CAMPIONI DI OMOFOBIA
Gli ingegneri si distinguono come i più avversi all'omosessualità; un quarto degli interpellati ha espresso il proprio rigetto verso queste persone, mentre la quota dei laureati in medicina, legge ed economia non andava oltre il 20 percento; chi studia altre materie, comprese le discipline umanistiche e le scienze sociali e psicologiche, sembra più tollerante, mostrando un'avversione che non supera il 15%.
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A groundbreaking investigation into why so many Islamic radicals are engineersThe violent actions of a few extremists can alter the course of history, yet there persists a yawning gap between the potential impact of these individuals and what we understand about them. In Engineers of Jihad, Diego...
L'ANTI-INGEGNERE
Se la profilazione del terrorista islamico e del laureato in ingegneria è simile in modo sorprendente, c'è qualcosa di diametralmente opposto a questo ideal-tipo: la donna. La donna in generale.
La psicologia femminile è antitetica a quella dell'ingegnere/terrorista. E in effetti la presenza femminile è estremamente rarefatta nei ranghi dei gruppi suprematisti, razzisti, neo-fascisti, neonazisti, islamisti e violenti in genere. Per quanto ne sappiamo, per esempio, le donne hanno raramente partecipato alle "squadre della morte" che operavano in America centrale e meridionale negli anni '70. Questi gruppi di destra sottolineavao il ruolo tradizionale delle donne nella procreazione e nell'accudimento dei figli e al contempo esaltavano la virilità maschile e i benefici terapeutici della violenza. Per quei gruppi che rivendicano un' ispirazione dalle idee islamiste — Hamas, PIJ, Al Qaeda, ISIS — al di là di qualche attentatore suicida, le donne operative sono sempre state poche. Raramente, se non mai, le donne sono leader, e persino i ruoli di reclutatori e "gestori" sono generalmente assegnati ai maschi dell'organizzazione. Le donne hanno fatto parte di gruppi islamisti in ruoli per lo più accessori; le loro motivazioni, tuttavia, differivano e sembravano meno bellicose di quelle maschili: nella maggior parte dei casi, donne e ragazze sembrano aver lasciato la casa per sposare degli jihadisti, attirate nei luoghi di guerra per sostenere i loro" fratelli combattenti "e avere" figli jihadisti" contribuendo in questo modo alla "diffusione trionfante dell'Islam".
Ben diversa la situazione nel terrorismo di sinistra. Lì le donne sono diventate leader di gruppi terroristici o rivoluzionari in Europa, nonché in Nord e Sud America. E questo non sembra dovuto all'esposizione a valori occidentali, come si potrebbe sospettare; in effetti, le donne sono state attive, e spesso in ruoli di comando, anche tra le tigri tamil dello Sri Lanka, i maoisti indiani e l'esercito di liberazione del popolo nepalese.
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A groundbreaking investigation into why so many Islamic radicals are engineersThe violent actions of a few extremists can alter the course of history, yet there persists a yawning gap between the potential impact of these individuals and what we understand about them. In Engineers of Jihad, Diego...
DESTRA ACCADEMICA
La revisione approfondita della letteratura sui tratti della personalità alla base degli atteggiamenti di destra, ne mette in luce almeno tre: il primo è emotivo, ovvero la propensione a provare "disgusto"; il secondo è cognitivo e implica un forte "bisogno di chiusura"; il terzo, allo stesso tempo cognitivo ed emotivo, è un bisogno di imporre distinzioni rigorose tra i membri del gruppo di appartenenza e gli "altri". Possono anche essere visti in positivo: richiesta di chiarezza, bisogno di concentrazione e propensione alla lealtà.
Tutte e tre le caratteristiche si ritrovano su livelli molto elevati tra i laureati in ingegneria. Sarà per questo che il terrorismo jihadista ne arruola così tanti.
Personalmente, mi ritengo in "mood affiliation" con la destra, e quindi posso fare un esperimento su me stesso:
2) Chiusura mentale? Confermo: la curiosità non mi è estranea ma deve essere promossa da una mia attività; le novità estemporanee che capitano vivendo le vivo come un'aggressione alla mia persona.
