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Visualizzazione post con etichetta economia decalogo. Mostra tutti i post

martedì 1 ottobre 2019

I DOGMI

Ecco i dogmi che segue l'economista quando discute:

1) Non esistono pasti gratis. Tradotto: se non paghi qualcosa è perché lo sta pagando qualcun'altro.
2) C'è sempre un vincolo di bilancio. Tradotto: la bilancia ha sempre due piatti: il pro e il contro.
3) Metti al centro il bastone e la carota. Tradotto: gli incentivi contano.
4) Conseguenze impreviste. Tradotto: ogni azione ha una conseguenza voluta e nove non volute.
5) Le regole costano. Tradotto: rinuncia alle regole buone la cui applicazione costa troppo.
6) Virtù minima. Tradotto: prdiligi le regole il cui rispetto non implica lesercizio di una virtù. Beato il paese che puo' fare a meno di eroi.

venerdì 30 agosto 2019

hl How the Aspiring Can Learn to Write Like Economists | RealClearMarkets MANKIW COCHRANE

How the Aspiring Can Learn to Write Like Economists | RealClearMarkets
MANKIW COCHRANE
Citation (APA): COCHRANE, M. (2019). How the Aspiring Can Learn to Write Like Economists | RealClearMarkets [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
How the Aspiring Can Learn to Write Like Economists | RealClearMarkets By MANKIW COCHRANE
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 11
stressing clarity and efficiency above all else.
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L APPROCCIO
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L APPROCCIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
1. Scarcity:
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1
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1
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time is a scarce resource. That means taking out all of the easily ignored details
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2. Specialization:
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2
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2
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Economics and finance papers are essays.”
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cccccccccccL ECONOMISTA SI CREDE UNO SCIENZIATO...NOK È UNO SCRITORE
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cccccccccccL ECONOMISTA SI CREDE UNO SCIENZIATO...NOK È UNO SCRITORE
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4. Clarity:
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4
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4
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“Figure out the one central and novel contribution of your paper. Write this down in one paragraph... The
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5. Efficiency:
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5
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5
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“Convey the information that readers want to learn
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NEL MODO PIÙ EFFICIENTE
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NEL MODO PIÙ EFFICIENTE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
6. Skimming:
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6 GUIDA I SALTI DEI TUOI LETTORI
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6 GUIDA I SALTI DEI TUOI LETTORI
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Readers skim. You have to make it easy for them to skim.”
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8. Individuality: “Committees are useful in many endeavors, but producing great writing is not one of them.”
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8
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8
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9. Punchlines: “Organize the paper in 'triangular' or 'newspaper' style, not in 'joke' or 'novel' style.
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NN NASCONDERE CHIAVI DA SCOPRIRE
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NN NASCONDERE CHIAVI DA SCOPRIRE
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10. Knowledge:
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10
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10
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keep track of what your reader knows and doesn’t know.”
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11. Responsibility: “Much bad writing comes down to trying to avoid responsibility for what you’re saying.”
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11
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11
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15. Endings: “Conclusions should be short and sweet.”
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15
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15

mercoledì 21 agosto 2019

HL 1 Neither Gremlins nor Poltergeists

1 Neither Gremlins nor Poltergeists
Note:1@@@@@Istituzione

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gremlins, as you know, are horrid little beasts. At night, they creep around and sabotage your stuff.
Note:G

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Poltergeists are incorporeal spirits that possess your home.
Note:ANCORA PIÙ INSIDIOSI XCHÈ SENZA CORPO

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mythical saboteurs.
Note:ENTRAMBI

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most people have trouble understanding how an event could happen without someone or something making it happen.
Note:FACILE CAPIRE XCHÈ SI INVENTANO QS LEGGENDE

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god or spirit
Note:LEGGENDE

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blame Wall Street.
Note:ALTRA CAPRI

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harder time comprehending how many things that happen in society could be the product of human action but not human design.
Note:LA FATICA DEL PROFANO

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some powerful person or group chose to create the change.
Note:SOLUZIONE COMPLOTTISTA

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Blame George Soros, or Charles Koch, or the Russian hackers, or the Rothschilds, or the.
Note:SPIRITELLI COME G E P

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If lots of people do something bad, it’s probably because the incentives induce them to do it.
Note:LA SCOPERTA DEGLI ECONOMISTI

