2 DA FINIRE

Storia Sudamerica: Chiesa sempre vicina al govrno

Yellow highlight | Location: 262

Latin America until the 1960s appeared to confirm the predictions of secularization theory.
Note:PIÙ MODERNI MENO RELIGIOSI

Yellow highlight | Location: 269

The Catholic episcopacy continued its policy of accommodating the political elite
Note:FINO AGLI ANNI SESSANTA....LA POLITICA CAMBIA LA CC RESTA E BENEDICE

Yellow highlight | Location: 270

it was typically government officials that initiated hostility, not the bishops or clergy.
Note:NELL OTTOCENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 273

the predictions of secularization theory have proven inaccurate, to say the least (Stark and Bainbridge 1985; Finke and Stark 1992; Warner 1993; Casanova 1994).
Note:LA RECENTE CRISI STATO CHIESA IN LA È INTERESSANTE X VARI MOTIVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 274

growth in Protestantism since 1930 and the subsequent revitalization of the Catholic Church
Note:SECONDO FENOMENO

Yellow highlight | Location: 275

Furthermore, the Catholic Church, at least in several countries, is now a source of innovation and social change,
Note:MODERNISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 276

it is now the Catholic Church that has challenged governmental authority.
Note:CHI HA INIZIATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 280

the implementation of laws guaranteeing religious freedom in the late 1800s opened the gates to a surge in competition
Note:L EVENTO CHIAVE

Yellow highlight | Location: 281

in the 1930s.
Note:ARRIVANO I PROT

Yellow highlight | Location: 282

Church-State Relations in Historical Context
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 283

four general phases

Yellow highlight | Location: 283

the colonial era,
Note:PRIMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 284

(1493 to early 1 800s),

Yellow highlight | Location: 284

close relations between church and state;

Yellow highlight | Location: 284

Independence
Note:SECONDO

Yellow highlight | Location: 284

(early to late 1800s),

Yellow highlight | Location: 284

hostility between Church and state
Note:STATO ANTICLERICALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 285

neo-Christendom (late 1800s to 1950s),
Note:TERZO

Yellow highlight | Location: 285

tried regaining the privileges lost
Note:LA CHIESA IN RIMONTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 286

progressive Church (1960s to present),
Note:QUARTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 286

a break with traditional political allies.
Note:INIZIA LA CHIESA

Yellow highlight | Location: 288

Church under democracy (mid-1980s
Note:QUINTA FASE

Yellow highlight | Location: 288

a return to Catholic conservatism and greater accommodation
Note:RIFLUSSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 290

Colonial Period: Christendom (1493 to Early 1800s)
Note:Le decime: la Chiesa si appoggia allo stato

Yellow highlight | Location: 291

A letter written by Queen Isabella of Spain to the governor of Hispaniola in 1503 indicates how economic and spiritual conquest were part and parcel of one another:
Note:UN LEGAME STRETTO FIN DA SUBITO

Yellow highlight | Location: 300

Christianity provided colonial rulers with an ideology capable of pacifying the indigenous population
Note:LA FUNZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 301

protected access to a new source of souls.
Note:LA GARANZIA DELLO STATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 303

Church paid a significantly higher price by giving up most of its institutional autonomy.
Note:IL PREZZO

Yellow highlight | Location: 304

el patronato real
Note:L ACCORDO STATO CHIESA

Yellow highlight | Location: 305

selection of all persons for ecclesiastical office
Note:PREROGATIVA DELLA CORONA...PRIMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 305

right to collect all ecclesiastical tithes
Note:SECONDA

Yellow highlight | Location: 308

why the pope would ever surrender autonomous control
Note:LA VERA DOMANDA

Yellow highlight | Location: 310

Vatican simply lacked the resources needed to undertake a massive missionizing effort overseas.
Note:IN CONDIZIONI DI DEBOLEZZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 324

bishops and religious orders took their missionizing task quite seriously

Yellow highlight | Location: 325

defending them against ill treatment by the secular colonizers,
Note:SFORZI X GUADAGNARE LA FIDUCIA DEI SELVAGGI

Yellow highlight | Location: 327

convince the Spanish crown to enact legislation easing exploitative conditions.
Note:IL PICCO DELLA DIFESA...1550

