Visualizzazione post con etichetta #haidt università diversità. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta #haidt università diversità. Mostra tutti i post

mercoledì 3 maggio 2017

the lack of political diversity in social psychology Jonathan Haidt

the lack of political diversity in social psychology
Jonathan Haidt
Citation (APA): Haidt, J. (2017). It’s finally out--The big review paper on the lack of political diversity in social psychology [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
the lack of political diversity in social psychology By Jonathan Haidt
Nota - Posizione 3
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 34
1. Introduction
Nota - Posizione 34
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 34
In the last few years, social psychology has faced a series of challenges to the validity of its research, including a few high-profile replication failures,
Nota - Posizione 35
UNA DISCIPLINA GIÀ SCREDITATA DAI FALLITI TENT DI REPLICA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 36
In this article, we suggest that one largely overlooked cause of failure is a lack of political diversity.
Nota - Posizione 36
UN ALTRO MOTIVO DI PREOCCUP
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 38
We focus on conservatives as an underrepresented group because the data on the prevalence in psychology of different ideological groups is best for the liberal-conservative contrast– and the departure from the proportion of liberals and conservatives in the U.S. population is so dramatic.
Nota - Posizione 40
DESTRA SOTTORAPPR
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 42
The lack of diversity causes problems for the scientific process primarily in areas related to the political concerns of the Left– areas such as race, gender, stereotyping, environmentalism, power, and inequality
Nota - Posizione 43
MATERIE PARTICOLARMENTE SOGGETTE ALLA DEFORMAZIONE IDEOLOG
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 44
2. Psychology is less politically diverse than ever
Nota - Posizione 45
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 47
Before the 1990s, academic psychology only LEANED left. Liberals and Democrats outnumbered Conservatives and Republican by 4 to 1 or less. But as the “greatest generation” retired in the 1990s and was replaced by baby boomers, the ratio skyrocketed to something more like 12 to 1.
Nota - Posizione 49
DAGLI ANNI 90 IL TRACOLLO DELLA DIVERSITA. RAPPORTO SINISTRA DESTRA. DA 4.1 A 12.1
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 56
3. Three ways that the lack of diversity undermines social psychology
Nota - Posizione 56
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 58
undermine the self-correction
Nota - Posizione 58
IL GUAIO DEL CONFORMISMO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 60
Risk point 1: Liberal values and assumptions can become embedded into theory and method
Nota - Posizione 61
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 61
ideological claims are wrongly treated as objective truth,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 63
Son Hing, Bobocel, Zanna, and McBride (2007) found that: 1) people high in social dominance orientation (SDO) were more likely to make unethical decisions, 2) people high in right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) were more likely to go along with the unethical decisions of leaders, and 3) dyads with high SDO leaders and high RWA followers made more unethical decisions than dyads with alternative arrangements (e.g., low SDO— low RWA dyads). Yet consider the decisions they defined as unethical: not formally taking a female colleague’s side in her sexual harassment complaint against her subordinate (given little information about the case), and a worker placing the well-being of his or her company above unspecified harms to the environment attributed to the company’s operations. Liberal values of feminism and environmentalism were embedded directly into the operationalization of ethics,
Nota - Posizione 67
UN ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
Risk point 2: Researchers may concentrate on topics that validate the liberal progress narrative and avoid topics that contest that narrative
Nota - Posizione 73
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 74
in a politically homogeneous field, a larger-than-optimal number of scientists shine their flashlights on ideologically important regions of the terrain. Doing so leaves many areas unexplored. Even worse, some areas become walled off, and inquisitive researchers risk ostracism if they venture in.
Nota - Posizione 76
AREE DI RICERCA INESPLORATA. ANZI PRATICAMENTE SOGGETTE A CENSURA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 76
[Example:] Stereotype accuracy. Since the 1930s, social psychologists have been proclaiming the inaccuracy of social stereotypes, despite lacking evidence of such inaccuracy. Evidence has seemed unnecessary because stereotypes have been, in effect, stereotyped as inherently nasty and inaccurate (see Jussim, 2012a for a review). Some group stereotypes are indeed hopelessly crude and untestable. But some may rest on valid empiricism— and represent subjective estimates of population characteristics (e.g. the proportion of people who drop out of high school, are victims of crime, or endorse policies that support women at work, see Jussim, 2012a, Ryan, 2002 for reviews). In this context, it is not surprising that the rigorous empirical study of the accuracy of factual stereotypes was initiated by one of the very few self-avowed conservatives in social psychology— Clark McCauley (McCauley & Stitt, 1978).
Nota - Posizione 79
ES: LA RICERCA SUGLI STEREOTIPI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 87
Risk point 3: Negative attitudes regarding conservatives can produce a psychological science that mischaracterizes their traits and attributes
Nota - Posizione 88
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 89
A long-standing view in social-political psychology is that the right is more dogmatic and intolerant of ambiguity than the left, a view Tetlock (1983) dubbed the rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis…. But had social psychologists studied a broad enough range of situations to justify these broad conclusions?
