12 Charity

12 Charity
Note:12@@@@@@@@@@

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If you notice a boy drowning in a shallow pond right in front of you, you have a moral obligation to try to rescue him.
Note:L OBBLIGO DI SINGER

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you have the exact same moral obligation to rescue children in developing countries who are dying of starvation,
Note:LA PARTE COMTROVERSA DI SINGER

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The fact that they aren’t dying right in your backyard isn’t justification
Note:IRRILEVANTE

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every time we take a vacation, buy an expensive car, or remodel the house, it’s morally equivalent to letting people die right in front of us.
Note:IMPLICAZIONE

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through college in America, you could instead save the lives of more than 50 children
Note:EQUIVALENZA

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everyday human hypocrisy
Note:COSA EVIDENZIA

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EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM

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In 2006, Holden Karnofsky and Elie Hassenfeld
Note:INIZIATORI DEL MOVIMENTO

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In financial terms, they were looking to maximize their return on investment (ROI)
Note:ANCHE QUANDO SI DONA...ROD RETURN OF DONATION

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Some simply sent glossy brochures with photos of smiling children
Note:LA RISPOSTA DELLE ONLUS

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(Take a moment to consider why a philanthropist might want to keep a “trade secret.”)
Note:LA DOMANDA

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in 2007, they decided to leave their jobs and start GiveWell,
Note:ALLA FINE

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The Against Malaria Foundation,
Note:CLASSIFICA DI GIVE WELL...1

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GiveDirectly,
Note:2

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The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative,
Note:3

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These are hardly the most popular or paradigmatic charities.
Note:MARAVIGLIA!!!!!

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United Way, Salvation Army, or Make-A-Wish Foundation, for example.
Note:MOLTO PIÙ GETTONATE

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ignore charities that try to effect more nebulous (political or cultural) changes.
Note:LA CRITICA A GW

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when we start to look at real-world altruism, helping people efficiently doesn’t seem to be our top priority.
Note:AMARA CONSTATAZIONE

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REAL-WORLD ALTRUISM
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Nine out of 10 of us donate to charity every year.
Note:USA...UN POPOLO GENEROSO

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donations amounted to more than $359 billion—roughly 2 percent of the country’s GDP.
Note:NEL 2014

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The striking thing about real-world altruism is how sharply it deviates from effective altruism.
Note:IL FATTO

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The main recipients of American charity are religious groups and educational institutions.
Note:BENEFICIARI

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no more than 13 percent11 of private American charity goes to helping those who seem to need it most: the global poor.
Note:13

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only 35 percent do research on any charitable gift in the course of a calendar year.
Note:L EFFICIENZA CONTA MA NN VIENE CONTROLLATA

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•Only 3 percent of donors do comparative research
Note:Cccccccccccccc

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“British people had donated over £1 billion to the Princess of Wales charity, long before the newly established charity had any idea what the donations
Note:DOPO LA MORTE DI DIANA

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One study, for example, asked participants how much they would agree to pay for nets that prevent migratory bird deaths. Some participants were told that the nets would save 2,000 birds annually, others were told 20,000 birds, and a final group was told 200,000 birds. But despite the 10- and 100-fold differences in projected impact, people in all three groups were willing to contribute the same amount.
Note:TIPICO

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scope neglect or scope insensitivity,
Note:BATTESIMO DEL BIAS

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People also prefer to “diversify” their donations, making many small donations rather than a few strategic large ones to the most useful charities.
Note:ALTRA PREFERENZA

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Giving $3,500 to the Against Malaria Foundation will save a whole human life, while the same amount divided across 100 different charities might go entirely to waste,

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IRRAZIONALE MA ANCHE DANNJOSO

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wealthy people often perform unskilled volunteer work (and are celebrated for it), even when their time is worth vastly more on the open market.
Note:ALTRO MISPLACEMENT

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“WARM GLOW” THEORY
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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Andreoni theorized, we do charity in part because of a selfish psychological motive: it makes us happy.
Note:TEORIE ALTERNATIVE

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Making automatic payments to a single charity may be more efficient at improving the lives of others, but the other strategy—giving more widely, opportunistically, and in smaller amounts—is more efficient at generating those warm fuzzy feelings.
Note:UN CONFRONTO...ARGOMENTO CHE SPIEGA LA DIVERSIFICAZIONE

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why it feels good when we donate to charity.
Note:RESTA UN GAP

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Visibility.
Note:FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA NOSTRA INCLINAZIONE A DARE...1

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Peer pressure.
Note:2

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Proximity.
Note:3

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Relatability. We give more when the people we help are identifiable (via faces and/or stories)
Note:4

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Mating motive.
Note:5

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VISIBILITY
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we give more when we’re being watched.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

