salvate il soldato nietzsche

 https://www.facebook.com/riccardo.mariani.585/posts/pfbid0yAwDePrfm5AGCpMnDfjdzkEaKrqr36zN1ATfxD1ezcfZU2wdtJ4e7BTbjkEq7ZWhl?__cft__[0]=AZUnPpBC7xMsKhV-s4clyROKb9DvIazUZ2u_G-RiR2SseNoSfY4Ii1zfj5rbAxVzWTlelU3gDwsAjPrJhxRnabnees1AxV1ZlCBiMlY74zsIB7sCaMF9UOU0RzI6DqrgDjIrYDINpL_fed1C3MKda31rUMzDv4D8lo9FTWjWKwUT1w&__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R

ODIO E GENTILEZZA SONO CORRELATI

 https://www.facebook.com/riccardo.mariani.585/posts/pfbid0YpdSunhtZeMjUz11Bk1xQEgSNQr1P15J2kUJjn32EH1HtKLV9mmzbASs8tdQzCbol?__cft__[0]=AZXgxekPwlpnN96h414S4GJOrA_uNCPFbBfdaDfbETcRJKPW2qQhkf0NFa39XdRhYtUwN0wKPvC9NHdT-Wk5acaO24IoXtcZSLgFQ6f4gM-xeRkvi_orsWZsRlSgh3yYU08uywE4Keu1ZAzmB8xo5abkQkrFh-PJZSniPbuJzWKXcQ&__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R

sete di potere

https://www.betonit.ai/p/clinging-to-power

Gli uomini d'affari sono guidati dall'avidità e i politici dalla fame di potere.Quando parlo in questo modo degli uomini d'affari, i critici mi contestano raramente. Ma quando parlo in questo modo dei politici, ricevo ampie reazioni. "Fame di potere?Si potrebbe fare spallucce: "È un classico problema di equivalenza osservativa. Un politico che desidera sinceramente fare ciò che è meglio per l'umanità, agirà come se stesse massimizzando il potere. Perché? Perché ha bisogno del massimo potere per fare il massimo bene".ci deve essere qualcun altro sulla Terra che è più o meno d'accordo con i suoi obiettivi, ma che non ha un piede nella fossa.

12 Charity

12 Charity
Note:12@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,436

If you notice a boy drowning in a shallow pond right in front of you, you have a moral obligation to try to rescue him.
Note:L OBBLIGO DI SINGER

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you have the exact same moral obligation to rescue children in developing countries who are dying of starvation,
Note:LA PARTE COMTROVERSA DI SINGER

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,440

The fact that they aren’t dying right in your backyard isn’t justification
Note:IRRILEVANTE

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every time we take a vacation, buy an expensive car, or remodel the house, it’s morally equivalent to letting people die right in front of us.
Note:IMPLICAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,445

through college in America, you could instead save the lives of more than 50 children
Note:EQUIVALENZA

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everyday human hypocrisy
Note:COSA EVIDENZIA

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EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM

Note | Location: 3,453

TTTTTTTTTTT

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In 2006, Holden Karnofsky and Elie Hassenfeld
Note:INIZIATORI DEL MOVIMENTO

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In financial terms, they were looking to maximize their return on investment (ROI)
Note:ANCHE QUANDO SI DONA...ROD RETURN OF DONATION

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,463

Some simply sent glossy brochures with photos of smiling children
Note:LA RISPOSTA DELLE ONLUS

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(Take a moment to consider why a philanthropist might want to keep a “trade secret.”)
Note:LA DOMANDA

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in 2007, they decided to leave their jobs and start GiveWell,
Note:ALLA FINE

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The Against Malaria Foundation,
Note:CLASSIFICA DI GIVE WELL...1

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GiveDirectly,
Note:2

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The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative,
Note:3

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These are hardly the most popular or paradigmatic charities.
Note:MARAVIGLIA!!!!!