Nota - Posizione 91
TERZO RISCHIO: ETICHETTARE L AVV. LA DESTRA È DOGMATICA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 91
Recent evidence suggests not. The ideologically objectionable premise model (IOPM; Crawford, 2012) posits that people on the political left and right are equally likely to approach political judgments with their ideological blinders on. That said, they will only do so when the premise of a political judgment is ideologically acceptable. If it’s objectionable, any preferences for one group over another will be short-circuited, and biases won’t emerge. The IOPM thus allows for biases to emerge only among liberals, only among conservatives, or among both liberals and conservatives, depending on the situation. For example, reinterpreting Altemeyer’s mandatory school prayer results, Crawford (2012) argued that for people low in RWA who value individual freedom and autonomy, mandatory school prayer is objectionable; thus, the very nature of the judgment should shut off any biases in favor of one target over the other. However, for people high in RWA who value society-wide conformity to traditional morals and values, mandating school prayer is acceptable; this acceptable premise then allows for people high in RWA to express a bias in favor of Christian over Muslim school prayer. Crawford (2012, Study 1) replaced mandatory prayer with voluntary prayer, which would be acceptable to both people high and low in RWA. In line with the IOPM, people high in RWA were still biased in favor of Christian over Muslim prayer, while people low in RWA now showed a bias in favor of Muslim over Christian voluntary prayer. Hypocrisy is therefore not necessarily a special province of the right.
Nota - Posizione 101
NN È COSÌ. ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 106
4. Why political diversity is likely to improve social psychological science
Nota - Posizione 107
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 110
benefits of viewpoint diversity are most pronounced when organizations are pursuing open-ended exploratory goals (e.g., scientific discovery) as opposed to exploitative goals (e.g., applying well-established routines to well-defined problems; Cannella, Park & Hu, 2008).
Nota - Posizione 112
LA DIVERSITÀ IDEOLOG È PARTICOL AUSPICABILE NELLA RICERCA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 117
4.1. Confirmation bias
Nota - Posizione 117
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 118
This confirmation bias (Nickerson, 1998) is widespread among both laypeople and scientists (Ioannidis, 2012).
Nota - Posizione 119
UNA DISTORSIONE CHE TOCCA TUTTI SC COMPRESI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 121
people are far better at identifying the flaws in other people’s evidence-gathering than in their own, especially if those other people have dissimilar beliefs (e.g., Mercier & Sperber, 2011; Sperber et al., 2010).
Nota - Posizione 122
I DIVERSI VEDONO MEGLIO I RISPETTIVI DIFETTI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 125
The most obvious cure for this problem is to increase the viewpoint diversity of the field. Nobody has found a way to eradicate confirmation bias in individuals (Lilienfeld et al., 2009), but we can diversify the field to the point where individual viewpoint biases begin to cancel each other out.
Nota - Posizione 127
IL CB NELL INDIVID NN È SRADICABILE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 128
4.2. Minority influence
Nota - Posizione 128
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 130
Majorities influence decision-making by producing conformity pressure that creates cohesion and community,
Nota - Posizione 130
LA PRESSIONE CONFORMISTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 131
groupthink
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 132
There is even evidence that politically diverse teams produce more creative solutions than do politically homogeneous teams on problems such as “how can a person of average talent achieve fame” and how to find funding for a partially-built church ineligible for bank loans (Triandis, Hall, & Ewen, 1965)….
Nota - Posizione 134
I GRUPPI VARIEGATI LA VORANO MEGLIO SU ALCUNI TEMI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 138
5. Why are there so few non-liberals in social psychology?
Nota - Posizione 138
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 140
five explanations
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 142
5.1. Differences in ability
Nota - Posizione 142
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 143
The evidence does not support
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 144
Social conservatism correlates with lower cognitive ability test scores, but economic conservatism correlates with higher scores (Iyer, Koleva, Graham, Ditto, & Haidt, 2012; Kemmelmeier 2008). [Libertarians are the political group with the highest IQ, yet they are underrepresented in the social sciences other than economics]
Nota - Posizione 146
EVIDENZA SULL ABILITÀ: I LIBERTARI SONO ADDIRITTURA I PIÙ INTELL
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 146
5.2. The effects of education on political ideology
Nota - Posizione 147
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 148
There is little evidence that education causes students to become more liberal. Instead, several longitudinal studies following tens of thousands of college students for many years have concluded that political socialization in college occurs primarily as a function of one’s peers, not education per se (Astin, 1993; Dey, 1997).
Nota - Posizione 148
NO EVIDENZA
Nota - Posizione 150
NN CONTA L ED MA CHI SI FREQUENTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 150
5.3. Differences in interest
Nota - Posizione 151
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 151
Might liberals simply find a career in social psychology (or the academy more broadly) more appealing? Yes, for several reasons. The Big-5 trait that correlates most strongly with political liberalism is openness to experience (r = .32 in Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, & Sulloways’s 2003 meta-analysis), and people high in that trait are more likely to pursue careers that will let them indulge their curiosity and desire to learn, such as a career in the academy (McCrae, 1996).
