Visualizzazione post con etichetta altruismo egoismo. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta altruismo egoismo. Mostra tutti i post

mercoledì 8 maggio 2019

12 Charity

12 Charity
Note:12@@@@@@@@@@

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If you notice a boy drowning in a shallow pond right in front of you, you have a moral obligation to try to rescue him.
Note:L OBBLIGO DI SINGER

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you have the exact same moral obligation to rescue children in developing countries who are dying of starvation,
Note:LA PARTE COMTROVERSA DI SINGER

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The fact that they aren’t dying right in your backyard isn’t justification
Note:IRRILEVANTE

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every time we take a vacation, buy an expensive car, or remodel the house, it’s morally equivalent to letting people die right in front of us.
Note:IMPLICAZIONE

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through college in America, you could instead save the lives of more than 50 children
Note:EQUIVALENZA

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everyday human hypocrisy
Note:COSA EVIDENZIA

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EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM
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In 2006, Holden Karnofsky and Elie Hassenfeld
Note:INIZIATORI DEL MOVIMENTO

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In financial terms, they were looking to maximize their return on investment (ROI)
Note:ANCHE QUANDO SI DONA...ROD RETURN OF DONATION

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Some simply sent glossy brochures with photos of smiling children
Note:LA RISPOSTA DELLE ONLUS

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(Take a moment to consider why a philanthropist might want to keep a “trade secret.”)
Note:LA DOMANDA

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in 2007, they decided to leave their jobs and start GiveWell,
Note:ALLA FINE

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The Against Malaria Foundation,
Note:CLASSIFICA DI GIVE WELL...1

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GiveDirectly,
Note:2

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The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative,
Note:3

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These are hardly the most popular or paradigmatic charities.
Note:MARAVIGLIA!!!!!

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United Way, Salvation Army, or Make-A-Wish Foundation, for example.
Note:MOLTO PIÙ GETTONATE

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ignore charities that try to effect more nebulous (political or cultural) changes.
Note:LA CRITICA A GW

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when we start to look at real-world altruism, helping people efficiently doesn’t seem to be our top priority.
Note:AMARA CONSTATAZIONE

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REAL-WORLD ALTRUISM
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Nine out of 10 of us donate to charity every year.
Note:USA...UN POPOLO GENEROSO

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donations amounted to more than $359 billion—roughly 2 percent of the country’s GDP.
Note:NEL 2014

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The striking thing about real-world altruism is how sharply it deviates from effective altruism.
Note:IL FATTO

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The main recipients of American charity are religious groups and educational institutions.
Note:BENEFICIARI

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no more than 13 percent11 of private American charity goes to helping those who seem to need it most: the global poor.
Note:13

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only 35 percent do research on any charitable gift in the course of a calendar year.
Note:L EFFICIENZA CONTA MA NN VIENE CONTROLLATA

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•Only 3 percent of donors do comparative research
Note:Cccccccccccccc

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“British people had donated over £1 billion to the Princess of Wales charity, long before the newly established charity had any idea what the donations
Note:DOPO LA MORTE DI DIANA

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One study, for example, asked participants how much they would agree to pay for nets that prevent migratory bird deaths. Some participants were told that the nets would save 2,000 birds annually, others were told 20,000 birds, and a final group was told 200,000 birds. But despite the 10- and 100-fold differences in projected impact, people in all three groups were willing to contribute the same amount.
Note:TIPICO

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scope neglect or scope insensitivity,
Note:BATTESIMO DEL BIAS

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People also prefer to “diversify” their donations, making many small donations rather than a few strategic large ones to the most useful charities.
Note:ALTRA PREFERENZA

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Giving $3,500 to the Against Malaria Foundation will save a whole human life, while the same amount divided across 100 different charities might go entirely to waste,
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IRRAZIONALE MA ANCHE DANNJOSO

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wealthy people often perform unskilled volunteer work (and are celebrated for it), even when their time is worth vastly more on the open market.
Note:ALTRO MISPLACEMENT