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United Way, Salvation Army, or Make-A-Wish Foundation, for example.
Note:MOLTO PIÙ GETTONATE

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ignore charities that try to effect more nebulous (political or cultural) changes.
Note:LA CRITICA A GW

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when we start to look at real-world altruism, helping people efficiently doesn’t seem to be our top priority.
Note:AMARA CONSTATAZIONE

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REAL-WORLD ALTRUISM
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

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Nine out of 10 of us donate to charity every year.
Note:USA...UN POPOLO GENEROSO

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donations amounted to more than $359 billion—roughly 2 percent of the country’s GDP.
Note:NEL 2014

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The striking thing about real-world altruism is how sharply it deviates from effective altruism.
Note:IL FATTO

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The main recipients of American charity are religious groups and educational institutions.
Note:BENEFICIARI

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no more than 13 percent11 of private American charity goes to helping those who seem to need it most: the global poor.
Note:13

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only 35 percent do research on any charitable gift in the course of a calendar year.
Note:L EFFICIENZA CONTA MA NN VIENE CONTROLLATA

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•Only 3 percent of donors do comparative research
Note:Cccccccccccccc

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“British people had donated over £1 billion to the Princess of Wales charity, long before the newly established charity had any idea what the donations
Note:DOPO LA MORTE DI DIANA

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One study, for example, asked participants how much they would agree to pay for nets that prevent migratory bird deaths. Some participants were told that the nets would save 2,000 birds annually, others were told 20,000 birds, and a final group was told 200,000 birds. But despite the 10- and 100-fold differences in projected impact, people in all three groups were willing to contribute the same amount.
Note:TIPICO

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scope neglect or scope insensitivity,
Note:BATTESIMO DEL BIAS

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People also prefer to “diversify” their donations, making many small donations rather than a few strategic large ones to the most useful charities.
Note:ALTRA PREFERENZA

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Giving $3,500 to the Against Malaria Foundation will save a whole human life, while the same amount divided across 100 different charities might go entirely to waste,

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IRRAZIONALE MA ANCHE DANNJOSO

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wealthy people often perform unskilled volunteer work (and are celebrated for it), even when their time is worth vastly more on the open market.
Note:ALTRO MISPLACEMENT

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“WARM GLOW” THEORY
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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Andreoni theorized, we do charity in part because of a selfish psychological motive: it makes us happy.
Note:TEORIE ALTERNATIVE

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Making automatic payments to a single charity may be more efficient at improving the lives of others, but the other strategy—giving more widely, opportunistically, and in smaller amounts—is more efficient at generating those warm fuzzy feelings.
Note:UN CONFRONTO...ARGOMENTO CHE SPIEGA LA DIVERSIFICAZIONE

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why it feels good when we donate to charity.
Note:RESTA UN GAP

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Visibility.
Note:FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA NOSTRA INCLINAZIONE A DARE...1

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Peer pressure.
Note:2

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Proximity.
Note:3

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Relatability. We give more when the people we help are identifiable (via faces and/or stories)
Note:4

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Mating motive.
Note:5

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VISIBILITY
Note:Ttttttt

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we give more when we’re being watched.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

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people donate significantly more when the solicitor makes eye contact
Note:SIAMO VISTI

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People also give more when the solicitor can see their donations,
Note:INOLTRE

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That’s why they commemorate donors with plaques,
Note:I FILANTROPI LO SANNO BENE

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Even blood donors typically walk away with a sticker that says, “I gave blood today.”
Note:ALTRO CASO

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Anonymous donation, for example, is extremely rare.
Note:L 1 PER CENTO

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“They were well known within their social circle . . . even though their names may not have been splashed across the newspapers.
Note:ANCHE GLI ANONIMI

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Not surprisingly, the vast majority of donations to such campaigns fall exactly at the lower end of each tier.
Note:DA 500 A 900 SOCIO... Da 1000 A 2000

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PEER PRESSURE
Note:TTttttttttttt

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First of all, solicitation works:
Note:ROMPERE LE BALLE

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up to 95 percent of all donations are given in response to a solicitation.
Note:Cccccccc

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In-person solicitations, like when someone comes to your door or passes the collection plate at church, work better than impersonal solicitations
Note:CONTATTO VISIVO

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Universities, for example, often solicit donations from alumni by having other alumni from the same class call them up.
Note:UN CASO

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PROXIMITY

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Ttttttttttttttttttt

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Remember the drowning boy in Peter Singer’s thought experiment?
Note:UN CLASSICO

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Jonathan Baron and Ewa Szymanska call this bias parochialism.
Note:STUDIOSI

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only an estimated 13 percent ($39 billion) went to help foreigners.
Note:DONAZIONO USA

