9 How to Save the World— More Christmas Presents Won’t Work
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searching for a cure for cancer
Note:UNA VIA
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produce clean and cheap energy.
Note:UN ALTRA
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We want to give.
Note:QUASI UN ISTINTO
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economists are narrow and selfish.
Note:CREDENZA...L ECONOMIA CI CORROMPE
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gross domestic product,
Note:CONCETTI CON CATTIVA REPUTAZIONE
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“maximize utility”
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profit.”
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Joel Waldfogel—
Note:SE L È PRESA COL NATALE
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“deadweight loss” resulting from Christmas gifts.
Note:COS HA MISURATO
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economy loses about $4 billion
Note:OGNI NATALE USA
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individuals who had studied economics behaved more selfishly
Note:SECONDO GLI ESPERIMENTI DI ROBERT FRANK
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a given student, after studying economics, played more selfishly than before.
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COME SE NN BASTASSE
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D.H. Robertson asked in 1954 “What Does the Economist Economize?”
Note:RISPOSTA...L AMORE...CARICATURA DELL ECO
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It is easier to study selfish behavior
Note:FACILE DA MODELLARE
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How might our Inner Economist help us be better altruists?
Note:DOMANDA
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ask what is truly scarce.
Note:PRIMO
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doing the world good versus feeling better about ourselves.
Note:OPPOSIZIONE
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Here was extreme poverty on a scale of the many millions. And unlike in most of Africa, the crowding was extreme.
Note:INDIA 2004
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air was a mix of smells
Note:CARBONE MERDA E IMMONDIZIA
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people were living on the streets.
Note:STRADE STRACOLME
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Bengal has had socialist and communist governments for a long time,
Note:CALCUTTA...LA PARTE PIÙ POVERA
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better developed “culture of begging,”
Note:CALCUTTA
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original capital of the British Empire
Note:MOTIVO
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Cripples lay on the sidewalk, waving their stumps for sympathy.
Note:SPETTACOLO AVVILENTE
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Mothers approach with small babies wrapped
Note:ALTRO SPETTACOLO
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But should we give beggars money?
Note:SE N DAI SEI SENZA CUORE
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For less than a dollar they can eat for a few days;
Note:DA TENER PRESENTE
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many religious prophets have recommended charity.
Note:LA RELIGIONE
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“it only encourages them to beg.”
Note:LE GUIDE TURISTICHE TI DISSUADONO
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They worked pretty hard, relative to what they received.
Note:IL LAVORO DEL QUESTUANTE
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defend that space
Note:MISSIONE PERICOLOSA
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learn some English,
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chase stopped cabs,
Note:TERZO
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becoming a beggar keeps many people from living in a more salubrious part of town,
Note:QUARTO COSTO OPPORTUNITÀ
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many Indian beggars cut off their limbs or induce gangrene
Note:ALTRO COSTO
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Three surgeons were filmed agreeing
Note:INCHIESTA CON FINTI MENDICANTI CHE CHIEDONO L AMPUTAZIONE
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10,000 rupees, or $215.
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PREZZO
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The truth is this: the more we give to beggars, the harder beggars will try.
Note:SE L ELEMSINA RENDE...CONSIGLIO: EVITA DI DARE...NON XCHÈ DARE INCORAGGIA LA RICHIESTA MA XCHÈ SVALUTA LA RENDITA
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“rent exhaustion,” which limits the net value created by the donation.
Note:IL NOSTRO DOLLARO VALE FORSE 10 CENT
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people will flow into the begging trade
Note:NUOVE RECLUTE E MARGINI PIÙ RISYRETTI
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This brings the return to begging back down.
Note:IL RISCHIO DI DARE...ORA SOLLIEVO DOMANI ANCORA PEGGIO
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we should give our money to the needy who are not trying very hard.
Note:DARE A CHI NN SE L ASPETTA
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“relatively inelastic factors”;
Note:IN GERGO
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This usually rules out beggars, who are looking for a buck
Note:DARE A CHI NN CERCA
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pick the poor person who is expecting it least.
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Give to Bengalis who are sleeping,
Note:ES.
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It is quite easy to find a Bengali sleeping under a piece of cardboard.
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give to those who do not ask.
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It requires us to be proactive.
Note:IL PROBLEMA...
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And when the beggars do ask, we end up saying no.
Note:INOLTRE
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we might need to spread around our giving.
Note:ESIGENZA...SW TUTTI DESSIMO A CHI DORME NN SAREBBE PIÙ UNA SORPRESA
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If we want to give money to the competent, we should seek out a Bengali running a sweets shop.
