HL 1 Who Pays for Your Coffee?

Who Pays for Your Coffee?
Note:Tema: il valore. Come si fanno i soldi sul mercato? Scarsità + richiesta...Il potere dela scarsità richiesta: sul mercato guadagnano solo consumatori e monopolisti...Vuoi sapere se sei sfruttata? Controlla di che genere è il monopolio che realizza quei profitti x cui paghi...Perchè i pop corn costano di più al cinema? Perchè è lì che i consumatori li vogliono mangiare! Location location location...Chi paga la regolamentazione sulla sicurezza? I consumatori + deboli (i prodotti ideali x loro nn si trovano) o + attenti (i prodotti ideali x loro costano di più). Premiato il consumatore facoltoso e distratto...Gang e Mafia: la violenza crea monopoli. la violenza può essere condannata x motivi etici oppure x' rovina il gioco della competozione e quindi dell'efficienza...Oltre alla violenza ci sono altri modi x eliminare la competizione. Per esempio attraverso i sindacati. Recentemente il metodo è entrato in crisi poichè la competizione è internazionale mentre i sindacati nazionali. Altre volte padroni donamici in espansione e monopsonisti distruggono i sindacati penalizzandoli. Ci sono forme occulte di sindacalizzazione: albi, formazione, patenti...Immigrazione. Gli immigrati ci rubano il posto? Di solito l'immigrazione è vista male dalla popolazione + rozza e bene dalla pop. + raffinata. E nn certo xchè i + rozzi giudichino rozzamente...L'analisi standard: il razzismo è frutto dell' ignoranza, tanto è vero che alligna tra le classi + basse che si oppongono all'immigrazione. L'analisi corretta: vista la matura migratoria è normale che ad opporsi siano le classi basse ma x una questione fi interessi nn di razzismo...La scienza economica è neutrale? Spesso no: il mezzo di analisi influenza il giudizio che diamo del mondo. Gli economisti lottano contro i protezionismi e i sindacati ma lo fanno in nome delle ipotesi sottostanti ai loro modelli...

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1@@@@@@@sfruttamento copetizione e monopolio...immigrazione

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According to economics professor Brian McManus, mark-ups on coffee are around 150 per cent
Note:MARK UP SMISURATI

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So somebody is making a lot of money. Who?
Note:MA I BARISTI NN SI ARRICCHICONO

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location, location, location.
Note:RIPETILO

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simply remember that there are thirteen coffee bar entrepreneurs on one side of the negotiating table and on the other side is a manager who owns a single, perfect coffee-bar site.
Note:CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO

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By playing them off against each other, the Network Rail manager should be able to dictate the terms,
Note:Ccccccccc

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if there’s a profitable deal to be done between somebody who has something unique and someone who has something which can be replaced, then the profits will go to the owner of the unique resource.
Note:LA LEGGE

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Strength from scarcity
Note:Tttttttttt

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Bargaining strength comes through scarcity: settlers are scarce and meadows are not, so landlords have no bargaining power.
Note:LA LEGGE DELLA SCARSITÀ

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Why is coffee expensive in London, New York, Washington or Tokyo? The common-sense view is that coffee is expensive because the coffee bars have to pay high rent. David Ricardo’s model can show us that this is the wrong way to think about the issue, because ‘high rent’ is not an arbitrary fact of life. It has a cause.
Note:XCHÈ IN CENTRO MILANO IL CAFFÈ È CARO

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prime coffee-bar locations will command high rents only if customers will pay high prices for coffee. Rush-hour customers are so desperate for caffeine and in such a hurry that they are practically price-blind. The willingness to pay top whack for convenient coffee sets the high rent, and not the other way around.
Note:LA SPIEGA....MONOPOLIO

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Portable models
Note:Ttttttttt

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Economics is partly about modelling, about articulating basic principles and patterns that operate behind seemingly complex subjects like the rent on farms or coffee bars.
Note:COME RAGIONA L ECONOMIA...IL MODELLO DEL COFFEE BUSINESS

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Ricardo’s model is useful for discussing the relationship between scarcity and bargaining strength, which goes far beyond coffee or farming and ultimately explains much of the world around us.
Note:IL MODELLO VINCENTE

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A word of caution is appropriate, though. The simplifications of economic models have been known to lead economists astray.
Note:NELLA TRAPPOLA CADDE RICARDO STESSO

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A unified agricultural sector had nothing to gain from improving the land’s productivity with roads or irrigation, because those improvements would also reduce the scarcity of good land.
Note:APPLICANDO ALLA LETTERA IL SUO MODELLO...ES PERCHÈ COSTRUIRE AUTO SE HO IL MONOPOLIO SU CARROZZE E CAVALLI?