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We treat close family better than friends, and friends better than strangers
Note:UN TRATTO INELIMINABILE

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RELATABILITY
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

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we’re much more likely to help someone we can identify—a specific individual with a name,
Note:IDENTIFICATI IDENTIFICATI I ROTAGONISTI...CON UNA STORIA ALLE SPALLE

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identifiable victim effect.
Note:BATTESIMO DEL FENOMENO

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“A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.”
Note:PAROLA DI STALN

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Liz’s story, perched beneath her bright, beaming smile, is chock-full of personal details.
Note:ADOZIONE A DISTANZA

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Contrast this with the Against Malaria Foundation. Although it saves hundreds of lives every year, it can’t offer names or faces of the people it helps, because it saves only statistical lives.
Note:VITE STATISTICHE

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there’s no single individual a donor can point to and say, “I saved this man’s life.”
Note:Ccccccccccc

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MATING MOTIVE
Note:Tttttttttttt

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the opportunity to impress potential mates.
Note:ALTRO FATTORE

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more likely to give money when the solicitor is an attractive member of the opposite sex.
Note:SPECIE GLI UOMINI

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psychologist Vladas Griskevicius
Note:SPERIMENTATORE SUL CAMPO

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APPEARANCES MATTER
Note:Tttttttttt

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Griskevicius calls this phenomenon “blatant benevolence.” Patrick West calls it “conspicuous compassion.
Note:LA NS GENEROSITÀ

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charity is an advertisement, a way of showing off.
Note:IN ALTRE PAROLE

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“Take egotism out,” said Ralph Waldo Emerson, “and you would castrate the benefactors.”
Note:LA MASSIMA

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To donate with credit in mind hardly seems like charity at all.
Note:RIMOZINE

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one of our primary audiences is potential mates.
Note:MA CHI VOGLIAMO IMPRESSIONARE?

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Stinginess isn’t sexy.
Note:Cccccccccc

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Women actively celebrate the generosity of Princess Diana and Mother Teresa,
Note:OBIEZIONE

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women who have gone through menopause (and therefore have no mating incentive) are as generous as any other
Note:ALTRA OB

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even when they’re happily married with no chance of having further children.

Note | Location: 3,698

Ccccccccc

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charity serves to impress not just potential mates, but also social and political gatekeepers.
Note:INFATTI

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“Why does charity make us attractive to mates, teammates, and social gatekeepers?”
Note:ALTRA DOMANDA

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The most obvious thing we advertise is wealth, or in the case of volunteer work, spare time.
Note:COSA OSTENTIAMO?

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Those who are struggling to survive don’t make ideal allies.
Note:XCHÈ

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Charity also helps us advertise our prosocial orientation, that is, the degree to which we’re aligned with others.
Note:ALTRO BENE

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This helps explain why generosity is so important for those who aspire to leadership.
Note:Ccccccccc

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This is one of the reasons we’re biased toward local rather than global charities.
Note:POLITICA E POTERE

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advertise our prosocial orientation helps explain why, as a general rule, we do so little original research to determine where to donate.
Note:ALTRO MISTERO CHE CADE

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in order to signal how prosocial we are, we need to donate to charities that are publicly known to be worthy.
Note:COSA CI INTERESSA VERAMENTE

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There’s one final quality that charity allows us to advertise: the spontaneous, almost involuntary concern for the welfare of others.
Note:ALTRO PROSCIUTTO IN VETRINA

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“See how easily I’m moved to help others? When people near me are suffering, I can’t help wanting to make their situation better; it’s just who I am.”
Note:COSA STIAMO DICENDO

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it means you’ll make a great ally.