3) Lealtà? Non direi. Sono sempre pronto a tradire; ho persino teorizzato, senza avere per ora la forza di farlo, il cambio annuale della squadra del cuore.
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A groundbreaking investigation into why so many Islamic radicals are engineersThe violent actions of a few extremists can alter the course of history, yet there persists a yawning gap between the potential impact of these individuals and what we understand about them. In Engineers of Jihad, Diego...
IL DISGUSTO DEL TERRORISTA
Il disgusto e l'ossessione per la purezza è un tratto caratteriale che accomuna terroristi ed ingegneri.
Faisal Shahzad, quello che ha piazzato la bomba in un SUV parcheggiato a Times Square nel 2010, era molto pulito e diligente e ha lasciato il suo appartamento in condizioni perfette: il suo padrone di casa, Stanislaw Chomiak, ha accompagnato la polizia nell'appartamento del signor Shahzad, indicando il punto in cui stava costruendo una meticolosa replica in legno di una moschea. Il signor Shahzad era stato gentile, simpatico, un perfetto inquilino. Aveva persino rivestito i bruciatori della stufa di alluminio in modo che non si appannassero.
Hosam Maher Husein Smadi, il giovane cittadino giordano coinvolto in un complotto per far saltare la torre di Fountain Place nel centro di Dallas, è stato descritto dai suoi amici come "ossessivamente pulito; TRE VOLTE alla settimana, rimuoveva i mobili dal suo alloggio e puliva ossessivamente i pavimenti.
Mohamed Atta, la mente dell'aggressione dell'11 settembre, scrisse in una sorta di testamento, "un documento allucinante", con istruzioni su come sistemare il suo corpo dopo la morte: "'Non voglio che nessuna donna vada alla mia bara durante il mio funerale...". Ha anche chiesto: "gli uomini che si occuperanno di lavare il mio corpo evitino di toccare senza protezioni i miei genitali...". Il resto sono per lo più invettive contro gli omosessuali e il loro corpo malato e contaminato.
Altri esempi impressionanti in questo libro.
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A groundbreaking investigation into why so many Islamic radicals are engineersThe violent actions of a few extremists can alter the course of history, yet there persists a yawning gap between the potential impact of these individuals and what we understand about them. In Engineers of Jihad, Diego...
6 Mind-sets for Extremists
Note:6@@@@@@@@@@@@§La mentalitá di destra somiglia a quella dell ingegnere tipo: chiusura ordine chiarezza purezza lealtá routine. Tra i laureati gli ing sono i piú a ds su omosessuali immigrazione gerarchie diseguaglianze. Gli ing sono i piú distanti dalle donne. Assenza donne tra i terroristi islamici. Poche ingegneresse. Poche fasciste. L ing la fa facile x lui tutto é meccanismo: muovi qs e sposterai quello. C é sempre una sola causa. Parliamo di caratteri innati. Non é tanto la religione ad atrarre l ing verso l islamismo quanto la voglia d ordine.
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RESEARCHERS WHO HAVE LOOKED FOR PATHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN THE minds of violent extremists have found none,
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NO PATO
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“they are just like you and me!”
Note:Cccccccccc
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implication, that only social and economic circumstances determine who becomes an extremist
Note:L USO COMUNE DI QS SCOPERTA
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different types of people are attracted to different types of extremism: engineers appear mostly on one side, and social scientists and humanities graduates appear mostly on the other side.
Note:ING A DES UMANISTI A SINISTRI
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Right-wing and Islamist extremism share many ideological features, while left-wing extremism differs from both.
Note:AFFINITÀ COMPOSITIVA: DS E ISLAMISTI...QS LO SAPPIAMO
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are joined by humanities and social sciences graduates who are conversely absent from Islamist and right-wing extremist groups.