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“WARM GLOW” THEORY
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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Andreoni theorized, we do charity in part because of a selfish psychological motive: it makes us happy.
Note:TEORIE ALTERNATIVE

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Making automatic payments to a single charity may be more efficient at improving the lives of others, but the other strategy—giving more widely, opportunistically, and in smaller amounts—is more efficient at generating those warm fuzzy feelings.
Note:UN CONFRONTO...ARGOMENTO CHE SPIEGA LA DIVERSIFICAZIONE

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why it feels good when we donate to charity.
Note:RESTA UN GAP

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Visibility.
Note:FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA NOSTRA INCLINAZIONE A DARE...1

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Peer pressure.
Note:2

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Proximity.
Note:3

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Relatability. We give more when the people we help are identifiable (via faces and/or stories)
Note:4

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Mating motive.
Note:5

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VISIBILITY
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we give more when we’re being watched.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

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people donate significantly more when the solicitor makes eye contact
Note:SIAMO VISTI

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People also give more when the solicitor can see their donations,
Note:INOLTRE

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That’s why they commemorate donors with plaques,
Note:I FILANTROPI LO SANNO BENE

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Even blood donors typically walk away with a sticker that says, “I gave blood today.”
Note:ALTRO CASO

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Anonymous donation, for example, is extremely rare.
Note:L 1 PER CENTO

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“They were well known within their social circle . . . even though their names may not have been splashed across the newspapers.
Note:ANCHE GLI ANONIMI

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Not surprisingly, the vast majority of donations to such campaigns fall exactly at the lower end of each tier.
Note:DA 500 A 900 SOCIO... Da 1000 A 2000

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PEER PRESSURE
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First of all, solicitation works:
Note:ROMPERE LE BALLE

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up to 95 percent of all donations are given in response to a solicitation.
Note:Cccccccc

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In-person solicitations, like when someone comes to your door or passes the collection plate at church, work better than impersonal solicitations
Note:CONTATTO VISIVO

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Universities, for example, often solicit donations from alumni by having other alumni from the same class call them up.
Note:UN CASO

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PROXIMITY
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Remember the drowning boy in Peter Singer’s thought experiment?
Note:UN CLASSICO

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Jonathan Baron and Ewa Szymanska call this bias parochialism.
Note:STUDIOSI

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only an estimated 13 percent ($39 billion) went to help foreigners.
Note:DONAZIONO USA

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We treat close family better than friends, and friends better than strangers
Note:UN TRATTO INELIMINABILE

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RELATABILITY
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we’re much more likely to help someone we can identify—a specific individual with a name,
Note:IDENTIFICATI IDENTIFICATI I ROTAGONISTI...CON UNA STORIA ALLE SPALLE

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identifiable victim effect.
Note:BATTESIMO DEL FENOMENO

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“A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.”
Note:PAROLA DI STALN

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Liz’s story, perched beneath her bright, beaming smile, is chock-full of personal details.
Note:ADOZIONE A DISTANZA

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Contrast this with the Against Malaria Foundation. Although it saves hundreds of lives every year, it can’t offer names or faces of the people it helps, because it saves only statistical lives.
Note:VITE STATISTICHE

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there’s no single individual a donor can point to and say, “I saved this man’s life.”
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MATING MOTIVE
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the opportunity to impress potential mates.
Note:ALTRO FATTORE

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more likely to give money when the solicitor is an attractive member of the opposite sex.
Note:SPECIE GLI UOMINI

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psychologist Vladas Griskevicius
Note:SPERIMENTATORE SUL CAMPO

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APPEARANCES MATTER
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Griskevicius calls this phenomenon “blatant benevolence.” Patrick West calls it “conspicuous compassion.
Note:LA NS GENEROSITÀ

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charity is an advertisement, a way of showing off.
Note:IN ALTRE PAROLE

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“Take egotism out,” said Ralph Waldo Emerson, “and you would castrate the benefactors.”
Note:LA MASSIMA

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To donate with credit in mind hardly seems like charity at all.
Note:RIMOZINE

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one of our primary audiences is potential mates.
Note:MA CHI VOGLIAMO IMPRESSIONARE?