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spontaneous giving demonstrates how little choice we have in the matter, how it’s simply part of our character
Note:ESSENZIALE LA SPONTANEITÀ X PUBBLICIZZARE IL NS CARATTERE

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This also helps explain why we respond to individual faces and stories more than we respond to dry statistics,
Note:LA SPONTANEITÀ SPIEGA TANTO

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Paul Bloom,
Note:STUDIOSO DI EMPATIA

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“The mark of a civilized man is the capacity to read a column of numbers and weep,”
Note:BERTRAND RUSSELL

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MISSING FORMS OF CHARITY
Note:Tttttttttttt

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giving to people in the far future.
Note:ATTIVITÀ NEGLETTA

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Instead of donating money now, we might put it in a trust and let the magic of compound interest work for 50 or 500 years,
Note:CONTENUTO

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These have been called “Methuselah trusts,” the most famous of which were set up by Benjamin Franklin.
Note:BATTESIMO

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he gave two gifts of ₤1,000 each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, and he instructed the funds to be invested for 100 years before being used to sponsor apprenticeships for local children.
Note:BF

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helping people in the far future doesn’t showcase our empathy
Note:PURTROPPO

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“marginal charity.”65 Here the idea is to nudge our personal decisions just slightly (marginally) in the direction that’s beneficial to others.
Note:CARITÀ INVISIBILE

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if the developer built 11 stories instead of 10, it would reduce their profit by only a tiny amount, but it would add a bunch of new apartments to the neighborhood.
Note:ESEMPIO

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there’s no way to demonstrate to others that you’ve engaged in an act of marginal charity;
Note:L INCONVENIENTE IN QS CASI

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WRAPPING UP
Ttttttttttt

HL Can-War-Foster-Cooperation_joseph heinreich

Can-War-Foster-Cooperation_joseph heinreich

riccardo-mariani@libero.it

Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2017). Can-War-Foster-Cooperation_joseph heinreich [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

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Parte introduttiva

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 2

Can War Foster Cooperation?

Nota - Posizione 2

UNA TEORIA DELLO STATO: EFFETTO RAMPONE+PUBLIC CHOICE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 3

Joseph Henrich,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 13

nearly 20 studies

Nota - Posizione 13

NELL ULTIMO DECENNIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 14

over 40 countries:

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 14

individual exposure to war violence tends to increase social cooperation

Nota - Posizione 14

TESI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 14

community participation

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 15

prosocial behavior.

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 21

the legacies of war.

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 22

war fostered societal transitions from chiefdoms to states

Nota - Posizione 22

UN PORTATO STORICO DELLA GUERRA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 22

strengthened existing states

Nota - Posizione 22

PATRIOTTISMO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 25

altering people’s psychology

Nota - Posizione 25

UN ALTRO EFFETTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 27

persists, even many years after war.

Nota - Posizione 27

PERSISTE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 33

Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Burundi in Africa, and to the Republic of Georgia, Israel, Nepal, and many other societies.

Nota - Posizione 34

I CASI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 35

both civil and interstate wars;

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 39

joining more local social and civic groups

Nota - Posizione 39

FORME DI COOPERAZIONE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 39

They also take actions intended to benefit others in experimental laboratory games,

Nota - Posizione 40

SECONDO STRUMENTO DI STUDIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 41

the type of violence experienced

Nota - Posizione 41

NON CONTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 43

men and women,

Nota - Posizione 43

UGUALE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 43

similar for both the victims and perpetrators

Nota - Posizione 43

UGUALE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 44

do not diminish with time;

Nota - Posizione 44

LUNGO PERIODO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 46

in-group bias remains somewhat speculative.

Nota - Posizione 46

L IPOTESI CINICA DELL IN GROUP È SPECULATIVA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 48

help to explain why some post-conflict countries experience almost “miraculous” economic and social recoveries.

Nota - Posizione 49

IL MIRACOLO ECONOMI CO...FORSE SPIEGATO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 51

many post-conflict countries soon return to violence.

Nota - Posizione 51

QUANDO PREVALE IL FAMILISMO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 52

Nearly half of all nations

Nota - Posizione 52

HANNO SPERIMENTATO LA GUERRA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 56

Case Evidence

Nota - Posizione 56

TTTTTTTTTT

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 57

case of Sierra Leone,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 58

unusual wealth of evidence:

Nota - Posizione 58

UN CASO PROLIFICO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 59

synergy of di verse measurement and research methods,

Nota - Posizione 59

ECLETTISMO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 60

The Sierra Leone

Nota - Posizione 60

TTTTTT

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 60

Sierra Leone from 1991 to 2002.

Nota - Posizione 60

GUERRA CIVILE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 60

Revolutionary United Front (RUF),

Nota - Posizione 61

PEOTAGONISTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 61

in spired a violent rebellion which was nominally directed against the corruption

Nota - Posizione 62

CONTRO IL GOVERNO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 62

access to alluvial dia monds and opportunities to loot civilian property.

