Per il buon Theodor Adorno la radio "era" il nazismo.
Un po' come la stampa era la riforma luterana.
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… But his lack of clarity, his jerky and unsequential style of analysis and his attempt to politicize the entire discussion of modernism in music, so as to force it into a neo-Marxist framework that has lost whatever plausibility it might once have had, place great obstacles before the reader. The least we might say is that his contributions to musicology are flawed by a narrow-minded obsession with ideas whose time has passed…
… Richard Taruskin, in his History of Western Music,' treats Adorno with the impatience that he invites, this is a rare departure from the now routine adulation that is bestowed by the American musicological establishment…
… In the first instance, therefore, we should see the adulation of Adorno as politically inspired…
… His criticism of popular music is presented from an avowedly left-wing perspective, as part of the cultural critique of capitalist society…
… He showed American musicologists that you can despise popular culture and still believe in the ideological rescue of its captives. You can be a cultural elitist and yet on the side of the underdog…
… Eliot defended high culture as the citadel in which the past and its treasures are sequestered, maintained by people conscious of their membership of an elite, who must nevertheless cultivate within themselves the kind of humility and self-sacrifice that have been associated with the Christian religion… As a result Eliot's book has had little impact on the academic establishment in America, and the critique of mass culture has proceeded as though it were a left-wing monopoly…
… Yet Eliot was a modernist, who believed modernism to be continuous with the great traditions of European artistic expression. He vindicated the artistic experiments…
… Ordinary Americans, in Adorno's view, were oppressed by the music that they had been misled into liking, just as they were oppressed by advertising, by the consumer culture, by Hollywood, by the idols of the marketplace-in…
… critique of their musical culture was primarily a critique of the capitalist system..
… Now I believe that Adorno, bad manners apart, was right to care about the decline of popular taste, and right to think that it matters what we listen to and how. But I believe that he arrived at this position from the wrong premises…
… Culture, according to Marx, belongs to the institutional and ideological superstructure of society. It is the by-product of economic processes…
… Against that vision, which seems to relegate culture and the arts to the historical sidelines, the Frankfurt school (Horkheimer and Adorno in particular) argued that a properly theoretical approach to criticism would undermine the false consciousness that facilitated `bourgeois relations of production', and so contribute to loosening the grip of the capitalist economy. The enslavement exerted by capitalism is exerted at every level…
… Adorno took his cue from the theory of `commodity fetishism' expounded in Das Kapital…
… In a capitalist economy, he suggested, people are enslaved not by others but by themselves, falling victim to the charm with which they invest the commodities that glitter all around them…
… pleasure becomes the enemy of freedom…
… The cultural fetish is marked by its `standardized' nature, its routine presentation of predigested material, and its refusal to question its own status as a commodity…
… in the mass culture of capitalism subjects become objects and objects become subjects!…
… The jargon merely evokes a conclusion that Adorno fails to prove, namely that Bach is great because his music is on the right side of history-the side that seeks utopia, and which preserves, in objective form, the real freedom of the subject…
… Adorno's attack on mass culture belonged to the same movement of ideas as Marcuse's denunciation of `repressive tolerance'…
… Having said that, I want to acknowledge that the Frankfurt critique of the consumer society contains an element of truth. It is a truth far older than the Marxist theories with which Adorno and Horkheimer embellished it. Indeed it is the truth enshrined in the Hebrew Bible, reformulated time and again down the centuries: the truth that, in bowing down to idols, we betray our better nature…
… But the redemption that Adorno promised was not to be achieved by social reform: it was a personal salvation, a turning away from fantasies, on a voyage of self-discovery…
… `liberation' which adds sex, sin and idleness to the list of consumer products is merely another name for the old enslavement…
… It is about art, and the difference between true art and its idolatrous substitutes. True art matters because it puts us in touch with what we really are…
… Like other such critiques, from Ruskin and Arnold to Eliot and Leavis, it is downstream from the Old Testament condemnation of idolatry…
… The only revolution that Adorno can envisage is one that takes place in the world of culture itself-not a political but an aesthetic revolution…
… there is the attempt to give a general theory of kitsch, and a justification for avoiding it… Secondly, there is an assault on American popular music…
… Thirdly (and derivatively) there is the attack on tonality and the defence of the Schoenbergian alternative….
… A new human type has emerged, for whom commitment, responsibility, heroism and heartfelt love are all to be avoided…
… The world of kitsch is a world of trinkets, which we cling to as proof that we can be good without effort and loved without pain. By contrast, every true artistic gesture constitutes an appeal to our higher nature, an attempt to affirm the other realm in which moral and spiritual order prevails…
… The American song is not art in the manner of Schubert or Brahms, still less in the manner of Schoenberg or Berg: its every feature spoke to Adorno of big business, celebrity singers and mass entertainment…
… One conclusion to draw from the history of American popular music is that we should take the word `popular' seriously-far more seriously than it was taken by Adorno. Pace Adorno and Horkheimer, this music was not imposed upon the American people by an unscrupulous `culture industry' eager to exploit the most degenerate aspects of popular taste. It arose `by an invisible hand' from spontaneous music-making…
… Animated by what Paul Ricoeur called `the hermeneutics of suspicion', they have looked for the hidden power behind every custom, and the `structures' that control every choice…
… His alternative is not another and better popular music. His alternative is utopia…
… by teaching that popular music must be rejected in its entirety, Adorno opened the way to the inverse attitude, that popular music must be accepted in its entirety. A blanket criticism is no criticism at all…
… Adorno has been useful to the postmodern musicologist. By presenting judgement as a form of total condemnation, Adorno consigned judgement to the dustheap…
… It is only by making discriminations within the realm of popular music that we can encourage young people to recognize the difference between genuine musical sentiment and kitsch…
… what should we think of modernism, in the other arts as well as in music, now that its manifesto stage is over? Adorno's claim in The Philosophy of Modern Music was that tonality had exhausted itself… We have no doubt that cliches are, in the artistic context, a fault…
… Those approaches to musical cliche recall the treatment of verbal cliche by a writer like Samuel Becket, who uses cliches against themselves…
… Cliche is an aesthetic, not a syntactical, defect-a misuse of language that belongs to the order of style rather than that of grammar. And we must, if Adorno is right, say something similar about tonality……. If tonality is not a grammar, then the faults that have arisen in the use of tonality will not be cured by inventing a new musical syntax… revolt against figurative painting soon produced abstract, cubist and fauvist cliche-indeed…
… Adorno's defence of the avant-garde of his day was based on the view that 'standardization' could not take root in this idiom, which would always question its own status as a commodity and refuse to be driven by aesthetic routines…
… Adorno argued that the addiction to musical fetishes-by which he means the standardized effects of popular music-produces a 'regression' in the art of listening, what we might today call a shrinking attention span…
… shortened attention span and the emergence of addictive forms of entertainment are products of the new media rather than residues of the tonal tradition…
… he tells against the attempts at symphonic form by the tonal modernists-as in the Walton and Britten concertos, or the symphonies of Shostakovitch…
… The best that the serial idiom has achieved in the direction of sustained argument is surely the Violin Concerto of Berg, which leans at every point upon tonal relations and reminiscences, to the point of belonging fairly within the tradition of voice-led harmony that Schoenberg, in his own Violin Concerto…