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people donate significantly more when the solicitor makes eye contact
Note:SIAMO VISTI

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People also give more when the solicitor can see their donations,
Note:INOLTRE

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That’s why they commemorate donors with plaques,
Note:I FILANTROPI LO SANNO BENE

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Even blood donors typically walk away with a sticker that says, “I gave blood today.”
Note:ALTRO CASO

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Anonymous donation, for example, is extremely rare.
Note:L 1 PER CENTO

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“They were well known within their social circle . . . even though their names may not have been splashed across the newspapers.
Note:ANCHE GLI ANONIMI

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Not surprisingly, the vast majority of donations to such campaigns fall exactly at the lower end of each tier.
Note:DA 500 A 900 SOCIO... Da 1000 A 2000

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PEER PRESSURE
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First of all, solicitation works:
Note:ROMPERE LE BALLE

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up to 95 percent of all donations are given in response to a solicitation.
Note:Cccccccc

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In-person solicitations, like when someone comes to your door or passes the collection plate at church, work better than impersonal solicitations
Note:CONTATTO VISIVO

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Universities, for example, often solicit donations from alumni by having other alumni from the same class call them up.
Note:UN CASO

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PROXIMITY

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Remember the drowning boy in Peter Singer’s thought experiment?
Note:UN CLASSICO

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Jonathan Baron and Ewa Szymanska call this bias parochialism.
Note:STUDIOSI

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only an estimated 13 percent ($39 billion) went to help foreigners.
Note:DONAZIONO USA

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We treat close family better than friends, and friends better than strangers
Note:UN TRATTO INELIMINABILE

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RELATABILITY
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we’re much more likely to help someone we can identify—a specific individual with a name,
Note:IDENTIFICATI IDENTIFICATI I ROTAGONISTI...CON UNA STORIA ALLE SPALLE

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identifiable victim effect.
Note:BATTESIMO DEL FENOMENO

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“A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.”
Note:PAROLA DI STALN

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Liz’s story, perched beneath her bright, beaming smile, is chock-full of personal details.
Note:ADOZIONE A DISTANZA

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Contrast this with the Against Malaria Foundation. Although it saves hundreds of lives every year, it can’t offer names or faces of the people it helps, because it saves only statistical lives.
Note:VITE STATISTICHE

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there’s no single individual a donor can point to and say, “I saved this man’s life.”
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MATING MOTIVE
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the opportunity to impress potential mates.
Note:ALTRO FATTORE

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more likely to give money when the solicitor is an attractive member of the opposite sex.
Note:SPECIE GLI UOMINI

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psychologist Vladas Griskevicius
Note:SPERIMENTATORE SUL CAMPO

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APPEARANCES MATTER
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Griskevicius calls this phenomenon “blatant benevolence.” Patrick West calls it “conspicuous compassion.
Note:LA NS GENEROSITÀ

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charity is an advertisement, a way of showing off.
Note:IN ALTRE PAROLE

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“Take egotism out,” said Ralph Waldo Emerson, “and you would castrate the benefactors.”
Note:LA MASSIMA

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To donate with credit in mind hardly seems like charity at all.
Note:RIMOZINE

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one of our primary audiences is potential mates.
Note:MA CHI VOGLIAMO IMPRESSIONARE?

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Stinginess isn’t sexy.
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Women actively celebrate the generosity of Princess Diana and Mother Teresa,
Note:OBIEZIONE

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women who have gone through menopause (and therefore have no mating incentive) are as generous as any other
Note:ALTRA OB

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even when they’re happily married with no chance of having further children.

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charity serves to impress not just potential mates, but also social and political gatekeepers.
Note:INFATTI

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“Why does charity make us attractive to mates, teammates, and social gatekeepers?”
Note:ALTRA DOMANDA

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The most obvious thing we advertise is wealth, or in the case of volunteer work, spare time.
Note:COSA OSTENTIAMO?

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Those who are struggling to survive don’t make ideal allies.
Note:XCHÈ

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Charity also helps us advertise our prosocial orientation, that is, the degree to which we’re aligned with others.
Note:ALTRO BENE

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This helps explain why generosity is so important for those who aspire to leadership.
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This is one of the reasons we’re biased toward local rather than global charities.
Note:POLITICA E POTERE

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advertise our prosocial orientation helps explain why, as a general rule, we do so little original research to determine where to donate.
Note:ALTRO MISTERO CHE CADE

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in order to signal how prosocial we are, we need to donate to charities that are publicly known to be worthy.
Note:COSA CI INTERESSA VERAMENTE

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There’s one final quality that charity allows us to advertise: the spontaneous, almost involuntary concern for the welfare of others.
Note:ALTRO PROSCIUTTO IN VETRINA

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“See how easily I’m moved to help others? When people near me are suffering, I can’t help wanting to make their situation better; it’s just who I am.”
Note:COSA STIAMO DICENDO

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it means you’ll make a great ally.