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Stinginess isn’t sexy.
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Women actively celebrate the generosity of Princess Diana and Mother Teresa,
Note:OBIEZIONE

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women who have gone through menopause (and therefore have no mating incentive) are as generous as any other
Note:ALTRA OB

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even when they’re happily married with no chance of having further children.
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Ccccccccc

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charity serves to impress not just potential mates, but also social and political gatekeepers.
Note:INFATTI

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“Why does charity make us attractive to mates, teammates, and social gatekeepers?”
Note:ALTRA DOMANDA

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The most obvious thing we advertise is wealth, or in the case of volunteer work, spare time.
Note:COSA OSTENTIAMO?

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Those who are struggling to survive don’t make ideal allies.
Note:XCHÈ

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Charity also helps us advertise our prosocial orientation, that is, the degree to which we’re aligned with others.
Note:ALTRO BENE

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This helps explain why generosity is so important for those who aspire to leadership.
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This is one of the reasons we’re biased toward local rather than global charities.
Note:POLITICA E POTERE

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advertise our prosocial orientation helps explain why, as a general rule, we do so little original research to determine where to donate.
Note:ALTRO MISTERO CHE CADE

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in order to signal how prosocial we are, we need to donate to charities that are publicly known to be worthy.
Note:COSA CI INTERESSA VERAMENTE

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There’s one final quality that charity allows us to advertise: the spontaneous, almost involuntary concern for the welfare of others.
Note:ALTRO PROSCIUTTO IN VETRINA

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“See how easily I’m moved to help others? When people near me are suffering, I can’t help wanting to make their situation better; it’s just who I am.”
Note:COSA STIAMO DICENDO

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it means you’ll make a great ally.
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spontaneous giving demonstrates how little choice we have in the matter, how it’s simply part of our character
Note:ESSENZIALE LA SPONTANEITÀ X PUBBLICIZZARE IL NS CARATTERE

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This also helps explain why we respond to individual faces and stories more than we respond to dry statistics,
Note:LA SPONTANEITÀ SPIEGA TANTO

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Paul Bloom,
Note:STUDIOSO DI EMPATIA

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“The mark of a civilized man is the capacity to read a column of numbers and weep,”
Note:BERTRAND RUSSELL

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MISSING FORMS OF CHARITY
Note:Tttttttttttt

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giving to people in the far future.
Note:ATTIVITÀ NEGLETTA

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Instead of donating money now, we might put it in a trust and let the magic of compound interest work for 50 or 500 years,
Note:CONTENUTO

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These have been called “Methuselah trusts,” the most famous of which were set up by Benjamin Franklin.
Note:BATTESIMO

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he gave two gifts of ₤1,000 each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, and he instructed the funds to be invested for 100 years before being used to sponsor apprenticeships for local children.
Note:BF

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helping people in the far future doesn’t showcase our empathy
Note:PURTROPPO

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“marginal charity.”65 Here the idea is to nudge our personal decisions just slightly (marginally) in the direction that’s beneficial to others.
Note:CARITÀ INVISIBILE

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if the developer built 11 stories instead of 10, it would reduce their profit by only a tiny amount, but it would add a bunch of new apartments to the neighborhood.
Note:ESEMPIO

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there’s no way to demonstrate to others that you’ve engaged in an act of marginal charity;
Note:L INCONVENIENTE IN QS CASI

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WRAPPING UP
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mercoledì 13 giugno 2018