Nota - Posizione 63

CONTRIBUIRONO A FOMENTARE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 64

Neither ethnic nor religious divi sions played a central role in this war:

Nota - Posizione 64

NO ETNIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 65

internationally-brokered peace agreement was signed

Nota - Posizione 65

SOLO NEL 2003

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 66

50,000 civilians

Nota - Posizione 66

MORTI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 66

two million people— nearly

Nota - Posizione 66

PROFUGHI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 67

mutilated and raped thousands of civilians.

Nota - Posizione 67

TRA L ALTRO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 68

almost miraculous recovery.

Nota - Posizione 68

DOPO LA GUERRA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 69

a decade of peace

Nota - Posizione 69

DEMOCRAZIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 70

Ebola outbreak during 2014,

Nota - Posizione 71

FINO AL SUCCESSIVO FLAGELO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 71

economy had improved in each year since the end of the conflict,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 72

plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to war-related violence was associated with greater social participation and prosocial behavior.

Nota - Posizione 73

MODELLO RISCONTRATO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 74

Bellows and Miguel (2006, 2009),

Nota - Posizione 74

PRIMO STUDIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 79

people whose households directly experienced war violence displayed much higher levels of civic and political engagement

Nota - Posizione 80

SCOPEETA...PARENTI UCCISI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 80

community meetings

Nota - Posizione 80

LUOGHI DELKA PARTECIP

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 80

vote in elections

Nota - Posizione 81

Cccccc

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 81

join social and political groups,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 81

participate in school committees

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 81

“road brushing”,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 87

decision-makers anonymously al locate rewards between themselves and another person.

Nota - Posizione 88

GUOCHI SPERIMENTATI...GIOCO DEL DITTATORE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 88

interaction is one-shot and anonymous,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 91

In a second class of games, including the Ultimatum game or Trust game, the recipient is not passive and choices are made sequentially.

Nota - Posizione 92

ALTRI GIOCHI...ULTIMATUM

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 92

willingness to reciprocate,

Nota - Posizione 92

COSA SI VUOL MISURARE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 92

punishing unfair behavior,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 93

the first player is given a sum of money to divide with another player. If the second player accepts the division, then both receive the money.

Nota - Posizione 94

DESCRIZ

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 95

rejections of low offers, reveal whether she is willing to sacrifice earnings in order to punish unfair behavior,

Nota - Posizione 96

COSA SI MISURA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 100

multiple players decide simultaneously (without knowing about the choices of others) whether to contribute to a public good.

Nota - Posizione 101

PUB GOOD GAME...DESCRIZ

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 102

willingness to cooperate or to free ride

Nota - Posizione 102

COSA SI MISURA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 103

The identities of the other players can also vary

Nota - Posizione 103

ETNIA...PROVENIENZA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 106

shed light on whether violence increases prosocial behavior only towards people at the local level,

Nota - Posizione 107

FUNZIONE DELL IDENTITÀ

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 109

less selfish

Nota - Posizione 109

I COLPITI DA VIOLENZA BELLICA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 110

more ine quality averse

Nota - Posizione 110

ANCORA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 110

Effects were especially large among those exposed to violence during their childhood

Nota - Posizione 111

INFANZIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 112

Cecchi et al. (2015)

Nota - Posizione 112

ALTRO STUDIO SIERRA LEONE SUI BAMBINI DI STRADA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 122

the more violence exposed players were more likely to receive a yellow or red foul card during the game,

Nota - Posizione 123

IN PARTITA...PIÙ ALTRUISMO IN GROUP MA...

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 125

analysis is based on a comparison of individuals who suffered dif ferent degrees of war violence.

Nota - Posizione 126

IMPOSSIBILE IL CFR CON CITTFADINI A ZERO VIOLENZA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 127

Other Country Cases: Uganda, Burundi, Georgia, Nepal, and others

Nota - Posizione 127

Tttttttttttttt

Nota - Posizione 127

Tttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 127

Uganda,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 127

six papers

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 128

for 20 years the rebel group the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)

Nota - Posizione 128

I CASINISTI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 129

recruited tens of thousands of young people.

Nota - Posizione 129

BAMBINI SOLDATO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 131

bias due to selective attrition.