Note:ESTREMISMO DI SINISTRA
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TRAITS FOR TYPES OF EXTREMISTS
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one trait, an emotional one, is the proneness to experience disgust; another trait, the most multifaceted of the three, involves a strong “need for cognitive closure”; the third, at once cognitive and emotional, is an urge to impose strict distinctions between in-group and out-group
Note:I TRE MARCHI DELL ESTREMISTA DI DESTRA #######
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Disgust
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Right-wingers’ desire to keep their social environment pure
Note:DEFIN
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social issues like abortion or gay rights, both of which relate to notions of morality or purity
Note:ESEMPI
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left-wing student activists in Europe and the United States tried to shock the conservative establishment with their use of feces in various protest events (including so-called “shit-ins”).
Note:La reazione a sinistra é coerente
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Faisal Shahzad, who planted a bomb in an SUV parked in Times Square in 2010, was very clean and diligent, and left his apartment in immaculate condition:
Note:IL CASO DI FS
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Hosam Maher Husein Smadi, a young Jordanian national whom the FBI “lured [in 2009] into a plot to blow up the Fountain Place tower in downtown Dallas,” was described by his friends as “obsessively clean; three times a week, he removed the furniture from his bungalow and cleaned the floors.”
Note:IL CASO DI HMS
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instructions on how to treat his body after death: “‘I do not want any women to go to my grave at all during my funeral.’” He also asked “the men [who] would be washing his dead body to avoid unshielded contact with his genitals”
Note:MA
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Testamento DI MOHAMED ATTA
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Need for Closure
Note:t
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“intolerance of ambiguity,” a notion introduced in connection with authoritarianism by Else Frenkel-Brunswik,
Note:CONTRO L AMBIGUITÀ x la chiarezza
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the profile of liberals and left-wingers is the very opposite: they are “more open-minded, creative, curious, and novelty seeking” and more likely to tolerate disorder, complexity, and rebellion (Carney et al. 2008: 807–8).
Note:A SINISTRA PIÙ CURIOSI
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agreement with the statement “consistent routine enables me to enjoy life more”
Note:TIPICO DELLA MENTALITÀ DESTRORSA
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In-group and Out-group Distinction
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proclivity to perceive and to impose a sharp in-group/out-group distinction.
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pleasure that comes from seeing out-group members being harmed
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an ability to combine negatively and positively connotated terms to describe individuals;
Note:Qlcs che manca ai conservatori
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in-group loyalty, purity, and deference to authority, can lead to aggression.
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Italian students with strong NFC have proved to be not only more right-wing and in favor of centralized, authoritarian leadership but also anti-immigrant, less pluralist, and less multicultural than their peers
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they vigorously reject foreign cultural intrusions and defend their religious in-group:
Note:I radicalisti islamici
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THE THREE TRAITS AMONG GRADUATES
Note:t
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Engineers stand out as those most opposed to gay freedom
Note:DISGUSTO
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five components of NFC: traditionalism (figure 6.2), tolerance of inequality (figure 6.3), preference for order and hierarchy (figure 6.4), threat perception (figure 6.5), and openness to new experiences (figure 6.6).
Note:5 COMPONENTI DELLA CHIUSURA MENTALE....MOLTI DATI IN MERITO. L ingegnere svetta
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We find that engineers are not particularly traditional (figure 6.2). They are also somewhat in favor of creativity (figure 6.6), but this indicator is generally the least discriminating among academic disciplines. All other results are in the expected direction,
Note:GLI INGEGNERI DI FRONTE AI 5 INDOCATORI
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display a strong preference for authoritarian schooling; and are economically to the right on questions about redistribution and welfare, albeit less so than economics graduates.
Note:Ancora sull subito ng medio
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Economics students and even more so law graduates are less rigid on immigration, while engineers seem eager to preserve the integrity of their national community (even if not in the name of “tradition”).
Note:INGEGNERI E IMMIGRAZ
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Muslims in the developing world might have different reasons for choosing their discipline of study; given strong family bonds and the high prestige of engineering programs, parental pressure, for example, might play a more important role
Note:Obiezione all ipotesi della mentalitá
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in Muslim countries medical studies are generally as prestigious (and time-consuming and costly) as engineering.
Note:MA....RISPOSTA
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ENTER WOMEN
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In addition to male graduates in the social sciences and humanities, there is another group that manifests an inverse distribution to that of the engineers: women.
