Visualizzazione post con etichetta sfruttamento. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta sfruttamento. Mostra tutti i post

mercoledì 21 agosto 2019

HL 1 Who Pays for Your Coffee?

Who Pays for Your Coffee?
Note:Tema: il valore. Come si fanno i soldi sul mercato? Scarsità + richiesta...Il potere dela scarsità richiesta: sul mercato guadagnano solo consumatori e monopolisti...Vuoi sapere se sei sfruttata? Controlla di che genere è il monopolio che realizza quei profitti x cui paghi...Perchè i pop corn costano di più al cinema? Perchè è lì che i consumatori li vogliono mangiare! Location location location...Chi paga la regolamentazione sulla sicurezza? I consumatori + deboli (i prodotti ideali x loro nn si trovano) o + attenti (i prodotti ideali x loro costano di più). Premiato il consumatore facoltoso e distratto...Gang e Mafia: la violenza crea monopoli. la violenza può essere condannata x motivi etici oppure x' rovina il gioco della competozione e quindi dell'efficienza...Oltre alla violenza ci sono altri modi x eliminare la competizione. Per esempio attraverso i sindacati. Recentemente il metodo è entrato in crisi poichè la competizione è internazionale mentre i sindacati nazionali. Altre volte padroni donamici in espansione e monopsonisti distruggono i sindacati penalizzandoli. Ci sono forme occulte di sindacalizzazione: albi, formazione, patenti...Immigrazione. Gli immigrati ci rubano il posto? Di solito l'immigrazione è vista male dalla popolazione + rozza e bene dalla pop. + raffinata. E nn certo xchè i + rozzi giudichino rozzamente...L'analisi standard: il razzismo è frutto dell' ignoranza, tanto è vero che alligna tra le classi + basse che si oppongono all'immigrazione. L'analisi corretta: vista la matura migratoria è normale che ad opporsi siano le classi basse ma x una questione fi interessi nn di razzismo...La scienza economica è neutrale? Spesso no: il mezzo di analisi influenza il giudizio che diamo del mondo. Gli economisti lottano contro i protezionismi e i sindacati ma lo fanno in nome delle ipotesi sottostanti ai loro modelli...

Note | Location: 158
1@@@@@@@sfruttamento copetizione e monopolio...immigrazione

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According to economics professor Brian McManus, mark-ups on coffee are around 150 per cent
Note:MARK UP SMISURATI

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So somebody is making a lot of money. Who?
Note:MA I BARISTI NN SI ARRICCHICONO

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location, location, location.
Note:RIPETILO

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simply remember that there are thirteen coffee bar entrepreneurs on one side of the negotiating table and on the other side is a manager who owns a single, perfect coffee-bar site.
Note:CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO

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By playing them off against each other, the Network Rail manager should be able to dictate the terms,
Note:Ccccccccc

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if there’s a profitable deal to be done between somebody who has something unique and someone who has something which can be replaced, then the profits will go to the owner of the unique resource.
Note:LA LEGGE

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Strength from scarcity
Note:Tttttttttt

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Bargaining strength comes through scarcity: settlers are scarce and meadows are not, so landlords have no bargaining power.
Note:LA LEGGE DELLA SCARSITÀ

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Why is coffee expensive in London, New York, Washington or Tokyo? The common-sense view is that coffee is expensive because the coffee bars have to pay high rent. David Ricardo’s model can show us that this is the wrong way to think about the issue, because ‘high rent’ is not an arbitrary fact of life. It has a cause.
Note:XCHÈ IN CENTRO MILANO IL CAFFÈ È CARO

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prime coffee-bar locations will command high rents only if customers will pay high prices for coffee. Rush-hour customers are so desperate for caffeine and in such a hurry that they are practically price-blind. The willingness to pay top whack for convenient coffee sets the high rent, and not the other way around.
Note:LA SPIEGA....MONOPOLIO

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Portable models
Note:Ttttttttt

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Economics is partly about modelling, about articulating basic principles and patterns that operate behind seemingly complex subjects like the rent on farms or coffee bars.
Note:COME RAGIONA L ECONOMIA...IL MODELLO DEL COFFEE BUSINESS

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Ricardo’s model is useful for discussing the relationship between scarcity and bargaining strength, which goes far beyond coffee or farming and ultimately explains much of the world around us.
Note:IL MODELLO VINCENTE

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A word of caution is appropriate, though. The simplifications of economic models have been known to lead economists astray.
Note:NELLA TRAPPOLA CADDE RICARDO STESSO

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A unified agricultural sector had nothing to gain from improving the land’s productivity with roads or irrigation, because those improvements would also reduce the scarcity of good land.
Note:APPLICANDO ALLA LETTERA IL SUO MODELLO...ES PERCHÈ COSTRUIRE AUTO SE HO IL MONOPOLIO SU CARROZZE E CAVALLI?