Nota - Posizione 131

IL GRANDE NEMICO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 131

five years after temporary conscription into the LRA,

Nota - Posizione 132

PIÙ PARTECIPAZIONE AL VOTO

Nota - Posizione 137

Tttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 137

Burundi

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 137

consequences of the 1993-2003 civil conflict

Nota - Posizione 137

GUERRA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 137

Tutsi-dominated army and Hutu rebels.

Nota - Posizione 138

PARTI IN CONFLITTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 138

behaved more altruistically towards neighbors in the experimental tasks,

Nota - Posizione 139

NOVE ANNI DOPO CHI HA SPERIMENTATO ATTACCHI AL PROPRIO VILLAGGIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 139

more likely to report being involved in local community organizations.

Nota - Posizione 140

PARTECIPAZ

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 140

Republic of Georgia

Nota - Posizione 140

UN CASO EXTRA AFRICANO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 141

a sample of chil dren six months after the brief August 2008 war with Russia over South Ossetia.

Nota - Posizione 141

OGGETTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 143

less selfish and more inequality averse to wards in-group

Nota - Posizione 143

SOLITO ESITO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 144

no such effects on behavior towards out-group was found.

Nota - Posizione 144

STRANIERO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 144

study of Nepalese society,

Nota - Posizione 144

ASIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 145

1996-2006 civil war,

Nota - Posizione 145

L EVENTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 145

gov ernmental forces and Maoist revolutionaries,

Nota - Posizione 145

PARTI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 146

three years post-conflict, they were more trustworthy in a Trust game,

Nota - Posizione 146

I PIÙ ESPOSTI A VIOLENZE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 147

more willing to contribute to the common pot in the Public Goods game,

Nota - Posizione 147

DUE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 147

more active in community organizations.

Nota - Posizione 147

Tre

Nota - Posizione 148

SEMPRE IN GUERRA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 148

Israel,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 149

in creased the willingness of senior citizens to punish non-cooperators and to reward cooperation

Nota - Posizione 149

SULLA FRONTIERA

Nota - Posizione 151

ANCORA ASIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 151

Tajikistan,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 151

decade after its 1992-1997 civil war,

Nota - Posizione 152

I TEMPI DELO SRUDIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 153

former communists against a highly fractionalized group of challengers with diverse ideologies (e.g., Islamist groups, ethnic national ists, and pro-democratic reformers).

Nota - Posizione 154

PARTI IN LOTTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 154

complex net work of rivalries

Nota - Posizione 155

COSA RENDE INTERESSANTE QS CONFLITTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 158

It turns out that the exposure to vio lence during the civil war was associated with a decrease in trust

Nota - Posizione 159

ESITO CONTRARIO...NEMICO NN CHIARAMENTE IDENTIFICABILE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 160

the nature of infighting within local communities:

Nota - Posizione 160

COSA CONTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 163

Yet the authors also found evidence of elevated participation in local groups and associations

Nota - Posizione 163

PARTECIPAZIONE STESSO SEGNO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 164

presumably had some ability to choose with whom

Nota - Posizione 164

NEL CASO DELLA PART

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 166

The broad pattern of war exposure stimulating greater cooperation also holds in large-scale national surveys across multiple countries.

Nota - Posizione 167

ANCHE A LIVELLO DI STATO OLTRE CHE DI VILLAGGIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 168

Baltic states,

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 170

former Yugoslavia

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 173

link between past violent conflict experiences and contemporary participation

Nota - Posizione 174

CONFERMATO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 174

membership in political parties,

Nota - Posizione 174

POSITIVO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 175

trust in central government

Nota - Posizione 175

A VOLTE NEGATIVO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 180

Disentangling Correlation and Causation

Nota - Posizione 180

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Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 182

more cooperative people could be more likely to partici pate in collective action, including civil defense forces or armed organizations that represent their groups during wartime,

Nota - Posizione 183

ESEMPIO DI PREOCCUPAZ...CHI SI ESPONE DI PIÙ IN GUERRA SONO I PIÙ GENEROSI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 184

attackers systematically target people who are likely to be more cooperative in nature, such as leading families

Nota - Posizione 185

OPPURE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 186

if the least prosocial or cooperative people are also more likely to die, migrate, or be displaced