Yellow highlight | Location: 328

Leyes Nuevas (New Laws)
Note:CONFLITTO TORA CAMPANILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 329

defenders of the native populations were bishops Bartolome de las Casas (Chiapas), Juan de Zumarraga (Mexico City), Vasco de Quiroga (Michoacan), and Antonio de Valdivieso (Nicaragua).
Note:I DIFENSORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 331

Protection from enslavement and abuse was an attractive incentive for Amerindians during colonial times.
Note:INCENTIVI ALLA CONVERSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 338

settlers had an incentive to keep as much as they could of the wealth they created (or stole) for themselves.
Note:LA MONARCHIA VUOLE LIMITARE GLI ABUSI DEI VICERÈ E SI SERVE DELLA CHIESA CPME POTERE AUTONOMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 339

Viceroys andgovernors were rotated frequently
Note:PRIMO SISTEMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 340

Regular judicial reviews
Note:SECONDO

Yellow highlight | Location: 340

random audits
Note:TERZO

Yellow highlight | Location: 341

The Church was also an indispensable part of the crown's strategy to control the colonists.
Note:MA SOPRATTUTTO QUARTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 342

"the Inquisition came to be used more and more for political ends.
Note:X ES CENSURARE LIBRI LIBERALI NELLE AMERICHE

Yellow highlight | Location: 346

its control over religious education.
Note:UN ASPETTO DI AUTONOMIA DELLA CC...EDUCA I PRETI...TUTTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 347

the pool of nominees was rather small and the Vatican closely supervised the education of potential candidates
Note:ANXHE SE LA NOMINA DEI VESCOVI ERA MONARCGICA...

Yellow highlight | Location: 349

lifetime tenure for bishops
Note:L EDUCAZIONE SI FA SENTIRE NEL LUNGO.PERIODO

Yellow highlight | Location: 350

the episcopal power of excommunication represented a sizable deterrent for those afraid of burning in hell.
Note:ALTRA FORMA DI AUTONOMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 357

continually sought to renegotiate the terms of the patronato to their advantage.
Note:DURANTE TUTTO IL XIODO

Yellow highlight | Location: 363

The Jesuits, in particular, were aggressive proselytizers setting up their own reducciones-settlements
Note:PIÙ PROSELITISMO.. PIÙ SIRITTI AGLI INDIGENI

Yellow highlight | Location: 365

expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759
Note:UN CONFLITTO FAMOSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 367

the jealousy of civil authorities
Note:VERSO I GESUITI

Yellow highlight | Location: 369

Jesuits refused to pay tithes on their large land holdings and capitalistic enterprises thus diminishing the shares of King and Pope"
Note:MOTIVO DELLO SCONTRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 372

Church being as glad to be rid of them as the civil authorities,
Note:LO SGOMBERO DEI G.NN INNESCÒ CONFLITTI CON IL VATICANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 376

Independence and the Breakdown of Christendom
Note:I benefici dell' esproprio dei beni ecclesiastici:1 somma unatantum (ricavi)2 rendita (tasse sui redditi)X' i conservatori erano spesso alleati della chiesa? Perchè il sequestro dei registri rendeva il fisco + eficientettttttttttttttttttt

Note | Location: 377

Esigenze di bilancio portano agli espropriEspropri: 1 somma immdiatamente disponibile 2 flusso di tasse negli anni

Yellow highlight | Location: 378

determining the sociopolitical status of the institutional Church-became
Note:UNA BELLA QESTIONE X GLI INDIPENDENTISTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 384

prelates instead chose to focus on "high politics" to either restore or preserve colonial privileges (sans patronato).
Note:LA MOSSA DELLA CHIESA

Yellow highlight | Location: 385

sympathies of the bishops lay with the royalist forces

Note | Location: 385

X L ASSOC DA SEMPRE FORTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 391

Emancipation offered no guarantees about the financial security of the Church.
Note:UNA PREOCCUP ANCHE ECONOMIC

Yellow highlight | Location: 393

a leadership vacuum in the Church at the time.
Note:ALTRA RAGIONE APPOGGIO AI REALISTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 395

France's occupation of Spain
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO DI CONFUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 396

Pope Pius VII imprisoned by Napoleon from 1810 to 1814,
Note:ALTRA DEBOLEZZA DELLA CH

Yellow highlight | Location: 398

parish priests generally supported the patriot cause
Note:DIVERSAMENTE RISPETTO AI VESCOVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 402

national governments would be more likely to draw bishops from a local pool
Note:PRETI INDIGENI E CALCOLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 408

padres Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Jose Maria Morelos in Mexico).
Note:I CAPPELLANI DEI RIBELLI