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spontaneous giving demonstrates how little choice we have in the matter, how it’s simply part of our character
Note:ESSENZIALE LA SPONTANEITÀ X PUBBLICIZZARE IL NS CARATTERE

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This also helps explain why we respond to individual faces and stories more than we respond to dry statistics,
Note:LA SPONTANEITÀ SPIEGA TANTO

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Paul Bloom,
Note:STUDIOSO DI EMPATIA

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“The mark of a civilized man is the capacity to read a column of numbers and weep,”
Note:BERTRAND RUSSELL

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MISSING FORMS OF CHARITY
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giving to people in the far future.
Note:ATTIVITÀ NEGLETTA

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Instead of donating money now, we might put it in a trust and let the magic of compound interest work for 50 or 500 years,
Note:CONTENUTO

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These have been called “Methuselah trusts,” the most famous of which were set up by Benjamin Franklin.
Note:BATTESIMO

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he gave two gifts of ₤1,000 each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, and he instructed the funds to be invested for 100 years before being used to sponsor apprenticeships for local children.
Note:BF

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helping people in the far future doesn’t showcase our empathy
Note:PURTROPPO

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“marginal charity.”65 Here the idea is to nudge our personal decisions just slightly (marginally) in the direction that’s beneficial to others.
Note:CARITÀ INVISIBILE

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if the developer built 11 stories instead of 10, it would reduce their profit by only a tiny amount, but it would add a bunch of new apartments to the neighborhood.
Note:ESEMPIO

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there’s no way to demonstrate to others that you’ve engaged in an act of marginal charity;
Note:L INCONVENIENTE IN QS CASI

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WRAPPING UP
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11 Art

11 Art
Note:11@@@@@@@@@@

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painting cave

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between 15,000 and 35,000 years ago.

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earliest rock art appeared some 40,000 years ago.
Note:INDONESIA

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in South Africa, red ocher engravings
Note:100000

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the use of red ocher as body paint

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Art is also a human universal.4 Every human culture on the planet

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painting, styling their hair, adorning their bodies, decorating their living spaces,

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It’s a costly behavior, both in time and energy,5 but at the same time it’s impractical
Note:DILEMMA

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What Is Art?
Note:LASCIAMO PERDERE

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“essentially contested

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why people make and enjoy art
Note:IL NS PROBL

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“made special,”

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for human attention and enjoyment.

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while ecological selection (the pressure to survive) abhors waste, sexual selection often favors it.
Note:UNA BUONA DFINIZIONE

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we prefer mates who can afford to waste

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survival surplus—health,

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Adaptation or Evolutionary Byproduct?

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bipedalism is an adaptation:

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Our ability to read,
Note:COLLATERALE

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contributing to our biological fitness.
Note:ARTE COME ADATTAMENTO

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Steven Pinker,

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pleasurable but not particularly useful.

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it’s a human universal:
Note:ARG X L ADATTIVITÀ

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art is costly:
Note:SECONDO

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Finally, art is old enough, in evolutionary terms, for selection
Note:TERZO

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PARABLE OF THE BOWERBIRD
Note:tttttttttt

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The male illustrates the virtue of the handicap principle.
Note:HANDICAP...PRODUTTORE...DIVISIONE NEI RUOLI

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Female bowerbirds, in turn, illustrate the importance of discernment in evaluating
Note:CONSUMATRICE

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shop around,

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If a satin bowerbird population happens to live in a forest with an abundance of blue-colored objects, even a relatively unfit male might be able to muster a display that would be impressive in a blue-scarce environment.
Note:ESEMPIO DI DISCERNIMENTO

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ART IN HUMANS
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in our species, males don’t have a monopoly on making art—nor do females have a monopoly on enjoying it.
Note:DIFFERENZA

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males invest a lot in their offspring and, consequently, need to be choosy about their mates.
Note:LA COSA HA SENSO

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is more than just a courtship display,
Note:BIGGER DIFF

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artist’s health, energy, vigor, coordination, and overall fitness.

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Scheherazade uses her artful storytelling to stave off execution
Note:ESEMPIO DI USO ALTERNATIVO

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Intimidating rivals
Note:ALTRA FUNZIONE

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gangs tag walls to mark their territory)

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use wit to humiliate hecklers).
Note:A TEATRO

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many reasons for wanting to impress
Note:UNO STRUMENTO CHE IMPRESSIONA...CAPACITÀ

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human artists don’t need to be conscious

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important isn’t whether we’re aware that we’re using art as a fitness display, but rather the fact that art works as a fitness display.
Note:DISCLAIMER

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portraying beauty and inducing pleasure.
Note:GENERAL WINDSOM UNO

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self-expression or communicating
Note:DUE

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These functions aren’t mutually exclusive, nor are they incompatible with the fitness display theory.