Nota - Posizione 187

ALTRO CONFOUND

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 187

impossibility of randomized experiments

Nota - Posizione 188

PURTROPPO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 189

control for local fixed effects, typically at the village level, thus removing potential regional and local omitted variables,

Nota - Posizione 190

PRIMO TRUCCO ANALISI DETTAGLUATA NEL PICCOLO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 191

violence is relatively indiscriminate in nature within a village,

Nota - Posizione 192

OMOGENEOTÀ...A LIVELLO DO VILLAGGIO NN SI DISCRIMINA TRA FAMIGLIE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 193

control for local confounders with an extensive set of pre war characteristics, such as wealth or whether victimized households were more central to local politics.

Nota - Posizione 194

SECONDO TRUCCO...OMOGENEIZZARE SULLE CARATTERISTICHE PRE GUERRA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 197

individuals too young (e.g., children) to have been prewar commu nity leaders, or for individuals living in areas where fighters were unlikely to have detailed knowledge of the local area,

Nota - Posizione 198

TERZO...SUBGRUPPI OMOGENEI...SENZA TENDENZE PRE GUERRA DISTINGUIBILI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 202

in the meta-analysis, the results are none theless relatively consistent

Nota - Posizione 203

RESTA UNA CHIARA TENDENZA

Nota - Posizione 204

Tttttttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 204

Meta-analysis

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 205

We identified 23 published and unpublished papers

Nota - Posizione 205

BASE DATI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 212

Outcome Measures

Nota - Posizione 212

Tttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 215

Social group participation.

Nota - Posizione 215

1

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 222

Community leadership and participation.

Nota - Posizione 222

2

Nota - Posizione 224

3

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 224

Trust.

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 228

Prosocial behavior in experimental games.

Nota - Posizione 228

4

Nota - Posizione 233

5

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 233

Voting.

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 234

Knowledge of and interest in politics.

Nota - Posizione 234

6

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 239

Statistical Approach

Nota - Posizione 239

Ttttttttt

Nota - Posizione 269

Tttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 269

Results

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 295

Patterns across Studies

Nota - Posizione 295

Tttttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 320

Theoretical Explanations

Nota - Posizione 320

Ttttttttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 324

Changes in Constraints, Economic Payoffs, and Beliefs

Nota - Posizione 324

Tttttttttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 325

explanation rooted in the logic of neoclassical economics,

Nota - Posizione 325

PRIMO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 325

participation or prosocial behavior becomes the optimal choice

Nota - Posizione 326

DOPO UNA GUERRA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 328

greater value of social insurance.

Nota - Posizione 328

PRIMO ELEMENTO CHE POTREBBE OTTIMIZZARE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 328

make vic tims of violence more dependent on local informal systems of risk-sharing

Nota - Posizione 329

EFFETTO DI UNA GUERA DISTRUTTIVA...UNA RETE DIVENTA ESSENZIALE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 330

investments in various types of physical and human capital may have been too risky, too constrained, or too expensive relative to investments in social capital.

Nota - Posizione 331

SCELTA D INVESTI.MENTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 333

cooperative behavior could emerge from mo tives of personal safety and protection.

Nota - Posizione 333

INSOMMA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 338

War-related experience may also induce changes in people’s beliefs

Nota - Posizione 338

CREDENZA SUI RISCHI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 340

war-affected individuals would appear particularly prosocial soon after the war, but in the long run they would not be distinguishable

Nota - Posizione 341

IL PRO SOCIAL È CONTAGIOSO...SE POCHI TRADISCONO SI TOCCANO CON MANO I VANTAGGI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 343

Instead, the prosocial behavior of war-affected individuals might decline over time as their beliefs converge back to the prevailing reality in their communities.

Nota - Posizione 344

SUL LUNGO...VEDI CICLI TURCHIN

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 344

Changes in Parochial Norms and Preferences

Nota - Posizione 344

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Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 345

variation in altruism, ethical norms, intrinsic motives to serve the public good,

Nota - Posizione 346

INCENTIVI INTERIORI...CAMBIO PARADIGMA ETICO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 347

changes due to war violence might lead to favoring one’s own group rather than social and political action in general.