Note:PREMIARE I MERITEVOLI....CHI CON POCHI MEZZI HA FATTO QLCS DI BUONO
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solicitation for funds might make us aware that a problem exists
Note:LA FUNZIONE DEL CHIEDERE
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pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
Note:MALATTIE RARE E SCONOSCIUTE
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we must keep our interest in the problem of poverty from slipping away, and yes that means we need to feel good
Note:IL POSITIVO DEL SENTIRSI BENE
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When should we give to such pleas?
Note:TORNIAMO A BOMBA
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give to causes that we will become attached to.
Note:UNA BUONA REGOLA
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bad charities are not the foremost problem.
Note:INFATTI
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Over time most people lose interest in charitable causes.
Note:PURTROPPO
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stop ourselves from becoming indifferent
Note:IL VERO NEMICO DA COMBATTERE
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the relevant scarcity is people who really care.
Note:COSA MANCA?…LA DOMANDA DELL ECONOMISTA
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Christmas cards, letters of praise, and special plaques.
Note:TRUCCHETTI...MA CHE RENDONO IL MONDO MIGLIORE
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Loyalty to our causes makes charities more financially effective.
Note:IL DONATORE PIÙ PREZIOSO É QUELLO SU CUI SI PUÒ CONTARE
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“house file.”
Note:ZOCCOLO DURO
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a 1 percent response rate is considered a success
Note:LA RISPOSTA ALLE CAMPAGNE...IL DONATORE RESTA SCARSO
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Why spend a dollar to get thirty or fifty cents? The answer is simple: the charity is investing in developing its house file.
Note:CONTATTARE HA UN RITORNO NEGATIVO...PERCHÈ?...DIPENDENZA E CONTAGIO
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we should tell them not to rent out our name and address to other mailers.
Note:UN MODO X FARE DEL BENE...IO SONO CONVERTITO PROVA COL MIO AMICO
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“Remove the name” requests save charities thousands of dollars
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this entire procedure assumes that we’ve already found the causes we love and support.
Note:OVVIO
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connecting donors
Note:LA VOSTRA OPERA
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cheaper for the donor to look for the charity.
Note:CHE IL CONTRARIO
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we should go to them rather than making them look for us.
Note:X RISPARMIARE
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If we give only a small sum to a charity, and our name continues to be rented out, we are making charities in general worse off.
Note:INOLTRE
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Don’t let your address get onto those rented mailing lists.
Note:SE DAI POCO CANCELLATI...FARAI RISPARMIATE TUTTI...CANCELLARSI DALLE ONLUS A CUI NN SI DÀ È UNA FORMA DI ALTRUISMO...NN METTERE NELLA SPAM...PRENDITI PLA BRIGA
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Don’t send a check through the mail at all.
Note:ALTERNATIVA...SUBOTTIMO
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we can subvert the nonprofits we do not like.
Note:ALTRA STRATEGIA...COMBATTERE CONTRO LA CAUSE MALVAGE...PETA...ECOLOGISMO...CAUSE POLITICIZZATE
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Choose one nonprofit you do not like and send them twenty bucks.
Note:INVERTIRE I SUGGERIMENTI
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Everyone was giving.
Note:Ttttttttttt IL CASO DELLO TSUNAMI
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celebrity concert
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Michael Schumacher led the way
Note:7 MILIONI
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Upon reflection the case for giving is not obvious.
Note:MA...M
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The stories of the victims are heart-rending, but extreme misery is not new to the world.
Note:L IMPATTO EMOTIVO CI FREGA MA CHI STA MALE NN MANCA
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send our money to Calcutta or to Haiti
Note:XCHÈ NN L ABBIAMO FATTO?
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the suffering of the country receives less publicity.
Note:HAITI
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Much of the tsunami aid was squandered or could not find appropriate mechanisms of support.
Note:NXONVENIENTE
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Katrina aid was lost due to corruption and mismanagement.
Note:ALTRO CASO
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9/11 aid
Note:ANCORA
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Concentrated aid is not necessarily more effective.
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IN GENERE
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We should give to highly public causes because this motivates our peers to give more to those same causes.
Note:PRO TSU...IN FONDO L ALTRUISMO RESTA SCARSO
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infant mortality rate for Angola;
Note:DIMENTICATI
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few of us cry when we read this fact.