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Ricardo failed to realise that thousands of landlords competing with each other would make different decisions than a single one.
Note:CcccccccccRICCARDO FALLISCE NEL PREVEDERE L INNOVAZIONE NN DISTINGUENDO TRA CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO

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If applied correctly, it shows that environmental legislation can dramatically affect income distribution.
Note:COSA CI FA SCOPRIRE IL MODELLO DI RICARDO

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Different reasons for high rent
Note:TttttttttttttttIL MISTERO DEI POPCORN

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why popcorn is so expensive at the cinema – there was no popcorn shortage
Note:I MISTERI

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Let’s say landlords get together and manage to persuade the local sheriff that there should be what in the UK is called a ‘green belt’, a broad area of land around the city on which property development is very strongly discouraged by tough planning regulations.
Note:TORNIAMO A VEDERE COME SI CREANO LE RENDITE...PIANO REGOLATORE

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So we’ve found two reasons why rents might be high. The first is that it’s worth paying a lot for good land, because the grain that good land produces is so valuable. The second is that it’s worth paying a lot for good land because the alternatives that should be available are not.
Note:DUE FATTORI DI RENDITA...PRODUTTIVITÀ E REGOLE

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effect is to transfer a massive amount of money from London tenants to London landlords:
Note:UN EFFETTO DEL PIANO REGOLATORE

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it is important that when we are weighing the pros and cons of legislation like the Green Belt, we understand that its effects are more than simply to preserve the environment.
Note:QUESTA NN È UNA CRITICA AI PIANI MA...

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improvements in the quality and price of the commuter train services that bring people into London’s mainline stations,
Note:UNA MALEDIZIONE X I PROPRIETARI

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The answer is that improved public transport increases the alternatives to renting a place in the city.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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Are we being ripped off?
Note:Tttttc è mo nopolio e monopolio

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How can we tell the difference between things that are expensive because they are naturally scarce, and things that are expensive because of artificial means – legislation, regulation or foul play?
Note:NATURA E REGOLE

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Without perpetrating too much intellectual violence, we can replace ‘rent’ with ‘profit’
Note:RENDITA E PROFITTO

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a ‘sustainable competitive advantage’, meaning the sort of edge over the competition that will produce profits year in and year out.
Note:PROFITTO MERITATO SUL MERCATO

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The newspapers often point to high corporate profits as a sign that the consumer is being screwed. Are they right? Only sometimes.
Note:C È PROFITTO E PROFITT

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But high profits are not always earned so fairly; sometimes the newspaper outrage is justified. There’s a second explanation for high corporate profits. What if a kind of banking ‘green belt’ completely excluded Cornelius’s bank from the market?
Note:I PROFITTI DA REGOLAMENTAZIONE

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If I want to know whether I am being ripped off by supermarkets, banks or drug companies, I can find out how profitable those industries are. If they are making high profits, then initially I am suspicious. But if it seems that it is fairly easy to set up a new company and compete, I become less suspicious. It means that the high profits are caused by a natural scarcity: there are not many really good banking organisations in the world, and good banking organisations are much more efficient than bad ones.
Note:UN CRITERIO XGIUDICARE LO SFRUTTAMENTO

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Resource ‘rents’
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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people who like to avoid competition
Note:IL CATTIVO

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Trade unions, lobby groups, people studying for a professional qualification
Note:CHI OPERA IN VISTA DI MONOPOLI

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‘rent-seeking’.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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It’s not easy to do this. It turns out that the world is a naturally competitive place,
Note:X FORTUNA...TUTTO COMPETE CON TUTTO

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farmland.
Note:I GRANDI MONOPOLI DEL PASSATO

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oil.
Note:Ccccccccc

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Until 1973, the world’s oil supply was produced by ‘oil meadows’, largely in the Middle East.
Note:STORIA DEL PETROLIO

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The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, which was sitting on most of the oil meadows, decided in 1973 to take some of its own meadows out of commission, by ordering each member country to restrict oil production.
Note:1974

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short run
Note:Ttttttt

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To keep prices high, OPEC was forced to accept a smaller and smaller share of the world oil market. Eventually Saudi Arabia broke ranks in 1985 and expanded production.