HL Can-War-Foster-Cooperation_joseph heinreich

Can-War-Foster-Cooperation_joseph heinreich
riccardo-mariani@libero.it
Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2017). Can-War-Foster-Cooperation_joseph heinreich [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 2
Can War Foster Cooperation?
Nota - Posizione 2
UNA TEORIA DELLO STATO: EFFETTO RAMPONE+PUBLIC CHOICE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 3
Joseph Henrich,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 13
nearly 20 studies
Nota - Posizione 13
NELL ULTIMO DECENNIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 14
over 40 countries:
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 14
individual exposure to war violence tends to increase social cooperation
Nota - Posizione 14
TESI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 14
community participation
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 15
prosocial behavior.
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 21
the legacies of war.
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 22
war fostered societal transitions from chiefdoms to states
Nota - Posizione 22
UN PORTATO STORICO DELLA GUERRA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 22
strengthened existing states
Nota - Posizione 22
PATRIOTTISMO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 25
altering people’s psychology
Nota - Posizione 25
UN ALTRO EFFETTO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 27
persists, even many years after war.
Nota - Posizione 27
PERSISTE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 33
Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Burundi in Africa, and to the Republic of Georgia, Israel, Nepal, and many other societies.
Nota - Posizione 34
I CASI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 35
both civil and interstate wars;
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 39
joining more local social and civic groups
Nota - Posizione 39
FORME DI COOPERAZIONE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 39
They also take actions intended to benefit others in experimental laboratory games,
Nota - Posizione 40
SECONDO STRUMENTO DI STUDIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 41
the type of violence experienced
Nota - Posizione 41
NON CONTA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 43
men and women,
Nota - Posizione 43
UGUALE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 43
similar for both the victims and perpetrators
Nota - Posizione 43
UGUALE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 44
do not diminish with time;
Nota - Posizione 44
LUNGO PERIODO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 46
in-group bias remains somewhat speculative.
Nota - Posizione 46
L IPOTESI CINICA DELL IN GROUP È SPECULATIVA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 48
help to explain why some post-conflict countries experience almost “miraculous” economic and social recoveries.
Nota - Posizione 49
IL MIRACOLO ECONOMI CO...FORSE SPIEGATO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 51
many post-conflict countries soon return to violence.
Nota - Posizione 51
QUANDO PREVALE IL FAMILISMO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 52
Nearly half of all nations
Nota - Posizione 52
HANNO SPERIMENTATO LA GUERRA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 56
Case Evidence
Nota - Posizione 56
TTTTTTTTTT
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 57
case of Sierra Leone,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 58
unusual wealth of evidence:
Nota - Posizione 58
UN CASO PROLIFICO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 59
synergy of di verse measurement and research methods,
Nota - Posizione 59
ECLETTISMO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 60
The Sierra Leone
Nota - Posizione 60
TTTTTT
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 60
Sierra Leone from 1991 to 2002.
Nota - Posizione 60
GUERRA CIVILE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 60
Revolutionary United Front (RUF),
Nota - Posizione 61
PEOTAGONISTA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 61
in spired a violent rebellion which was nominally directed against the corruption
Nota - Posizione 62
CONTRO IL GOVERNO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 62
access to alluvial dia monds and opportunities to loot civilian property.
Nota - Posizione 63
CONTRIBUIRONO A FOMENTARE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 64
Neither ethnic nor religious divi sions played a central role in this war:
Nota - Posizione 64
NO ETNIA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 65
internationally-brokered peace agreement was signed
Nota - Posizione 65
SOLO NEL 2003
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 66
50,000 civilians
Nota - Posizione 66
MORTI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 66
two million people— nearly
Nota - Posizione 66
PROFUGHI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 67
mutilated and raped thousands of civilians.
Nota - Posizione 67
TRA L ALTRO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 68
almost miraculous recovery.
Nota - Posizione 68
DOPO LA GUERRA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 69
a decade of peace
Nota - Posizione 69
DEMOCRAZIA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 70