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Reports on the Holocaust, during World War II, could be found in many U.S. newspapers, but they did not make the headlines
Note:LA STRANA DINAMICA DEL DISPIACERE...LA NS NATURA DEL DISPIACERE...TTTTTTTTT
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Yet we are mortified if we spill a drink on someone’s dress at a cocktail party
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take this facet of human nature and turn it to the advantage
Note:SFRUTTIAMO LA NS NATURA
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Interest in the tragedy snowballs,
Note:L INYERESSE È UNA VALANGA
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There is a “Cause of the Month.”
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Many of us care about being linked
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support the trend.
Note:UN DOVERE SPECIE ALL INIZIO
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Bigger snowballs are more likely to gather
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Malcolm Gladwell wrote of the “tipping point,”
Note:TIPPING
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a chance to leverage
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cause-of-the-month effect drives extra giving.
Note:NON È STUPIDO ADERIRVI...RICORDA CHE LA RISORSA SCATSA È IL DONATORE
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which victims are the most deserving.
Note:APPROCCIO ALTERNATIVO
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ignores the scarcity of true altruism.
Note:DIFETTO DELL ALTRUISMO RAZIONALE
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asks about the proper extent of giving,
Note:Tttttttttt ALTRA DOMANDA DELL ECONOMSTA
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If we give all our charity to the Cause of the Month, we will cut loose from our addictions to regular charitable causes.
Note:IL RISCHIO
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we are, for better or worse, creatures of habit.
Note:UN GRAVE DANNO
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We should not lose our connections
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get addicted to your favorite causes, but also get addicted to the idea of chasing the Cause of The Month.
Note:DIMEZZARE LE DONAZIONI MA NN RINUNCIARE
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The book and the movie City of Joy focused on the poor in Calcutta, but that Cause of the Month is over,
Note:CALCUTTA CAUDA DEL MESE
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John A. List, an economist at the University of Chicago,
Note:NEL DUBBIO MISURA
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donors are irrational in their giving,
Note:PRIMO RISCONTRO
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donors do not respond to opportunities to receive something for nothing.
Note:NON VALE LA LEGGE DELLA DOMANDA...SE FAR DEP BENE DIVENTA PIÙ ECONOMICO NN AGIAMO DI CONSEG
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If the price of helping other people falls, donors do not always give more.
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donors could also give less
Note:ADDIRITTURA
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Donor behavior exhibits a remarkable “stickiness
Note:IN GENERE
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First, donors do not calculate very well. Second, donors do not care much about the people
Note:DUE POSSIBILITÀ
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a “matching pledge”—if you give a dollar some other donor pledges to give a dollar more—
Note:ESPERIMENTI CON UNA TECNICA DI DONO ALL ASTA
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our altruistic instincts appear to be unmoved by the prospect of larger and more potent matching grants.
Note:ESITO IRRAZIONALE...DONO SEMPRE QIELLO ANCHE QUANDO LA CONVENIENZA A RAGGIUNGERE L OBBIETTIVO AUMENTA
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giving is often about affiliation rather than helping
Note:CONCLUSIONE...L APPARTENENZA
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part of big and successful organizations.
Note:QUEL CHE VOGLIAMO
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winning sports teams,
Note:TIFARE JUVE
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work for successful companies,
Note:DIPENDENTI GOOGLE
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support the best and most influential charities.
Note:E INFINE
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undertaking a joint project with successful people or institutions.
Note:CI PIACE DA MORIRE
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But a more potent match does not constitute a greater lure to give more.
Note:IL LATO OSCURO DI LIST
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have the status
Note:IL FOCUS
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“Seed money”
Note:Tttttttttttttt
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lining up major grants in advance, before announcing a “capital campaign”
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO
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shows that prestigious and wealthy donors are already committed
Note:A CHE SERVE
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raising seed money from 10 to 67 percent leads to a nearly sixfold increase
Note:LIST...FUNZIONA DI BRUTTO
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Charitable “refunds”
Note:Tttttttttt
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boosted giving by only about 20 percent;
Note:POCO
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A refund means that if the charity does not reach its specified goal, donors get their money back.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO...L NDIZIO SI IRROBUSTISCE
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a charity signal that it may be financially weaker,
Note:INTERPRETAZIONE DEL RIMBORSO
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a door-to-door fund-raising experiment across nearly 5,000 households.
Note:ALTRO ESPERIMENTO DI LIST
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selling lottery tickets)
Note:IL METODO MIGLIIRE
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(just asking for money).