Note:UN TEST ALTERNATIVO: LE DONNE. SONO IL CONTRAR DEGLI ING
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we have been able to assemble for a number of groups show that the left-wing group with the lowest share of women still boasts a higher share than the highest shares of any right-wing or Islamist group (table 6.1
Note:ESITO: DONNE A SINISTRA
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everywhere in the world engineering is the most male-dominated discipline.19 Conversely, female representation among humanities and social sciences students is much stronger, in line with their stronger representation among leftist groups.
Note:DONNE NELL UNIVERSITÀ
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women have largely been missing from the ranks of neo-fascist, neo-Nazi, and violent racial supremacist groups. And, so far as we are aware, women have rarely participated in the “death squads” that were prevalent in Central and South America during the 1970s. These rightist groups typically stressed the traditional child-bearing role of women and emphasized the manliness and therapeutic benefits of violence.
Note:DONNE E FASCISMI ####### da collegare con i tanti ing fascisti e l assenza di donne in facoltá.
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“being male increases the probability of an individual being an extreme right voter by more than 50 percent
Note:SESSO E IDEOLOGIA
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Women have been part of Islamist groups in supporting roles but only of the larger and territorial ones,
Note:DOVE LE TROVOAMO
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motives, however, differ and seem less bellicose than those of men: “In most cases, women and girls appear to have left home to marry jihadis,
Note:Le foreign fighter europee. Motivazioni. Ogni donna cerca un fascista.
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they are less tolerant of inequality, have a weaker preference for order and hierarchy, are less opposed to gay freedom, and more tolerant of immigrants in all other respects.
Note:Le donne e l abisso che le divide dagli ing
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ONE MORE TRAIT: “SIMPLISM
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the “unambiguous ascription of single causes and remedies for multifactored phenomena” (1971:
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Un inclinazione individuata a ds da Lipset
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a considerable degree of cognitive naïveté concerning how the world works, especially about the causes of the state of affairs
Note:Cosa esibisce il fascista
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New evidence suggests that a feature arguably related to simplism, overconfidence in one’s beliefs, is indeed stronger on the right than on the left, and that Lipset and Raab’s conjecture might be correct.
Note:DESTRA OVERCONF
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“cognitive simplicity” is particularly powerful among religiously motivated suicide bombers
Note:Un riscontro
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The assassins of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat believed that his regime would quickly crumble after his killing, allowing them to establish an Islamic state (Beattie 2000: 276).
Note:ES CLASSICO
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For all their technical superiority engineers can be surprisingly naïve when it comes to political issues.
Note:X LORO TUTTO È MECCANISMO
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Scientists learn to ask questions, while engineering students, like followers of text-based religions, rely more strongly on answers that have already been given.
Note:ISTRUITI A CHIEDERE E ISTRUITI A rispondere
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The ordered, hierarchical, and corporatist view of society
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Si sposa bene con lo stile cognitivo dell ing
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An extreme case illustrating the “arrogance of scientific certitude” is Bekkay Harrach,
Note:UN CASO
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he presents, neatly written out on a blackboard, two simple mathematical formulas that produce curves that represent the fight between the West and Al-Qaida, aiming to “prove” that the latter will inevitably prevail.
Note:Cccccccc
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TRAITS AND DISCIPLINES
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engineers are the least liberal, followed by faculty in business studies, while humanities and social science professors had the most leftist
Note:CONFERME
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Women in the ESS data, too, match the expectation and are more to the left by a small but significant margin (their score is 4.9 versus 5.1 for men).
Note:L anti ing: la donna
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are the traits innate, that is, do they make individuals both choose a particular discipline and gravitate toward a particular political behavior?
Note:I TRATTI CARATTERIALI SONO INNATI?
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There is, however, a growing body of literature, to which we referred at the onset of this chapter (see footnote 1), arguing for and offering some evidence that political attitudes could be inherited
Note:ORMAI È CHIARO
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CONCLUSIONS
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This evidence deflates the importance of religiosity in explaining engineers’ overrepresentation. It is more likely to be Islamism’s vision of social order combined with the well-regulated daily routines that attracts engineers
Sorpresa