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FINE

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In the last couple of years we have been tripped up by a combination of unexpectedly high demand in China with disruptions in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Nigeria and Venezuela,
Note:SVILUPPI DELL IMPENNATA RECENTE

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When does crime pay?
Note:Tttttt

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people have to find other ways to prevent competition. One popular method is through violence,
Note:VIOLENZA E MONOPOLIO

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Drug dealers prefer not to have competitors driving down the price of drugs.
Note:ESEMPIO

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if you’re risking prison anyway, there is little point in using half measures.
Note:GIÀ CHE SIAMO CRIMINALI

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the ‘foot-soldiers’ sometimes take home as little as $1.70 an hour. Promotion prospects are good, considering the rapid turnover of gang membership (people leave, or get killed, quite often); but even considering these prospects, the average wage is less than $10 an hour. This is not much given that over a four-year period, the typical gang member can expect to be shot twice, arrested six times and has a one-in-four chance of being killed.
Note:SOLO LA PROSPETTVA DI UN MONOPOLIO FA TIRARE AVANTI

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Mafia groups often get involved in legitimate businesses, such as wholesale laundry, which can make big profits only if entry is deterred.
Note:DETERRENZA

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Mafia provides overpriced laundry services to restaurants as a way of extorting money.
Note:Ccccccccc

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‘Conspiracies against the laity’

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it does not mean that people have not worked out other ways to keep competitors at bay. Trade unions are an obvious example.
Note:METODI LEGALI X ESCLUDERE

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Without unionisation, wages could be kept very low. With it, competition could be excluded and wages would rise
Note:Ccccccc

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anti-trust laws designed to prevent collusion between large companies were also directed against unions. But as the political climate changed, these laws were ruled inapplicable and trade unions grew in strength.
Note:Cccccccc

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When unions are perceived as making unreasonable demands, causing prices to rise to a level that’s deemed unacceptable by a large portion of the public, the public in turn puts pressure on politicians to regulate the unions.
Note:Ccccccccc

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Sometimes the unions have their scarcity challenged by international competition,
Note:IL NEMICO DEI SINDACATI

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teachers’ wages were kept low for years – and declining relative to average earnings – in spite of the fact that there was a shortage of qualified teachers. This is because the government, the single employer, has massive bargaining power.
Note:INSEGNANTI

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And now for something controversial
Note:Ttttttttt immigrazione

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do immigrants steal our jobs?
Note:PROBLEMA

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Well-educated workers
Note:UN GRUPPO DI LAVORATOEI

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tend to welcome immigration as part of an enriching process

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Ccccccc

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poorly educated workers tend to reject any further immigration by unskilled immigrants on the grounds that ‘they steal our jobs’.
Note:SECONDO GRUPPO

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As one of those skilled workers I dislike resistance to immigrants and would like to see more immigration.
Note:CONFLITTO INTERESSE

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If the country is short of unskilled shelf-stackers, their wages will have to rise to attract people into the job. But if the country is short of skilled managers and full of unskilled shelf-stackers, I’ll be paid well for my scarcity value,
Note:DOV È LA SCARSITÀ RELATIVA?

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Some blame resistance to immigration on the racism of the unedu cated. An alternative, and more convincing, theory suggests that everybody is acting in his own self interest. New workers are good for people who have assets that become relatively scarcer,
Note:TESI SULLE SIMPATIE IMMAGRIZIONISTE

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In the UK, the salaries of nurses in the National Health Service have been kept low by the influx of thirty thousand foreign nurses;
Note:ES PRECLARO

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What should economists do?

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Some economists would claim that there is no difference between their analysis of coffee rents and their analysis of immigration. In an important sense, that’s true. Economics is in many ways just like engineering; it will tell you how things work and what is likely to happen if you change them.
Note:UNA VISIONE SEMPLICISTICA

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economists often step beyond their role as engineers of economic policy and become advocates. David Ricardo, for example, was an early campaigner for free trade.
Note:NN SEMPRE OGGETTIVI GLI ECONOMISTI

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repeal of the Corn Laws, which severely restricted the import of grain.
Cccccccccccc

GLI "SCHIAVI" DEL POMODORO

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

GLI "SCHIAVI" DEL POMODORO

Qual è il problema? Caporali o Mafia?
Qual è la causa di tanta povertà? Sfruttamento o Ignoranza?
Cosa o chi ci protegge dallo sfruttamento? Sindacati, salario minimo, leggi sul lavoro… o più competizione tra i produttori?