Nota - Posizione 348

SECONDO ALXUNI...ALTRUISMO GRETTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 352

In the purely genetic version, intergroup competition directly favors prosociality toward in group members

Nota - Posizione 352

DARWINISMO PURO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 356

intergroup competition favors cultural practices in the form of social norms or institutions that promote success in intergroup competition

Nota - Posizione 357

SEMI DARWINISMO...GENI+CULTURA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 360

greater willingness to punish norm-violators,

Nota - Posizione 361

ESEMPIO...COMINCIA LA CULTURA PROSEGUONO I GENI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 362

norms are eventually internalized as motivations (or preferences),

Nota - Posizione 363

MOTIVAZIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 368

co-ethnic pro-sociality,

Nota - Posizione 368

VERIFICARE IN CASO DI GUERRA CIVILE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 368

corroding the between-ethnic group social capital

Nota - Posizione 368

VERIFICARE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 370

opportunities for constructing effective national-level institutions in the post-war period.

Nota - Posizione 371

L ATTACCO DI UNO STRANIERO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 373

Changes in General Preferences and Other Psychological Explanations

Nota - Posizione 373

Tttttttttttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 374

preferences for participation and prosociality shift more generally, rather than for or against a particular group.

Nota - Posizione 375

TERZA SPIEGAZIONE...PREFERENZE IN GENERALE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 375

evidence that war violence is linked to symptoms of depression

Nota - Posizione 375

ESEMPIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 381

in spite of the well-documented effects of violence on distress and depression for some individuals, the emerging empirical evi dence reveals an increase in average cooperation and community participation.

Nota - Posizione 382

PER ALTRI NN DEPRESSIONE MA ALTRUISMO GENERALIZZATO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 383

a phenomenon they have labeled “post-traumatic growth.”

Nota - Posizione 383

FENOMENO RISCONTRATO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 384

some people respond to trauma by reflecting on and reevaluating their lives,

Nota - Posizione 385

FIORITURA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 386

this research is based largely on case studies.

Nota - Posizione 386

PURTROPPO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 386

greater valuing of life,

Nota - Posizione 386

ESEMPIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 390

another perspective on preference change comes from the political science literature on rebellion.

Nota - Posizione 390

ALTRA PROSPETTIVA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 391

studying who joins rebel movements

Nota - Posizione 391

PESA LA GUERRA SUBITA...

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 392

preferences for collective action.

Nota - Posizione 392

Cccccccc

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 392

people tended to join or support the rebel movement in response to government

Nota - Posizione 393

EL SALVADOR

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 394

the injustice of being the subject of violence instilled a “pleasure in agency”— an

Nota - Posizione 395

PIACERE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 397

explain why people expend time and energy to vote,

Nota - Posizione 397

IL VOTO ESPRESSIVO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 399

injustices instill a desire for revenge and a pleasure in punitive action

Nota - Posizione 400

ALTRA TEORIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 400

parallels to psychological narratives of post-traumatic growth.

Nota - Posizione 401

ER CANARO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 402

What does the evidence suggest?

Nota - Posizione 403

Ttttttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 404

the evidence favors the idea that war violence influences individual social preferences

Nota - Posizione 405

PRIMO RISULTATO....SI AGISCE SULKE PREFERENZE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 406

these changes may be parochial in nature.

Nota - Posizione 406

...IN SENSO CULTURALE E EVOLUZ

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 406

skepticism towards neoclassical economic

Nota - Posizione 406

QUINDI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 407

something beyond a straightforward calculated response

Nota - Posizione 407

I GIOCHI DI LABORAT RIVELANO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 408

effects even among young children,

Nota - Posizione 408

INOLTRE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 408

influenced by prevailing norms and social preferences than by economic cost-benefit considerations

Nota - Posizione 409

COSA INFLUENZA I BIMBI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 409

Third, the war violence effects we document endure long after the conflicts

Nota - Posizione 410

ANCHE LA DURATA È NA PROVA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 411

one might expect that improving living standards driven by ex ternal assistance programs would have a similar effect on local cooperative behavior, but there is little evidence of such a relationship.

Nota - Posizione 413

INOLTRE SE VALESSE IL CALCOLO DEL CONTAGIO...DALL ESTEENO NN SI CONTAGIA

Segnalibro - Posizione 414

Nota - Posizione 414

DA FINIR

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 414

range

Segnalibro - Posizione 459