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Ricardo failed to realise that thousands of landlords competing with each other would make different decisions than a single one.
Note:CcccccccccRICCARDO FALLISCE NEL PREVEDERE L INNOVAZIONE NN DISTINGUENDO TRA CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO

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If applied correctly, it shows that environmental legislation can dramatically affect income distribution.
Note:COSA CI FA SCOPRIRE IL MODELLO DI RICARDO

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Different reasons for high rent
Note:TttttttttttttttIL MISTERO DEI POPCORN

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why popcorn is so expensive at the cinema – there was no popcorn shortage
Note:I MISTERI

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Let’s say landlords get together and manage to persuade the local sheriff that there should be what in the UK is called a ‘green belt’, a broad area of land around the city on which property development is very strongly discouraged by tough planning regulations.
Note:TORNIAMO A VEDERE COME SI CREANO LE RENDITE...PIANO REGOLATORE

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So we’ve found two reasons why rents might be high. The first is that it’s worth paying a lot for good land, because the grain that good land produces is so valuable. The second is that it’s worth paying a lot for good land because the alternatives that should be available are not.
Note:DUE FATTORI DI RENDITA...PRODUTTIVITÀ E REGOLE

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effect is to transfer a massive amount of money from London tenants to London landlords:
Note:UN EFFETTO DEL PIANO REGOLATORE

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it is important that when we are weighing the pros and cons of legislation like the Green Belt, we understand that its effects are more than simply to preserve the environment.
Note:QUESTA NN È UNA CRITICA AI PIANI MA...

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improvements in the quality and price of the commuter train services that bring people into London’s mainline stations,
Note:UNA MALEDIZIONE X I PROPRIETARI

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The answer is that improved public transport increases the alternatives to renting a place in the city.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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Are we being ripped off?
Note:Tttttc è mo nopolio e monopolio

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How can we tell the difference between things that are expensive because they are naturally scarce, and things that are expensive because of artificial means – legislation, regulation or foul play?
Note:NATURA E REGOLE

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Without perpetrating too much intellectual violence, we can replace ‘rent’ with ‘profit’
Note:RENDITA E PROFITTO

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a ‘sustainable competitive advantage’, meaning the sort of edge over the competition that will produce profits year in and year out.
Note:PROFITTO MERITATO SUL MERCATO

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The newspapers often point to high corporate profits as a sign that the consumer is being screwed. Are they right? Only sometimes.
Note:C È PROFITTO E PROFITT

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But high profits are not always earned so fairly; sometimes the newspaper outrage is justified. There’s a second explanation for high corporate profits. What if a kind of banking ‘green belt’ completely excluded Cornelius’s bank from the market?
Note:I PROFITTI DA REGOLAMENTAZIONE

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If I want to know whether I am being ripped off by supermarkets, banks or drug companies, I can find out how profitable those industries are. If they are making high profits, then initially I am suspicious. But if it seems that it is fairly easy to set up a new company and compete, I become less suspicious. It means that the high profits are caused by a natural scarcity: there are not many really good banking organisations in the world, and good banking organisations are much more efficient than bad ones.
Note:UN CRITERIO XGIUDICARE LO SFRUTTAMENTO

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Resource ‘rents’
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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people who like to avoid competition
Note:IL CATTIVO

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Trade unions, lobby groups, people studying for a professional qualification
Note:CHI OPERA IN VISTA DI MONOPOLI

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‘rent-seeking’.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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It’s not easy to do this. It turns out that the world is a naturally competitive place,
Note:X FORTUNA...TUTTO COMPETE CON TUTTO

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farmland.
Note:I GRANDI MONOPOLI DEL PASSATO

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oil.
Note:Ccccccccc

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Until 1973, the world’s oil supply was produced by ‘oil meadows’, largely in the Middle East.
Note:STORIA DEL PETROLIO

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The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, which was sitting on most of the oil meadows, decided in 1973 to take some of its own meadows out of commission, by ordering each member country to restrict oil production.
Note:1974