Ebola outbreak during 2014,
Nota - Posizione 71
FINO AL SUCCESSIVO FLAGELO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 71
economy had improved in each year since the end of the conflict,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 72
plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to war-related violence was associated with greater social participation and prosocial behavior.
Nota - Posizione 73
MODELLO RISCONTRATO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 74
Bellows and Miguel (2006, 2009),
Nota - Posizione 74
PRIMO STUDIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 79
people whose households directly experienced war violence displayed much higher levels of civic and political engagement
Nota - Posizione 80
SCOPEETA...PARENTI UCCISI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 80
community meetings
Nota - Posizione 80
LUOGHI DELKA PARTECIP
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 80
vote in elections
Nota - Posizione 81
Cccccc
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 81
join social and political groups,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 81
participate in school committees
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 81
“road brushing”,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 87
decision-makers anonymously al locate rewards between themselves and another person.
Nota - Posizione 88
GUOCHI SPERIMENTATI...GIOCO DEL DITTATORE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 88
interaction is one-shot and anonymous,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 91
In a second class of games, including the Ultimatum game or Trust game, the recipient is not passive and choices are made sequentially.
Nota - Posizione 92
ALTRI GIOCHI...ULTIMATUM
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 92
willingness to reciprocate,
Nota - Posizione 92
COSA SI VUOL MISURARE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 92
punishing unfair behavior,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 93
the first player is given a sum of money to divide with another player. If the second player accepts the division, then both receive the money.
Nota - Posizione 94
DESCRIZ
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 95
rejections of low offers, reveal whether she is willing to sacrifice earnings in order to punish unfair behavior,
Nota - Posizione 96
COSA SI MISURA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 100
multiple players decide simultaneously (without knowing about the choices of others) whether to contribute to a public good.
Nota - Posizione 101
PUB GOOD GAME...DESCRIZ
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 102
willingness to cooperate or to free ride
Nota - Posizione 102
COSA SI MISURA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 103
The identities of the other players can also vary
Nota - Posizione 103
ETNIA...PROVENIENZA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 106
shed light on whether violence increases prosocial behavior only towards people at the local level,
Nota - Posizione 107
FUNZIONE DELL IDENTITÀ
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 109
less selfish
Nota - Posizione 109
I COLPITI DA VIOLENZA BELLICA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 110
more ine quality averse
Nota - Posizione 110
ANCORA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 110
Effects were especially large among those exposed to violence during their childhood
Nota - Posizione 111
INFANZIA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 112
Cecchi et al. (2015)
Nota - Posizione 112
ALTRO STUDIO SIERRA LEONE SUI BAMBINI DI STRADA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 122
the more violence exposed players were more likely to receive a yellow or red foul card during the game,
Nota - Posizione 123
IN PARTITA...PIÙ ALTRUISMO IN GROUP MA...
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 125
analysis is based on a comparison of individuals who suffered dif ferent degrees of war violence.
Nota - Posizione 126
IMPOSSIBILE IL CFR CON CITTFADINI A ZERO VIOLENZA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 127
Other Country Cases: Uganda, Burundi, Georgia, Nepal, and others
Nota - Posizione 127
Tttttttttttttt
Nota - Posizione 127
Tttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 127
Uganda,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 127
six papers
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 128
for 20 years the rebel group the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)
Nota - Posizione 128
I CASINISTI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 129
recruited tens of thousands of young people.
Nota - Posizione 129
BAMBINI SOLDATO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 131
bias due to selective attrition.
Nota - Posizione 131
IL GRANDE NEMICO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 131
five years after temporary conscription into the LRA,
Nota - Posizione 132
PIÙ PARTECIPAZIONE AL VOTO
Nota - Posizione 137
Tttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 137
Burundi
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 137
consequences of the 1993-2003 civil conflict
Nota - Posizione 137
GUERRA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 137
Tutsi-dominated army and Hutu rebels.
Nota - Posizione 138