Nota - Posizione 154
SÌ. LA CURIOSITÀ È UN TRATTO LIBERAL E ANCHE TIPICO DI CHI INTRAPRENDE RICERCA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 156
Such intrinsic variations in interest may be amplified by a “birds of a feather” or “homophile” effect. “Similarity attracts” is one of the most well-established findings in social psychology (Byrne, 1969).
Nota - Posizione 157
EFFETTO AMPLI: I SIMILI SI ATTRAGG
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 161
Self-selection clearly plays a role.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 165
5.4. Hostile climate
Nota - Posizione 165
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 166
Might self-selection be amplified by an accurate perception among conservative students that they are not welcome in the social psychology community? Consider the narrative of conservatives that can be formed from some recent conclusions in social psychological research: compared to liberals, conservatives are less intelligent (Hodson & Busseri, 2012) and less cognitively complex (Jost et al., 2003). They are more rigid, dogmatic, and inflexible (Jost et al., 2003). Their lower IQ explains their racism and sexism (Deary, Batty, & Gale, 2008), and their endorsement of inequality explains why they are happier than liberals (Napier & Jost, 2008). As conservative undergraduates encounter the research literature in their social psychology classes, might they recognize cues that the field regards them and their beliefs as defective?
Nota - Posizione 170
CLIMA OSTILE: DIFFICILE NEGARE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 178
I can’t begin to tell you how difficult it was for me in graduate school because I am not a liberal Democrat. As one example, following Bush’s defeat of Kerry, one of my professors would email me every time a soldier’s death in Iraq made the headlines; he would call me out, publicly blaming me for not supporting Kerry in the election. I was a reasonably successful graduate student, but the political ecology became too uncomfortable for me. Instead of seeking the professorship that I once worked toward, I am now leaving academia for a job in industry.
Nota - Posizione 182
LETTERA DI UNA MATRICOLA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 183
Inbar and Lammers (2012) asked members of the SPSP discussion list: “Do you feel that there is a hostile climate towards your political beliefs in your field?” Of 17 conservatives, 14 (82%) responded “yes” (i.e., a response at or above the midpoint of the scale, where the midpoint was labeled “somewhat” and the top point “very much”), with half of those responding “very much.” In contrast, only 18 of 266 liberals (7%) responded “yes”, with only two of those responding “very much.” Interestingly, 18 of 25 moderates (72%) responded “yes,” with one responding “very much.”
Nota - Posizione 186
RICERCHE NON ANED. SUL CLIMA OSTILE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 189
5.5. Discrimination
Nota - Posizione 189
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 193
ample evidence using multiple methods demonstrates that social psychologists do in fact act in discriminatory ways toward non-liberal colleagues and their research.
Nota - Posizione 194
AEVIDENZA: SÌ LA D È DISCR
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 194
if you change a research proposal so that its hypotheses sound conservative, but you leave the methods the same, then the manuscript is deemed less publishable, and is less likely to get IRB approval]
Nota - Posizione 195
COME NN PUBBLICARE UN MANOSCRITTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 197
“If two job candidates (with equal qualifications) were to apply for an opening in your department, and you knew that one was politically quite conservative, do you think you would be inclined to vote for the more liberal one?” Of the 237 liberals, only 42 (18%) chose the lowest scale point, “not at all.” In other words, 82% admitted that they would be at least a little bit prejudiced against a conservative candidate, and 43% chose the midpoint (“ somewhat”) or above. In contrast, the majority of moderates (67%) and conservatives (83%) chose the lowest scale point (“ not at all”)….
Nota - Posizione 201
LA DISCR È ESPLICITA. DOMANDA DEL SONDAGGIO SOTTOPOSTO AI DOCENTI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 202
Conservative graduate students and assistant professors are behaving rationally when they keep their political identities hidden,
Nota - Posizione 202
COMPORTAM RAZIONALE: NASCONDERE LA PROPRIA IDENT
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 204
6. Recommendations
Nota - Posizione 204
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 207
6.1. Organizational responses
Nota - Posizione 207
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 209
anti-discrimination policy
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 210
Implement a “climate study” regarding members’ experiences, comfort/ discomfort,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 211
encourage and support research training programs and research conferences to attract, retain, and graduate conservative
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 213
6.2. Professorial responses
Nota - Posizione 213
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 215
Raise consciousness
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 215
Expand diversity statements.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 216
6.3. Changes to research practices
Nota - Posizione 217
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 217
Be alert to double standards. 2. Support adversarial collaborations. [3. Improve research norms to increase the degree to which a research field becomes self-correcting.]
Nota - Posizione 218
ATTENTI AL DOPPIO STANDARD
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 218
7. Conclusion
Nota - Posizione 218
t