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short run
Note:Ttttttt

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To keep prices high, OPEC was forced to accept a smaller and smaller share of the world oil market. Eventually Saudi Arabia broke ranks in 1985 and expanded production.
Note | Location: 445
FINE

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In the last couple of years we have been tripped up by a combination of unexpectedly high demand in China with disruptions in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Nigeria and Venezuela,
Note:SVILUPPI DELL IMPENNATA RECENTE

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When does crime pay?
Note:Tttttt

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people have to find other ways to prevent competition. One popular method is through violence,
Note:VIOLENZA E MONOPOLIO

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Drug dealers prefer not to have competitors driving down the price of drugs.
Note:ESEMPIO

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if you’re risking prison anyway, there is little point in using half measures.
Note:GIÀ CHE SIAMO CRIMINALI

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the ‘foot-soldiers’ sometimes take home as little as $1.70 an hour. Promotion prospects are good, considering the rapid turnover of gang membership (people leave, or get killed, quite often); but even considering these prospects, the average wage is less than $10 an hour. This is not much given that over a four-year period, the typical gang member can expect to be shot twice, arrested six times and has a one-in-four chance of being killed.
Note:SOLO LA PROSPETTVA DI UN MONOPOLIO FA TIRARE AVANTI

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Mafia groups often get involved in legitimate businesses, such as wholesale laundry, which can make big profits only if entry is deterred.
Note:DETERRENZA

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Mafia provides overpriced laundry services to restaurants as a way of extorting money.
Note:Ccccccccc

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‘Conspiracies against the laity’
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it does not mean that people have not worked out other ways to keep competitors at bay. Trade unions are an obvious example.
Note:METODI LEGALI X ESCLUDERE

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Without unionisation, wages could be kept very low. With it, competition could be excluded and wages would rise
Note:Ccccccc

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anti-trust laws designed to prevent collusion between large companies were also directed against unions. But as the political climate changed, these laws were ruled inapplicable and trade unions grew in strength.
Note:Cccccccc

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When unions are perceived as making unreasonable demands, causing prices to rise to a level that’s deemed unacceptable by a large portion of the public, the public in turn puts pressure on politicians to regulate the unions.
Note:Ccccccccc

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Sometimes the unions have their scarcity challenged by international competition,
Note:IL NEMICO DEI SINDACATI

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teachers’ wages were kept low for years – and declining relative to average earnings – in spite of the fact that there was a shortage of qualified teachers. This is because the government, the single employer, has massive bargaining power.
Note:INSEGNANTI

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And now for something controversial
Note:Ttttttttt immigrazione

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do immigrants steal our jobs?
Note:PROBLEMA

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Well-educated workers
Note:UN GRUPPO DI LAVORATOEI

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tend to welcome immigration as part of an enriching process
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Ccccccc

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poorly educated workers tend to reject any further immigration by unskilled immigrants on the grounds that ‘they steal our jobs’.
Note:SECONDO GRUPPO

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As one of those skilled workers I dislike resistance to immigrants and would like to see more immigration.
Note:CONFLITTO INTERESSE

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If the country is short of unskilled shelf-stackers, their wages will have to rise to attract people into the job. But if the country is short of skilled managers and full of unskilled shelf-stackers, I’ll be paid well for my scarcity value,
Note:DOV È LA SCARSITÀ RELATIVA?

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Some blame resistance to immigration on the racism of the unedu cated. An alternative, and more convincing, theory suggests that everybody is acting in his own self interest. New workers are good for people who have assets that become relatively scarcer,
Note:TESI SULLE SIMPATIE IMMAGRIZIONISTE

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In the UK, the salaries of nurses in the National Health Service have been kept low by the influx of thirty thousand foreign nurses;
Note:ES PRECLARO

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What should economists do?
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Some economists would claim that there is no difference between their analysis of coffee rents and their analysis of immigration. In an important sense, that’s true. Economics is in many ways just like engineering; it will tell you how things work and what is likely to happen if you change them.
Note:UNA VISIONE SEMPLICISTICA

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economists often step beyond their role as engineers of economic policy and become advocates. David Ricardo, for example, was an early campaigner for free trade.
Note:NN SEMPRE OGGETTIVI GLI ECONOMISTI