PARTI IN CONFLITTO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 138
behaved more altruistically towards neighbors in the experimental tasks,
Nota - Posizione 139
NOVE ANNI DOPO CHI HA SPERIMENTATO ATTACCHI AL PROPRIO VILLAGGIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 139
more likely to report being involved in local community organizations.
Nota - Posizione 140
PARTECIPAZ
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 140
Republic of Georgia
Nota - Posizione 140
UN CASO EXTRA AFRICANO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 141
a sample of chil dren six months after the brief August 2008 war with Russia over South Ossetia.
Nota - Posizione 141
OGGETTO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 143
less selfish and more inequality averse to wards in-group
Nota - Posizione 143
SOLITO ESITO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 144
no such effects on behavior towards out-group was found.
Nota - Posizione 144
STRANIERO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 144
study of Nepalese society,
Nota - Posizione 144
ASIA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 145
1996-2006 civil war,
Nota - Posizione 145
L EVENTO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 145
gov ernmental forces and Maoist revolutionaries,
Nota - Posizione 145
PARTI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 146
three years post-conflict, they were more trustworthy in a Trust game,
Nota - Posizione 146
I PIÙ ESPOSTI A VIOLENZE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 147
more willing to contribute to the common pot in the Public Goods game,
Nota - Posizione 147
DUE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 147
more active in community organizations.
Nota - Posizione 147
Tre
Nota - Posizione 148
SEMPRE IN GUERRA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 148
Israel,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 149
in creased the willingness of senior citizens to punish non-cooperators and to reward cooperation
Nota - Posizione 149
SULLA FRONTIERA
Nota - Posizione 151
ANCORA ASIA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 151
Tajikistan,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 151
decade after its 1992-1997 civil war,
Nota - Posizione 152
I TEMPI DELO SRUDIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 153
former communists against a highly fractionalized group of challengers with diverse ideologies (e.g., Islamist groups, ethnic national ists, and pro-democratic reformers).
Nota - Posizione 154
PARTI IN LOTTA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 154
complex net work of rivalries
Nota - Posizione 155
COSA RENDE INTERESSANTE QS CONFLITTO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 158
It turns out that the exposure to vio lence during the civil war was associated with a decrease in trust
Nota - Posizione 159
ESITO CONTRARIO...NEMICO NN CHIARAMENTE IDENTIFICABILE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 160
the nature of infighting within local communities:
Nota - Posizione 160
COSA CONTA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 163
Yet the authors also found evidence of elevated participation in local groups and associations
Nota - Posizione 163
PARTECIPAZIONE STESSO SEGNO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 164
presumably had some ability to choose with whom
Nota - Posizione 164
NEL CASO DELLA PART
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 166
The broad pattern of war exposure stimulating greater cooperation also holds in large-scale national surveys across multiple countries.
Nota - Posizione 167
ANCHE A LIVELLO DI STATO OLTRE CHE DI VILLAGGIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 168
Baltic states,
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 170
former Yugoslavia
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 173
link between past violent conflict experiences and contemporary participation
Nota - Posizione 174
CONFERMATO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 174
membership in political parties,
Nota - Posizione 174
POSITIVO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 175
trust in central government
Nota - Posizione 175
A VOLTE NEGATIVO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 180
Disentangling Correlation and Causation
Nota - Posizione 180
Tttttttttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 182
more cooperative people could be more likely to partici pate in collective action, including civil defense forces or armed organizations that represent their groups during wartime,
Nota - Posizione 183
ESEMPIO DI PREOCCUPAZ...CHI SI ESPONE DI PIÙ IN GUERRA SONO I PIÙ GENEROSI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 184
attackers systematically target people who are likely to be more cooperative in nature, such as leading families
Nota - Posizione 185
OPPURE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 186
if the least prosocial or cooperative people are also more likely to die, migrate, or be displaced
Nota - Posizione 187
ALTRO CONFOUND
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 187
impossibility of randomized experiments
Nota - Posizione 188
PURTROPPO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 189
control for local fixed effects, typically at the village level, thus removing potential regional and local omitted variables,