Note:IL PEGGIORE
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increased the attractiveness of the woman who, on a door-to-door basis, asked
Note:SPERIMENTATO UN TRUCCHETTO
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as big a positive impact on giving as moving from the least successful
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FUNZIONAAAAAAA!!!!
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not very focused on the final effects
Note:ALTRO INDIZIO
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many charities spend too much money on executive salaries,
Note:Tttttttty IN GENERALE È VERO
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But these same mechanisms do not always keep bad charities in check.
Note:EPPURE SI SORVOLA....ALTRO INDIZIO..AFFILIARSI A CHI MOSTRA POTENZA CI PIACE
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insist on measurable results.
Note:ALTRA COSA CHE NN SI FA
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dismiss any unfavorable information
Note:IL DONATORE CATTIRATO
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When our pride is at stake, we often don’t look too closely
Note:COSA CPNTA
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What about giving money to a church?
Note:Ttttttttttttt
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receive 40 to 60 percent
Note:QUANTO RICEVE IN USA
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most of these donations keep churches going rather than finding their way to the poor.
Note:UTILIZZO
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if you want to help the poor
Note:LA RISPOSTA DIPENDE DALL OBBIETTIVO
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switch so that your new church has a poorer congregation.
Note:SECOND BEST
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buy “fair trade” coffee.
Note:TTTTTT LA TENDENZA
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the workers are treated better
Note:PROMESSA SUL SOVRAPPREZZO
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How about a product called “exploitation coffee”? You pay less, and they promise to treat the workers especially poorly.
Note:PENSATE A UN PRODOTTO ALTERNATIVO CHE AIUTA I VERAMENTE POVERI
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A more neutral phrase would be neither “fair trade” nor “exploitation coffee,” but rather, “quality differentiation.”
Note:UNA QUESTIONE DI PAROLE
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two classes of coffee (and workers),
Note:QUEL CHE FACIAMO
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Splitting up the market
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good for the workers at the higher end,
Note:UN DANNO X GLI ULTIMI
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Nicholas Kristof,
Note:Ttttttt UNA NUOVA IDEA
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buy and free two slaves.
Note:IN CAMBOGIA...MA ANCHE IN SUDAN
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$150
Note:IL COSTO PRO CAPITE
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if we buy out slaves, we bid up the price of slaves.
Note:L INCONVENIENTE...PIÙ SCHIAVI
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(Handgun purchase plans,
Note:ANALOGIA
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Tipping is a relatively wasteful means of helping
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TttttttttMANCE ########## MERCATO DEI CAMERIERI CONCORRENZIALE
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tipping makes us feel virtuous
Note:OLTRE AL DANNO LA BEFFA
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substitute for real benevolence
Note:Ccccccc
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I put the money down on the other table. I knew the same waiter would receive it.
Note:PROVATE QS ESPERIMENTO
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I recoiled in horror
Note:SENSO SGRADEVOLE
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I realized I don’t care how much the waiter gets.
Note:ILLUMINAZIONE
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to relieve my mental tension.
Note:IMPELLENZA
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tip has some elements of extortion.
Note:IL LATO OSCURO DELLE MANCE
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Because of cultural expectations, we know we are expected to tip.
Note:PRESSIONE
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our sense of ourselves as WORTHY AND GENEROUS PEOPLE WHO REWARD QUALITY.
Note:LA FUNZIONE DELLA MANCIA....USALA PURE MA AIUTA IL MONDO IN ALTRA MANIERA
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The tips are received by people who already have jobs.
Note:DIFETTI...PRIMO PUNTO
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tipping occurs in relatively wealthy countries.
Note:SECONDO
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workers who receive tips have low current income but high prospects in life.
Note:TERZO...GIOVANI
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marriage, kids, new puppies, lots of sex, and plenty of new movies and TV shows to watch.
Note:QUEL CHE ATTENDE LORO
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The market for waiters is competitive,
Note:QUINTO E DEFINITIVO
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Send the rest of the money abroad.
Note:RISPARMIA SULLE MANCE E....
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You’ll also be saving waitresses some effort.
Note:DANDO MENO
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what about gifts to your friends and loved ones?
Note:TttttttttttALTRA FORMA DI ALTRUISMO
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Gift-giving is fun, or at least it can be. But it is not the best means of helping other
Note:DOPPIA CONCLUSIONE
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Joel Waldfogel,
Note:CINICO ESPERTO
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Waldfogel found that people value their gifts at 83.9 percent of their cost.