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we can explain the incentives people face by examining the institutions
Note:DOVE GUARDARE...NN SPIRITELLI NÈ COMPLOTTI

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Nobel laureate and economist Douglass North
Note:IL PADRE

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“the rules of the game in a society
Note:ISTITUZIONE

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often appear by accident, or emerge spontaneously from previous trends,
Note:ORIGINE ISTITUZ

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Against Gremlins and Poltergeists in Higher Education
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“Gremlins” are corporeal individuals who sabotage higher education for their own sinister ends.
Note:X ESEMPIO LE LOBBY INDUSTRIALI O I FILANTROPI O I BUROCRATI

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“Poltergeists” in this case refers to intellectual movements, ideas, ideologies, and attitudes that possess and corrupt academia.
Note:ALTRA SPIEGA....IDEOLOGIA

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Most academic marketing is semi-fraudulent, grading is largely nonsense, students don’t study or learn much, students cheat frequently, liberal arts education fails because it presumes a false theory of learning, professors and administrators waste students’ money and time in order to line their own pockets, everyone engages in self-righteous moral grandstanding to disguise their selfish cronyism, professors pump out unemployable graduate students into oversaturated academic job markets for self-serving reasons, and so on.
Note:I PROBLEMI DELL UNIVERSITÀ

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Bad behaviors result from regular people reacting to bad incentives
Note:LA TESI

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Bad Incentives Explain Bad Behavior
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Breaking the Law, Breaking the Law
Note:Ttttttttt ESEMPI DI STORIE A SUPPORTO DELLA TESI

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the department voted to hire a particular candidate, who happened to be a white male. Their second choice candidate was a white woman. On paper, the man’s résumé was superior to the woman’s.
Note:A CHI ASSEGNARE IL RUOLO?

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The department asked to hire the male candidate. The provost—let’s call him Jeff—said no.
Note:UN RETTORE IMPEGNATO NEL NN DISCRIMINARE

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He would carefully craft statements about hiring that would induce professors to inadvertently violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
Note:IL RETTORE FA PRESSIONI IN UN CERTO SENSO...PERCHÈ?

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Why did Jeff do this?
Note:DIETRO CI SONO CATTIVI INCENTIVI

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The department in question was mostly male. According to federal and local regulations, the department could thus be presumed guilty of discrimination by disparate impact. If someone sued the university, it would automatically be considered guilty
Note:PRIMO INCENTIVO NASCOSTO...SCILLA

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Jeff wanted to avoid a disparate impact suit, so he had an incentive to actively discriminate in favor of women. But this is also illegal, as it is a form of disparate treatment.
Note:CARIDDI

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Today, the male candidate is a full professor and endowed chair at a research university; the female candidate is an untenured assistant professor at a liberal arts college.
Note:LA SOLUZIONE ADOTTATA...ASSUMERE TUTTI

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Nancy at the Aspen Institute
Note:SECONDO CASO

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Jason asks students to complete the “Ethics Project.”
Note:1000 EAURO DATI A CISCUN GRUPPO DI STUDENTI X FARE DEL BENE

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Students are free to do almost anything: Start a business, run a fundraiser,
Note:Cccccccc

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Nancy, a former high-level administrator at Georgetown’s business school, invited Jason to present on Ethics Projects to the Aspen Undergraduate Business
Note:DOPO IL VGRANDE SUCCESSO

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Jason mentioned that one group of first-year undergraduates had created and sold “Hoya Drinking Club” t-shirts for a hefty $700 profit.
Note:IL CASO ILLUSTRATO ALLA PLATEA

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“What if something bad happened? What if another bad thing happened? You should require students to tell you ahead of time what they will do and how they’ll do it.
Note:LA PREOCCUPAZ DI NANCY ESPRESSE A J

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“Sorry, Nancy, but what you see as dangers and flaws I see as the very point of the project.”
Note:RISPOSTA

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“If students do something that bothers parents, such as selling beer pong shirts, the parents won’t call you, Jay. They’ll call me.
Note:LA PREOCCUPAZ DI N ESPRESSA FUORI DAI DENTI...GENITORI DALLA DENUNCIA FACILE

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to explain Nancy’s bad behavior, we need not posit that she’s a bad person. Rather, her job was not to educate students or produce scholarship. Her job was to raise money, manage lower-level administrators,
Note:L AFFOSSATRICE DEL PROGETTO