Yellow highlight | Location: 408

After 1815,
Note:PARTE L INDI

Yellow highlight | Location: 410

most vocal in their support for the royal cause feared for their lives and fled theAmericas
Note:FUGONE DEI REALISTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 412

opportunistic behavior of the bishops who remained.
Note:VARIANTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 415

to coopt, or be coopted by, potential enemies.
Note:LA STRATEGIA DELKA CHIESA

Yellow highlight | Location: 416

early surrender and accommodation
Note:NO SCONTRO FRONTALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 418

support for the rebellion remained tepid,
Note:TUTTO SOMMATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 421

political strategy remained elite based, allying them with the most conservative social sector-the
Note:CHIESA ED ELITE

Yellow highlight | Location: 422

Church's extensive landholdings.
Note:IL PUNTO COMUNE

Yellow highlight | Location: 422

Society remained essentially unchanged for the majority of the population
Note:DISCRETO SUCCESSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 424

anticlerical ideas,
Note:UNA NUOVA MODA PRESSO LE ELITES

Yellow highlight | Location: 426

intensive lobbying efforts
Note:LA VIA LOBBYSTICQA

Yellow highlight | Location: 429

the primary source of tension became the status of the patronato.
Note:PUNTO CRUCIALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 433

When it became apparent that all forces-Conservative and Liberal-wanted to exert control over the Church, the episcopacy opted for the Conservatives.
Note:L OPZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 436

The situation changed with the success of Liberal parties in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Note:NUOVA ERA

Yellow highlight | Location: 438

Church became a prime target

Yellow highlight | Location: 439

Liberal governments wanted to break the power of the Conservatives.
Note:COLPIRE LA CH PER COLPIRE LA DESTRA

Yellow highlight | Location: 440

Perhaps more important, Liberal actions against the Church also served to strengthen the financial status of the state.
Note:PECUNIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 441

bankruptcy and default

Note | Location: 441

MOLTI PAESI A METÀ 800

Yellow highlight | Location: 441

extensive landed estates owned by the Church
Note:FACEVANO GOLA

Yellow highlight | Location: 442

Under clerical ownership, fertile land often went fallow
Note:MAGGESE

Yellow highlight | Location: 443

expropriating these lands
Note:MOSSA

Yellow highlight | Location: 446

secularizing cemeteries and marriages, each of which was associated with user fees.
Note:ESPROPRIO ISTITUZIONALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 447

Expropriating the power to keep records on births, deaths, and property
Note:ESPROPRIO DEI REGISTRI

Yellow highlight | Location: 448

capacity to tax the population.'
Note:SCHEDE E TASSAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 448

build an efficient bureaucratic

Yellow highlight | Location: 450

scholars frequently overlooked these material incentives
Note:TRASCURATEZZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 451

ideological battles
Note:C ERA DELL ALTRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 451

modernizing Latin American society along the lines of the United States
Note:PROGETTO IN CONTRASTO CON IL CATTOLICESIMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 452

influence of the ultramontane Pope Pius IX (1846-78),10
Note:SILLABO

Yellow highlight | Location: 453

ideas of the English Enlightenment and French Revolution.
Note:IL NEMICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 454

In the end, the modernizing forces typically won.
Note:CAPITOLAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 455

reducing financial support
Note:MISURE

Yellow highlight | Location: 455

removing its constitutional status

Yellow highlight | Location: 455

expropriating

Yellow highlight | Location: 455

secularizing education,

Yellow highlight | Location: 456

freedom of worship.

Yellow highlight | Location: 458

expansion of economic relations with Protestant North America
Note:ELEMENTO DI APERTURA

Yellow highlight | Location: 460

Protestant missionaries began to devote serious attention to proselytizing.
Note:SOLO MOLTO DOPO...ORA APERTURA FORMALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 461

supporting the Conservative
Note:RISPOSTA DELLA CH

Yellow highlight | Location: 462

only fueled the fires of anticlericalism,
Note:REAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 463

accepted and accommodated Liberal rule,
Note:ESITO...LA CH ACCETTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 464

Conservatives were unwilling to reverse many Liberal reforms
Note:D ALTRONDE

Yellow highlight | Location: 465

Church generally received a greater degree of control over its internal affairs:
Note:IN CAMBIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 466

some
Da finire