Note:84
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figure was derived from a survey,
Note:POSSIBILI BUGIE
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true average valuation was 40
Note:PIÙ PROB
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“deadweight loss” of gift-giving runs to at least $4 billion a year.
Note:CON L 89%
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half of American adults admit to “regifting.”
Note:RICICLO
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The least effective gift-givers appear to be the elderly.
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GLI SPRECONI
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Many of the elderly don’t have any idea what interests their grandchildren.
Note:I VECCHI NN CONOSCONO I GIOVANI
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if you are old, give cash
Note:SOLUZIONE
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loss estimates fail to account for the time spent buying gifts,
Note:STIME MOOOOOLTO CONSERVATIVE
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point is not to attack gift-giving, which is a marvelous institution. But it is a self-centered institution;
Note:NN SERVE AD AIUTARE...LE FUNZIONI SONO ALTRE
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maybe you enjoyed giving her the tickets.
Note:LA XDITA VA COMPENSATA COL PIACERE DI DONARE
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You received a thrill
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Your sister gained $50 of value. You gained $100 or more of pleasure. Total gain: $150. Total cost: $100.
Note:ESEMPIO
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we give out of the joy of our hearts.
Note:PERCHÈ DONIAMO?…UNO
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Many people give just out of show.
Note:DUE
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gifts based on hostility.
Note:CI SONO ANCHE QUELLI...ES IL LIBRONE A CHI AMA LA TV
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we give gifts to control people.
Note:TRE
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gift is a signal that if the other person does us favors, he or she can expect more payment in the future.
Note:DONO RELAZIONE
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Douglas Bernheim, Andrei Shleifer, and Larry Summers
Note:HANNO STUDIATO COME SI EREDITA
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the more children called or visited their parents, the more likely they received a significant bequest.
Note:ESITO
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Both the children and the parents are behaving selfishly
Note:COROLLARIO
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Why not just give cash?
Note:ALTERNATIVA
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give cash gifts at weddings.
Note:DI FATTO MOLTO COMUNE
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practice of “the register”
Note:LA LISTA
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standard practice for Bar Mitzvahs.
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money helps pay for a college education.
Note:L INTENTO
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if you give your sister $50 for her birthday, she will probably feel insulted.
Note:IN ALTRE OCCASIONI È ORRIBILE
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showing we understand our loved ones.
Note:XCHÈ CONSIDERATO DI CATTIVO GUSTO?1
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CDs cost $17.99 or so, but a wonderful CD is worth more than $100 to me.
Note:1BIS
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pick out the right CD
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Tom Locke went on a one-man crusade to receive as many gifts as possible
Note:TtttttttttyUN CASO PATOLOGICO
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many people feel a need to be appreciated.
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VOGLIA DI RICEVERE
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experiences are remembered for longer than possessions.
Note:UN CRITERIO GUODA X DONARE
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Give concert tickets rather than a compact disc.
Note:ES
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a trip abroad rather than money
Note:ES DUE
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How about we lend out our money instead of giving it away?
Note:TTTT TORNIAMO AI POVERI
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Daniel Akst, writing for Slate.com
Note:ENTUSIASTA DEL MICROCREDITO
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set up small businesses
Note:A CHE SERVE
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economics professor, one Muhammad Yunus,
Note:IL FONDATORE
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Grameen Bank Project
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Nobel Peace Prize.
Note:2006
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mutual liability and peer pressure to ensure repayment.
Note:ANCHE SENZA GARANZIA
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new small businesses feed into the local economy.
Note:XCHÈ MEGLIO DEL DONO
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business owners develop lasting skills.
Note:DUE
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enforces discipline and work.
Note:TRE...L ESIGENZA DI RIMBORSARE
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keeps much of the original capital intact for continued lending.
Note:4
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friends, relatives, or members of their kinship networks often come looking for a cut
Note:5…UN TIPICO INCONVENIENTE DEL DONO (EVITATO)
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The result is dissolution of the funds
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The funds end up spent rather than invested.
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Are family incomes higher? How many new businesses have been started where micro-credit is available? Has the status of women improved?
Note:I RISULTATI IN INDIA
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Now, you can make your loan over the Internet.
Note:UN MICROCRED PIÙ VICINO A NOI
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blogger Cornelius: I feel good. I just lent $25 to Christopher Odeke. He’s a taxi driver from Bukedea,
Note:ESEMPIO
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I’ve signed up to Kiva.org
Note:UN SITO DEDICATO
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Kiva means “agreement” or “unity” in Swahili.
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Paypal.com will process your loan
ASSOCIATO A KIVA