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No Cookies for You Unless I Get Some, Too
Note:ttttttttttt TERZO CASO

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Brown University’s president and engineering faculty wanted to convert the “division” of engineering into a distinct school of engineering.
Note:UNA DISTINZIONE RILEVANTE X I REGOLAMENTI

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engineering needed a majority approval vote from Brown’s assembled faculty.
Note:DIFESA DELLA LORO CAUSA

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creating such a school would help them but not come at anyone else’s
Note:OTTIMO PARETIANO

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she said she opposed allowing the change unless the new school agreed to devote at least one faculty line to hiring a sociologist who would study engineers and engineering from a social scientific perspective.
Note:IL RICATTO DI UN OROF DI SOCIOLOGIA

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Brown engineering was understaffed in genuine engineering professors. It needed engineers, not a sociologist of engineering.
Note:PURTROPPO

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“I won’t let you bake cookies for yourself unless you give me some.”
Note:UNA TENTAZIONE TROPPO FORTE ANCHE X LE BRAVE XSONE

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Great Teaching! Now Shape Up or You’re Fired
Note:4 CASO

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Years ago, a national magazine extolled a colleague’s exceptional teaching.
Note:IL GRANDE INSEGNANTE SENZA CATTEDRA

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Research brings the school prestige. Teaching does not.
Note:ECCO XCHÈ

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we faculty—the ones who vote on tenure—don’t personally benefit from our colleagues being good teachers.
Note:IL RICERCATORE CI AIUTA A PUBBLICARE..L INSEGNANTE NN CI INSEGNA NULLA

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If our colleagues are smart, people assume we’re smart.
Note:L INTELLIGENZA DELL INSEGNANTE È SCONOSCIUTA...GLI ALLIEVI NN VOTANO X LE CATTEDRE

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Why Jason Bought a Standing Desk
Note:Tttttttttttt

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Jason automatically receives at least $7,500 a year to spend on books, travel, data, copy-editing fees, or anything else related to his work,
Note:ANCHE GLI AUTORI HANNO INCENTIVI

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university doesn’t allow him to roll over any unused funds to the next year. If he’s frugal or conservative, other people benefit, not him.
Note:SPESSO DISTORTI

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when Jason still had $2,000 left in his account, he decided to experiment with a standing desk. Guess how much he spent?
Note:UN ANNO PARTICOLARE

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Academia without Romance
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romantic view
Note:TIPICO DEGLI ACCADEMICI

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noble purposes.
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discovers new truths and transmits
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fights hunger and disease.
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fights oppression and poverty.
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advances social justice
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As the psychologists Nicolas Epley and David Dunning have discovered, most people have an inflated view of their own moral character.
Note:SOPRAVVALUTAZIONE

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hardwired to deceive ourselves
Note:SIMLER HANSON

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you’ll want to blame outsiders—gremlins and poltergeists—for disrupting the system.
Note:QUANDO TI SENTI BUONO

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economists would often just assume that government agents or people working in non-profits would always be competent and motivated to do the right thing.
Note:PRIMA DELLA PUBLIC CHOICE

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governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are made up of saints and angels rather than real people.
Note:PER SCRIVERE MDELLI SENZA FEEDBACK

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As we’ll demonstrate throughout this book, many of the tools Buchanan and other economists use to explain political behavior also explain higher ed.
Note:IL LIBRO

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people are people.
Note:NN ESTREMIZZARE NEL SENSO OPPOSTO

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there are good people and bad people. Bad things happen when bad people rule;
Note:ALTRA FORMA DI ROMANTICISMO

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When you see bad behavior, you ask: •What incentives do the rules create?
Note:L ALTERNATIVA

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Imperfect rules create bad incentives that, in turn, create bad behavior.
Note:DI SOLITO

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development economists both Left and Right largely agree that certain institutions—stable governments, open markets, robust protection of private property—are necessary for sustained economic growth and to end extreme poverty.10 But economists don’t know how to induce the countries that lack these institutions to adopt them.
Note:TIPICO STALLO

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the romantic theories make saving the world look easy.
Note:UN GUAIO DEL ROMANTICISMO