Nota - Posizione 190
PRIMO TRUCCO ANALISI DETTAGLUATA NEL PICCOLO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 191
violence is relatively indiscriminate in nature within a village,
Nota - Posizione 192
OMOGENEOTÀ...A LIVELLO DO VILLAGGIO NN SI DISCRIMINA TRA FAMIGLIE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 193
control for local confounders with an extensive set of pre war characteristics, such as wealth or whether victimized households were more central to local politics.
Nota - Posizione 194
SECONDO TRUCCO...OMOGENEIZZARE SULLE CARATTERISTICHE PRE GUERRA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 197
individuals too young (e.g., children) to have been prewar commu nity leaders, or for individuals living in areas where fighters were unlikely to have detailed knowledge of the local area,
Nota - Posizione 198
TERZO...SUBGRUPPI OMOGENEI...SENZA TENDENZE PRE GUERRA DISTINGUIBILI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 202
in the meta-analysis, the results are none theless relatively consistent
Nota - Posizione 203
RESTA UNA CHIARA TENDENZA
Nota - Posizione 204
Tttttttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 204
Meta-analysis
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 205
We identified 23 published and unpublished papers
Nota - Posizione 205
BASE DATI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 212
Outcome Measures
Nota - Posizione 212
Tttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 215
Social group participation.
Nota - Posizione 215
1
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 222
Community leadership and participation.
Nota - Posizione 222
2
Nota - Posizione 224
3
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 224
Trust.
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 228
Prosocial behavior in experimental games.
Nota - Posizione 228
4
Nota - Posizione 233
5
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 233
Voting.
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 234
Knowledge of and interest in politics.
Nota - Posizione 234
6
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 239
Statistical Approach
Nota - Posizione 239
Ttttttttt
Nota - Posizione 269
Tttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 269
Results
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 295
Patterns across Studies
Nota - Posizione 295
Tttttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 320
Theoretical Explanations
Nota - Posizione 320
Ttttttttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 324
Changes in Constraints, Economic Payoffs, and Beliefs
Nota - Posizione 324
Tttttttttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 325
explanation rooted in the logic of neoclassical economics,
Nota - Posizione 325
PRIMO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 325
participation or prosocial behavior becomes the optimal choice
Nota - Posizione 326
DOPO UNA GUERRA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 328
greater value of social insurance.
Nota - Posizione 328
PRIMO ELEMENTO CHE POTREBBE OTTIMIZZARE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 328
make vic tims of violence more dependent on local informal systems of risk-sharing
Nota - Posizione 329
EFFETTO DI UNA GUERA DISTRUTTIVA...UNA RETE DIVENTA ESSENZIALE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 330
investments in various types of physical and human capital may have been too risky, too constrained, or too expensive relative to investments in social capital.
Nota - Posizione 331
SCELTA D INVESTI.MENTO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 333
cooperative behavior could emerge from mo tives of personal safety and protection.
Nota - Posizione 333
INSOMMA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 338
War-related experience may also induce changes in people’s beliefs
Nota - Posizione 338
CREDENZA SUI RISCHI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 340
war-affected individuals would appear particularly prosocial soon after the war, but in the long run they would not be distinguishable
Nota - Posizione 341
IL PRO SOCIAL È CONTAGIOSO...SE POCHI TRADISCONO SI TOCCANO CON MANO I VANTAGGI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 343
Instead, the prosocial behavior of war-affected individuals might decline over time as their beliefs converge back to the prevailing reality in their communities.
Nota - Posizione 344
SUL LUNGO...VEDI CICLI TURCHIN
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 344
Changes in Parochial Norms and Preferences
Nota - Posizione 344
Ttttttttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 345
variation in altruism, ethical norms, intrinsic motives to serve the public good,
Nota - Posizione 346
INCENTIVI INTERIORI...CAMBIO PARADIGMA ETICO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 347
changes due to war violence might lead to favoring one’s own group rather than social and political action in general.
Nota - Posizione 348
SECONDO ALXUNI...ALTRUISMO GRETTO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 352
In the purely genetic version, intergroup competition directly favors prosociality toward in group members
Nota - Posizione 352
DARWINISMO PURO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 356