ILFATTOQUOTIDIANO.IT

Foggia, strage di braccianti migranti. Altri 12 morti in un incidente stradale. 3 feriti. Di Maio: "Più ispettori contro caporalato" - Il Fatto Quotidiano

Altri braccianti agricoli, tutti migranti, morti sulle strade del Foggiano. Sono dodici le vittime di un nuovo incidente stradale avvenuto sulla strada statale 16, nella località Ripalta, nel territorio di Lesina. Lo precisano ancora una volta i carabinieri, mentre vengono estratti i corpi dalle la...

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DONNE vs DONNE MOLESTATE

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

DONNE vs DONNE MOLESTATE

Secondo una lettura superficiale di questo articolo doc il mercato competitivo sarebbe il miglior amico delle minoranze, non ci sarebbe bisogno d’ altro per combattere la discriminazione. I neri, i gay, le donne molestate, tutti i soggetti fragili dovrebbero chiedere solo una cosa per difendere i loro diritti: più mercato.

Tuttavia, non sembra proprio che le “donne molestate” siano disposte a seguire questa strategia, e ne hanno ben donde. Da una lettura più attenta il messaggio che emerge dall’articolo è ben diverso: il mercato non difende le “donne molestate” ma... TUTTE le donne. In particolare tutela:

- 1. Le donne che non sopportano i datori di lavoro sgradevoli consentendo loro si mollarli per andare altrove guadagnando un po’ meno.

- 2. Le donne che sopportano i datori di lavoro sgradevoli pur di guadagnare un po’ di più.

Non solo, il mercato tutela anche TUTTI gli uomini:

- 3. Quelli sgradevoli, che possono continuare ad essere tali pagando lautamente il personale con cui lavorano.

- 4. Quelli non sgradevoli, che possono lavorare con personale più efficiente e più economico.

PRESS.UCHICAGO.EDU

The Economics of Discrimination

This second edition of Gary S. Becker’s The Economics of Discrimination has been expanded to include three further discussions of the problem and an entirely new introduction which considers the contributions made by others in recent years and some of the more important problems remaining.Mr. Beck...

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What Protects Us From Exploitation? russ roberts

What Protects Us From Exploitation?

russ roberts

Citation (APA): roberts, r. (2018). What Protects Us From Exploitation? [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

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Parte introduttiva

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 2

What Protects Us From Exploitation? By russ roberts

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 5

leave money on the table:

Nota - Posizione 5

AVVISO: RINUNCIA SE VUOI VIVERE MEGLIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 11

A person who relentlessly tries to exploit others

Nota - Posizione 11

NN ESSERE XCEPITO COSÌ

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 13

In the modern world, most of our economic transactions don’t leave room for these kinds of tradeoffs.

Nota - Posizione 14

DI SOLITO È UN PRENDERE O LASCIARE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 17

All my online shopping is take it or leave it.

Nota - Posizione 17

AMAZON

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 18

no negotiation.

Nota - Posizione 18

Cccccccc

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 19

salary increases are rarely negotiated.

Nota - Posizione 19

ANCHE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 20

big raises only when they have a better paying offer from outside.

Nota - Posizione 20

COME SI NEGOZIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 29

Modern economies have much less scope for negotiation because negotiation is costly.

Nota - Posizione 29

TRANSAZIONE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 30

Standardization of prices and wages avoids the costs of haggling.

Nota - Posizione 31

Cccccccc

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 32

what protects us as consumers and employees from exploitation?

Nota - Posizione 32

DOMANDA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 34

what, if anything, protects workers from exploitation?

Nota - Posizione 35

SOLO IL 7 DEI LAVORATORI È SINDACALIZZATO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 38

Ultimatum Game.

Nota - Posizione 38

ES DI NEGOZIAZIONE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 46

Ultimatum Game to the labor market

Nota - Posizione 46

L IDEA DEL POTERE CONTRATTUALE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 51

The authors want to apply this structure to the real world:

Nota - Posizione 52

PROPOSTA....FARE DEL LAVORATORE UN PROPONENTE DI ULTIMATUM

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 54

In the labour market, the power to set the terms of the exchange typically lies with those who own the factory or business:

Nota - Posizione 55

OGGI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 56

Those seeking employment are like Responders,

Nota - Posizione 56

Cccccccc

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 59

the world, “the power to set the terms of the exchange” is often an illusion.