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repeal of the Corn Laws, which severely restricted the import of grain.
Cccccccccccc

giovedì 9 agosto 2018

GLI "SCHIAVI" DEL POMODORO

GLI "SCHIAVI" DEL POMODORO
Qual è il problema? Caporali o Mafia?
Qual è la causa di tanta povertà? Sfruttamento o Ignoranza?
Cosa o chi ci protegge dallo sfruttamento? Sindacati, salario minimo, leggi sul lavoro… o più competizione tra i produttori?
ILFATTOQUOTIDIANO.IT
Altri braccianti agricoli, tutti migranti, morti sulle strade del Foggiano. Sono dodici le vittime di un nuovo incidente stradale avvenuto sulla strada statale 16, nella località Ripalta, nel territorio di Lesina. Lo precisano ancora una volta i carabinieri, mentre vengono estratti i corpi dalle la...

sabato 4 agosto 2018

DONNE vs DONNE MOLESTATE

DONNE vs DONNE MOLESTATE
Secondo una lettura superficiale di questo articolo doc il mercato competitivo sarebbe il miglior amico delle minoranze, non ci sarebbe bisogno d’ altro per combattere la discriminazione. I neri, i gay, le donne molestate, tutti i soggetti fragili dovrebbero chiedere solo una cosa per difendere i loro diritti: più mercato.
Tuttavia, non sembra proprio che le “donne molestate” siano disposte a seguire questa strategia, e ne hanno ben donde. Da una lettura più attenta il messaggio che emerge dall’articolo è ben diverso: il mercato non difende le “donne molestate” ma... TUTTE le donne. In particolare tutela:
- 1. Le donne che non sopportano i datori di lavoro sgradevoli consentendo loro si mollarli per andare altrove guadagnando un po’ meno.
- 2. Le donne che sopportano i datori di lavoro sgradevoli pur di guadagnare un po’ di più.
Non solo, il mercato tutela anche TUTTI gli uomini:
- 3. Quelli sgradevoli, che possono continuare ad essere tali pagando lautamente il personale con cui lavorano.
- 4. Quelli non sgradevoli, che possono lavorare con personale più efficiente e più economico.
PRESS.UCHICAGO.EDU
This second edition of Gary S. Becker’s The Economics of Discrimination has been expanded to include three further discussions of the problem and an entirely new introduction which considers the contributions made by others in recent years and some of the more important problems remaining.Mr. Beck...
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venerdì 3 agosto 2018