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Seven Big Economic Insights
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There are no free lunches. Trade-offs are everywhere.
Note:PRIMA PILLOLA ECONOMICA

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There are always budget constraints.
Note:SECONDO

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Incentives matter.
Note:TERZO

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The Law of Unintended Consequences
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People often break the rules when they can.
Note:CcccccENFORCEMENT

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Rules shape the incentives,
Note:6

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good rules economize on virtue.
Note:7

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The Bad Business Ethics of Higher Ed
Note:Tttttttttt

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little serious work has been done on the “business ethics” of universities.
Note:BUSINESS ETHIC

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To whom is an organization responsible? Whose interests must it serve? 2.What moral limits do organizations face in the pursuit of their goals?
LA DOMANDE DI B E

venerdì 25 gennaio 2019

I MIEI DOGMI

I MIEI DOGMI
Una lista veloce delle mie categorie mentali (la completo più tardi).
1) Se vuoi un po’ più di A, devi rinunciare a parte di B. Il mondo funziona così: non esistono pasti gratis, diceva quel tale.
2) Il costo di qualcosa è cio’ a cui rinunci per ottenerlo. Implicazioni: i costi variano da persona a persona e sono soggettivi.
3) La persona razionale ragiona”al margine”: cosa fare partendo dal punto in cui sono? I ragionamenti assoluti vanno bene se discuti di geometria. E io non ho mai visto nessuno "discutere" di geometria.
4) Le persone rispondono agli incentivi: per quanto uno sia tonto alla lunga capisce cosa gli conviene.
5) Sei impaziente e infantile. Prima di postare su Facebook lascia il tuo messaggio a bagnomaria almeno un paio di giorni, emergeranno puntualmente dei correttivi da apportare. (ht ai commenti di Davide Curioni e Rita Vergnano)
6) Esistono dei miracoli laici. L’atto dello “scambio”, per esempio, è una delle poche cose al mondo che – quasi per magia - fa star meglio tutte le persone coinvolte.
7) Risolvere un problema sociale significa fondamentalmente “privatizzarlo”, ovvero responsabilizzare le persone coinvolte. Non tutto è privatizzabile, a volte manca la tecnologia (si aspetta), altre volte la cultura (si costruisce).
8. Legge base della sociologia: a volte le cose vanno in un modo, altre volte in un altro.
9) Il fatto che il gruppo A sia mediamente più intelligente (forte, preparato, alto, paziente…) del gruppo B è compatibile con il fatto che esistano molti membri del gruppo B molto più intelligenti (forti, preparati, alti, pazienti…) di molti membri del gruppo A.
10) Ogni problema ha la sua "letteratura". Quando rifletti su un certo argomento ricorda che in giro c’è gente che ci ha speso sopra l’intera vita. Interessarsi ad un problema significa interessarsi a queste persone prima ancora che affrontarlo in astratto.
11) Se i pompieri sono pagati meno delle pop star è perché viviamo in un mondo fortunato: c’è in giro una marea di gente in grado di salvarci la vita.
12) Dal bene esce il male e dal male il bene. Non vale sempre ma quasi sempre. Il 90% di quello che accade è una "conseguenza non intenzionale".
13) Creare ricchezza e creare posti di lavoro sono cose molto diverse.
14) Non perdere tempo a discutere con chi ti chiede di provare l’ovvio.
15) Se una cosa non puo’ essere detta chiaramente o è falsa o non l’hai capita bene.
16) Per risolvere i disaccordi scommettere è meglio che discutere.
17) Nell’era dell’abbondanza non andiamo all’ospedale per curarci, non andiamo a scuola per imparare… Ecco: il motivo per cui facciamo molte cose non è "fare quelle cose" ma “lanciare segnali”.
18) Il pessimista bara: il pessimismo è essenzialmente uno stile. Uno stile sexy (e facile). Chi vede nero ed esprime in modo creativo questo suo scoramento milita nella serie B del pensiero.
19) La politica fa male (fa pensare male, fa agire male…) e una società saggia ne tiene i suoi giovani lontani.
20) Pensare significa comprendere quanto poco sappiamo. Una volta compreso l'astensione s'impone.
21) La diversitá sociale ha un valore, ma lo illustra meglio la teoria del portafoglio che Benetton: serve a controllare i rischi. Anche la cibernetica può dire la sua: un certo casino (ridondanza) giova sicurezza.
22) A tutti i giudizi sul reale va associata una probabilità.
23) Par destruens e pars construens procedono appaiate, non alternate.
24) I primi tre rilievi del profano ad uno studio con peer review sono cose di cui gli autori hanno già tenuto conto.