intergroup competition favors cultural practices in the form of social norms or institutions that promote success in intergroup competition
Nota - Posizione 357
SEMI DARWINISMO...GENI+CULTURA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 360
greater willingness to punish norm-violators,
Nota - Posizione 361
ESEMPIO...COMINCIA LA CULTURA PROSEGUONO I GENI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 362
norms are eventually internalized as motivations (or preferences),
Nota - Posizione 363
MOTIVAZIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 368
co-ethnic pro-sociality,
Nota - Posizione 368
VERIFICARE IN CASO DI GUERRA CIVILE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 368
corroding the between-ethnic group social capital
Nota - Posizione 368
VERIFICARE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 370
opportunities for constructing effective national-level institutions in the post-war period.
Nota - Posizione 371
L ATTACCO DI UNO STRANIERO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 373
Changes in General Preferences and Other Psychological Explanations
Nota - Posizione 373
Tttttttttttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 374
preferences for participation and prosociality shift more generally, rather than for or against a particular group.
Nota - Posizione 375
TERZA SPIEGAZIONE...PREFERENZE IN GENERALE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 375
evidence that war violence is linked to symptoms of depression
Nota - Posizione 375
ESEMPIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 381
in spite of the well-documented effects of violence on distress and depression for some individuals, the emerging empirical evi dence reveals an increase in average cooperation and community participation.
Nota - Posizione 382
PER ALTRI NN DEPRESSIONE MA ALTRUISMO GENERALIZZATO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 383
a phenomenon they have labeled “post-traumatic growth.”
Nota - Posizione 383
FENOMENO RISCONTRATO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 384
some people respond to trauma by reflecting on and reevaluating their lives,
Nota - Posizione 385
FIORITURA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 386
this research is based largely on case studies.
Nota - Posizione 386
PURTROPPO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 386
greater valuing of life,
Nota - Posizione 386
ESEMPIO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 390
another perspective on preference change comes from the political science literature on rebellion.
Nota - Posizione 390
ALTRA PROSPETTIVA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 391
studying who joins rebel movements
Nota - Posizione 391
PESA LA GUERRA SUBITA...
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 392
preferences for collective action.
Nota - Posizione 392
Cccccccc
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 392
people tended to join or support the rebel movement in response to government
Nota - Posizione 393
EL SALVADOR
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 394
the injustice of being the subject of violence instilled a “pleasure in agency”— an
Nota - Posizione 395
PIACERE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 397
explain why people expend time and energy to vote,
Nota - Posizione 397
IL VOTO ESPRESSIVO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 399
injustices instill a desire for revenge and a pleasure in punitive action
Nota - Posizione 400
ALTRA TEORIA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 400
parallels to psychological narratives of post-traumatic growth.
Nota - Posizione 401
ER CANARO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 402
What does the evidence suggest?
Nota - Posizione 403
Ttttttttttt
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 404
the evidence favors the idea that war violence influences individual social preferences
Nota - Posizione 405
PRIMO RISULTATO....SI AGISCE SULKE PREFERENZE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 406
these changes may be parochial in nature.
Nota - Posizione 406
...IN SENSO CULTURALE E EVOLUZ
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 406
skepticism towards neoclassical economic
Nota - Posizione 406
QUINDI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 407
something beyond a straightforward calculated response
Nota - Posizione 407
I GIOCHI DI LABORAT RIVELANO
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 408
effects even among young children,
Nota - Posizione 408
INOLTRE
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 408
influenced by prevailing norms and social preferences than by economic cost-benefit considerations
Nota - Posizione 409
COSA INFLUENZA I BIMBI
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 409
Third, the war violence effects we document endure long after the conflicts
Nota - Posizione 410
ANCHE LA DURATA È NA PROVA
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 411
one might expect that improving living standards driven by ex ternal assistance programs would have a similar effect on local cooperative behavior, but there is little evidence of such a relationship.
Nota - Posizione 413
INOLTRE SE VALESSE IL CALCOLO DEL CONTAGIO...DALL ESTEENO NN SI CONTAGIA
Segnalibro - Posizione 414
Nota - Posizione 414
DA FINIR
Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 414
range
Segnalibro - Posizione 459