Nota - Posizione 59

TESI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 61

You can see it when you have the power to set a price yourself. If you want to sell your house,

Nota - Posizione 62

TOCCA CON MANO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 63

set a price too high and your house will sit on the market

Nota - Posizione 63

Cccccccfff

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 71

Wal-Mart doesn’t offer what you might consider low wages because Wal-Mart is powerful. They offer low wages because the people they seek to hire have skills that alas, are only worth that wage.

Nota - Posizione 73

ESEMPIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 76

It’s hard to believe but Wal-Mart would love to pay even less.

Nota - Posizione 76

Ccccc

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 83

Game theory, negotiating skill and bargaining power are not the right way to think about what determines what people earn in the modern economy in 2018.

Nota - Posizione 84

CONTRO LA NOZIONE DI POTERE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 88

employers have gained bargaining power

Nota - Posizione 88

LA SOLITA DENUNCIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 93

It’s just that the demand for low-skill workers is lower. When demand falls, wages fall.

Nota - Posizione 93

XCHÈ CERTA STAGNAZIONE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 97

workers are in competition not with rapacious employers but with emotionless robots.

Nota - Posizione 98

IL GUAIO NN SONO GLI AVIDI CAPITALISTI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 98

raising the minimum wage just makes those robots even more attractive.

Nota - Posizione 98

COME SPIAZZARE IL LAVORO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 102

Unions are very good at keeping government workers paid well and pensioned well in a sector of the economy that is essentially free of competition.

Nota - Posizione 103

I SINDACATI PROTEGGONO IL LAVORO?

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 104

The long-run answer is better schools that help workers acquire the skills that make them more valuable.

Nota - Posizione 105

COME RECUPERA IL LAVORATORE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 105

economic challenges have nothing to do with bargaining power

Nota - Posizione 106

LA VIA SBAGLIATA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 109

Many of the lower-earning workers in America could make more if it was easier to move.

Nota - Posizione 110

CHI GUADAGNA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 111

I blame ever-tighter zoning restrictions that make it harder to increase the supply of apartments in America’s most productive cities.

Nota - Posizione 112

NN MI POSSO PAGARE NEANCHE UNA CASA!!!!!!

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 112

the answer isn’t the minimum wage. Or unions. It’s competition.

Nota - Posizione 113

CHI CI PROTEGGE DALLO SFRUTTAMENTO?

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 115

understand the flood of stories of sexual harassment in Hollywood and elsewhere summarized by #MeToo?

Nota - Posizione 116

COME LE INTERPRETA CHI CREDE NELLA COMPETIZIONE?

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 118

Was his power because it’s a small tight-knit industry —

Nota - Posizione 118

DA DOVE DERIVAVA IL POTERE DI WEINSTEIN...PRIMA IPOTESI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 118

his power coming from the fact that most of those gatekeepers are not all that different?

Nota - Posizione 119

IPOTESI 2

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 119

Gary Becker published The Economics of Discrimination in 1957.

Nota - Posizione 120

ART SEMINALE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 120

he also understood that competition would not eliminate discrimination

Nota - Posizione 120

È CHIARO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 122

If every Hollywood exec is a pig

Nota - Posizione 123

PRIMO CASO DI MANCATA ELIMINAZIONE...LA COMPETIZIONE PROTEGGE LE DONNE CHE ACCETTANO GLI ABUSI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 131

our usual response is: quit.

Nota - Posizione 131

IL LIBERALE DI FRONTE ALLA DONNA ABUSATA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 133

But they often stayed on the job and endured humiliation,

Nota - Posizione 134

L IMBARAZZO DEL LIBERALE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 162

Alternatives are everything.

Nota - Posizione 162

IPL MESSAGGIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 170

Wages, salaries, and benefits are transparent. You take the package or you don’t. But how you get treated day-to-day on the job is more complicated.

Nota - Posizione 171

ALTRO MESSAGGIO IL DENARO NN È TUTTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 174

one of the biggest problems of the minimum wage is that it only looks at one aspect of the employer/ employee relationship — pay.

Nota - Posizione 175

IL DIFETTO MINIMUM

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 176

A binding minimum wage (a wage above what the market would otherwise set) increases the number of people eager to work and makes it harder for workers to find a job.

Nota - Posizione 177

DIMINUISCE LE ALTERNATIVE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 181

Market forces, which is another way to summarize the range of alternatives we have available, affect how we are treated on the job.

Nota - Posizione 182

CONCLUSIONE