education.
Note:L INTENTO

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if you give your sister $50 for her birthday, she will probably feel insulted.
Note:IN ALTRE OCCASIONI È ORRIBILE

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showing we understand our loved ones.
Note:XCHÈ CONSIDERATO DI CATTIVO GUSTO?1

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CDs cost $17.99 or so, but a wonderful CD is worth more than $100 to me.
Note:1BIS

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pick out the right CD
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Tom Locke went on a one-man crusade to receive as many gifts as possible
Note:TtttttttttyUN CASO PATOLOGICO

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many people feel a need to be appreciated.
Note | Page: 214
VOGLIA DI RICEVERE

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experiences are remembered for longer than possessions.
Note:UN CRITERIO GUODA X DONARE

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Give concert tickets rather than a compact disc.
Note:ES

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a trip abroad rather than money
Note:ES DUE

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How about we lend out our money instead of giving it away?
Note:TTTT TORNIAMO AI POVERI

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Daniel Akst, writing for Slate.com
Note:ENTUSIASTA DEL MICROCREDITO

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set up small businesses
Note:A CHE SERVE

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economics professor, one Muhammad Yunus,
Note:IL FONDATORE

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Grameen Bank Project
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Nobel Peace Prize.
Note:2006

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mutual liability and peer pressure to ensure repayment.
Note:ANCHE SENZA GARANZIA

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new small businesses feed into the local economy.
Note:XCHÈ MEGLIO DEL DONO

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business owners develop lasting skills.
Note:DUE

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enforces discipline and work.
Note:TRE...L ESIGENZA DI RIMBORSARE

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keeps much of the original capital intact for continued lending.
Note:4

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friends, relatives, or members of their kinship networks often come looking for a cut
Note:5…UN TIPICO INCONVENIENTE DEL DONO (EVITATO)

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The result is dissolution of the funds
Note:Cccccccccc

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The funds end up spent rather than invested.
Note:Cccccccccccccccc

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Are family incomes higher? How many new businesses have been started where micro-credit is available? Has the status of women improved?
Note:I RISULTATI IN INDIA

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Now, you can make your loan over the Internet.
Note:UN MICROCRED PIÙ VICINO A NOI

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blogger Cornelius: I feel good. I just lent $25 to Christopher Odeke. He’s a taxi driver from Bukedea,
Note:ESEMPIO

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I’ve signed up to Kiva.org
Note:UN SITO DEDICATO

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Kiva means “agreement” or “unity” in Swahili.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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Paypal.com will process your loan
ASSOCIATO A KIVA