lunedì 12 febbraio 2018

L'economia che funziona

Idee economiche che funzionano:
1) legge della domanda e dell'offerta,
2) teoria dei prezzi (le risorse non si esauriscono mai),
3) teoria della crescita come distruzione creativa,
4) teoria del commercio e della specializzazione.
5)...
Idee economiche che non funzionano:
1) macroeconomia dell'offerta e della domanda aggregata,
2) teoria dei beni pubblici,
4) teoria dell'inflazione.
5)...
On Quora, I was asked where economics works. I changed the question to "which concepts work?" My answer was The laws of supply and demand work. The principle of substitution works (we do not run ou...
ARNOLDKLING.COM

venerdì 2 settembre 2016

Perchè i pompieri sono pagati meno delle pop star?

Why are movie stars paid more than firefighters? http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2016/09/69181.html

I agree that most people are troubled that the likes of Tom Brady and Jennifer Lawrence earn far higher pay than does any firefighter or school teacher.  But this reality reflects not people’s correct understanding of a failing economy but people’s incorrect understanding of a successful economy.  It reflects also a failure of economists to better teach basic economics to the general public.  So let me ask: would you prefer to live in a world in which the number of people who can skillfully fight fires and teach children is large but the number of people who can skillfully play sports and act is very tiny, or in a world in which the number of people who can skillfully fight fires and teach children is very tiny but the number of people who can skillfully play sports and act is large?

I’m sure that you’d much prefer to live in a world in which skills at fighting fires and teaching children are more abundant than are skills at playing sports and acting.  Precisely because saving lives and teaching children are indeed far more important on the whole than is entertainment, we are extraordinarily fortunate that the numbers of our fellow human beings who possess the skills and willingness to save lives and to teach children are much greater than are the numbers who can skillfully play sports and act.

The lower pay of fire fighters and school teachers simply reflects the happy reality

lunedì 7 marzo 2016

Pensare come un economista


  1. People face trade-offs: To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another
  2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it: Decision makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions
  3. Rational people think at the margin: A rational decision maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost
  4. People respond to incentives: Behavior changes when costs or benefits change
  5. Trade can make everyone better off: Trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best. By trading with others, people can buy a greater variety of goods or services
  6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity: Households and firms that interact in market economies act as if they are guided by an “invisible hand” that leads the market to allocate resources efficiently. The opposite of this is economic activity that is organized by a central planner within the government
  7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes: When a market fails to allocate resources efficiently, the government can change the outcome through public policy. Examples are regulations against monopolies and pollution
  8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services: Countries whose workers produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time enjoy a high standard of living. Similarly, as a nation’s productivity grows, so does its average income
  9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money: When a government creates large quantities of the nation’s money, the value of the money falls. As a result, prices increase, requiring more of the same money to buy goods and services
  10. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment: Reducing inflation often causes a temporary rise in unemployment. This trade-off is crucial for understanding the short-run effects of changes in taxes, government spending, and monetary policy

mercoledì 18 novembre 2015

The Ten Pillars of Economic Wisdom

The Ten Pillars of Economic Wisdom, David Henderson | EconLog | Library of Economics and Liberty:



'via Blog this'



The Ten Pillars of Economic Wisdom
By David R. Henderson
1. TANSTAAFL: There ain't no such thing as a free lunch.
2. Incentives matter; incentives affect behavior.
3. Economic thinking is thinking on the margin.
4. The only way to create wealth is to move resources from a lower-valued to a higher-valued use. Corollary: Both sides gain from exchange.
5. Information is valuable and costly, and most information that's valuable is inherently decentralized.
6. Every action has unintended consequences; you can never do only one thing.
7. The value of a good or a service is subjective.
8. Creating jobs is not the same as creating wealth.
9. The only way to increase a nation's real income is to increase its real output.
10. Competition is a hardy weed, not a delicate flower.

L'economia in un tweet

http://www.jamestierney.com/a-micro-textbook-a-tweet-per-chapter/

lunedì 18 novembre 2013