What Protects Us From Exploitation? russ roberts

What Protects Us From Exploitation?
russ roberts
Citation (APA): roberts, r. (2018). What Protects Us From Exploitation? [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 2
What Protects Us From Exploitation? By russ roberts
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 5
leave money on the table:
Nota - Posizione 5
AVVISO: RINUNCIA SE VUOI VIVERE MEGLIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 11
A person who relentlessly tries to exploit others
Nota - Posizione 11
NN ESSERE XCEPITO COSÌ
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 13
In the modern world, most of our economic transactions don’t leave room for these kinds of tradeoffs.
Nota - Posizione 14
DI SOLITO È UN PRENDERE O LASCIARE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 17
All my online shopping is take it or leave it.
Nota - Posizione 17
AMAZON
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 18
no negotiation.
Nota - Posizione 18
Cccccccc
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 19
salary increases are rarely negotiated.
Nota - Posizione 19
ANCHE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 20
big raises only when they have a better paying offer from outside.
Nota - Posizione 20
COME SI NEGOZIA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 29
Modern economies have much less scope for negotiation because negotiation is costly.
Nota - Posizione 29
TRANSAZIONE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 30
Standardization of prices and wages avoids the costs of haggling.
Nota - Posizione 31
Cccccccc
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 32
what protects us as consumers and employees from exploitation?
Nota - Posizione 32
DOMANDA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 34
what, if anything, protects workers from exploitation?
Nota - Posizione 35
SOLO IL 7 DEI LAVORATORI È SINDACALIZZATO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 38
Ultimatum Game.
Nota - Posizione 38
ES DI NEGOZIAZIONE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 46
Ultimatum Game to the labor market
Nota - Posizione 46
L IDEA DEL POTERE CONTRATTUALE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 51
The authors want to apply this structure to the real world:
Nota - Posizione 52
PROPOSTA....FARE DEL LAVORATORE UN PROPONENTE DI ULTIMATUM
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 54
In the labour market, the power to set the terms of the exchange typically lies with those who own the factory or business:
Nota - Posizione 55
OGGI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 56
Those seeking employment are like Responders,
Nota - Posizione 56
Cccccccc
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 59
the world, “the power to set the terms of the exchange” is often an illusion.
Nota - Posizione 59
TESI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 61
You can see it when you have the power to set a price yourself. If you want to sell your house,
Nota - Posizione 62
TOCCA CON MANO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 63
set a price too high and your house will sit on the market
Nota - Posizione 63
Cccccccfff
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 71
Wal-Mart doesn’t offer what you might consider low wages because Wal-Mart is powerful. They offer low wages because the people they seek to hire have skills that alas, are only worth that wage.
Nota - Posizione 73
ESEMPIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 76
It’s hard to believe but Wal-Mart would love to pay even less.
Nota - Posizione 76
Ccccc
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 83
Game theory, negotiating skill and bargaining power are not the right way to think about what determines what people earn in the modern economy in 2018.
Nota - Posizione 84
CONTRO LA NOZIONE DI POTERE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 88
employers have gained bargaining power
Nota - Posizione 88
LA SOLITA DENUNCIA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 93
It’s just that the demand for low-skill workers is lower. When demand falls, wages fall.
Nota - Posizione 93
XCHÈ CERTA STAGNAZIONE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 97
workers are in competition not with rapacious employers but with emotionless robots.
Nota - Posizione 98
IL GUAIO NN SONO GLI AVIDI CAPITALISTI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 98
raising the minimum wage just makes those robots even more attractive.
Nota - Posizione 98
COME SPIAZZARE IL LAVORO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 102
Unions are very good at keeping government workers paid well and pensioned well in a sector of the economy that is essentially free of competition.
Nota - Posizione 103
I SINDACATI PROTEGGONO IL LAVORO?
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 104
The long-run answer is better schools that help workers acquire the skills that make them more valuable.
Nota - Posizione 105
COME RECUPERA IL LAVORATORE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 105
economic challenges have nothing to do with bargaining power
Nota - Posizione 106
LA VIA SBAGLIATA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 109
Many of the lower-earning workers in America could make more if it was easier to move.
Nota - Posizione 110
CHI GUADAGNA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 111
I blame ever-tighter zoning restrictions that make it harder to increase the supply of apartments in America’s most productive cities.
Nota - Posizione 112
NN MI POSSO PAGARE NEANCHE UNA CASA!!!!!!
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 112
the answer isn’t the minimum wage. Or unions. It’s competition.
Nota - Posizione 113
CHI CI PROTEGGE DALLO SFRUTTAMENTO?
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 115
understand the flood of stories of sexual harassment in Hollywood and elsewhere summarized by #MeToo?
Nota - Posizione 116
COME LE INTERPRETA CHI CREDE NELLA COMPETIZIONE?
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 118
Was his power because it’s a small tight-knit industry —
Nota - Posizione 118
DA DOVE DERIVAVA IL POTERE DI WEINSTEIN...PRIMA IPOTESI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 118
his power coming from the fact that most of those gatekeepers are not all that different?
Nota - Posizione 119
IPOTESI 2
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 119
Gary Becker published The Economics of Discrimination in 1957.
Nota - Posizione 120
ART SEMINALE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 120
he also understood that competition would not eliminate discrimination
Nota - Posizione 120
È CHIARO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 122
If every Hollywood exec is a pig
Nota - Posizione 123
PRIMO CASO DI MANCATA ELIMINAZIONE...LA COMPETIZIONE PROTEGGE LE DONNE CHE ACCETTANO GLI ABUSI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 131
our usual response is: quit.
Nota - Posizione 131
IL LIBERALE DI FRONTE ALLA DONNA ABUSATA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 133
But they often stayed on the job and endured humiliation,
Nota - Posizione 134
L IMBARAZZO DEL LIBERALE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 162
Alternatives are everything.
Nota - Posizione 162
IPL MESSAGGIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 170
Wages, salaries, and benefits are transparent. You take the package or you don’t. But how you get treated day-to-day on the job is more complicated.
Nota - Posizione 171
ALTRO MESSAGGIO IL DENARO NN È TUTTO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 174
one of the biggest problems of the minimum wage is that it only looks at one aspect of the employer/ employee relationship — pay.
Nota - Posizione 175
IL DIFETTO MINIMUM
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 176
A binding minimum wage (a wage above what the market would otherwise set) increases the number of people eager to work and makes it harder for workers to find a job.
Nota - Posizione 177
DIMINUISCE LE ALTERNATIVE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 181
Market forces, which is another way to summarize the range of alternatives we have available, affect how we are treated on the job.
Nota - Posizione 182
CONCLUSIONE