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COMPATIBILI

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“showing off” is one of the important motives
Note:UNO DEI TANTI

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our artistic instincts have been shaped substantially by this motive.
Note:L ISTINTO

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Intrinsic properties

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perceptual properties.
Note:INTRINSECO

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everything visible on the canvas:
Note:ESEMPIO

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Extrinsic properties,

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the consumer can’t perceive directly

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who the artist is,

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how many hours it took,

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how expensive the materials

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whether the artist copied the painting from a photograph. This is an extrinsic property

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conventional view locates the vast majority of art’s value in its intrinsic properties,

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Beauty, for example, is typically understood as an experience that arises from the artwork itself.
Note:BELLEZZA...INTRINSECA

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in the fitness-display theory, extrinsic properties are crucial

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art is largely a statement about the artist, a proof of his or her virtuosity.

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it’s often the extrinsic properties that make the difference
Note:LEGGI IL GIORNALE CHE PARLA D ARTE... IL TRIONFO DELL ESTRINSECO

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If a work of art is physically (intrinsically) beautiful, but was made too easily (like if a painting was copied from a photograph), we’re likely to judge it as much less valuable than a similar work that required greater skill to produce.
Note:ESEMPIO MUSICA ROBOTICA... COPIA DI UN DIPINTO

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consumers appreciate the same artwork less when they’re told it was made by multiple artists
Note:ESEMPIO

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how much effort went into it,

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replica museums don’t exist, and the idea strikes us as a bit silly
Note:REPLICA

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replicas strongly suggests that we often use art as something other than a trigger for sensory or intellectual experiences.
Note:TESI

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Mona Lisa,

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80 percent of them said they’d prefer to see the ashes of the original rather than an indistinguishable replica.
Note:LE CENERI DELLA MONNALISA

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THE IMPORTANCE OF EXTRINSIC PROPERTIES
Note:ttttttttt

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it might actually be a seashell. Did she just pick it up off the beach, or did she somehow make it herself?
Note:ESEMPIO DELL ESTRINSECO: ...LA SCULTURA CONCHIGLIOSA ERA UNA CONCHIGLIA

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This question is now absolutely central to your appreciation

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thing on the pedestal is clearly pleasing to the eye. But its value as art hinges entirely on the artist’s technique. If she found it on the beach: meh.

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is endemic to our experience of art.
Note:È NEL NOSTRO ISTINTO: LA BELLEZZA È SECONDARIA... UN PORTATO DELLA CIVILTÀ... L ESIBIZIONISMO È TUTTO

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we care about more than the perceptual experience

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Consider our emphasis on originality in works of art. We prize originality and spurn works that are too derivative,
Note:COPIARE UN TESTO

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our concern for using art to evaluate the artist.
Note:NN CI INTERESSA L ARTE MA L ARTISTA

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“We find attractive,” says Miller, “those things that could have been produced only by people with attractive, high-fitness qualities such as health, energy, endurance, hand–eye coordination, fine motor control, intelligence, creativity,
Note:SOLO L ARTE CHE SEGNALA GRANDI DOTI

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using techniques that are more difficult or demanding, but which don’t improve the intrinsic properties
Note:LA RISPOSTA DELL ARTISTA

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to demonstrate their fitness by making something that lower-fitness competitors could not make,
Note:IMPORTANTE

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continue to relish live performances,
Note:LIVE E STUDIO... GLI AGGIUSTAMENTI... IL PHOTOSHOP

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performing live is a handicap.

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(e.g., lip synching is anathema)

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improvised

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the appeal of constraints in a given art form.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO: IL GENERE

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to patch up their mistakes with putty or glue.
Note:LO SCULTORE NN SI CORREGGE

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We enjoy art not in spite of the constraints that artists hold themselves to, but because those constraints
Note:FORMA E GENERI

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WHEN EXTRINSIC FACTORS CHANGE
Note:tttttttttt

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lobster was literally low-class food,
Note:L ARAGOSTA

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harsh penal environment

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how plentiful lobsters were in old New England.
Note:RAGIONE

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now it’s considered a delicacy,
Note:OGGI È PRELIBATA... PERCHÈ RARA

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aesthetic shift

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skin color

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suntanned skin was disdained as the mark of a low-status laborer.
Note:PRIMA

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only the wealthy could afford to lay around soaking in the

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sun.35
Note:OGGI

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consumers unequivocally valued technical perfection
Note:PRIMA DELLA RIVOL IND... QUANDO TUTTO ERA FATTO A MANO

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prized for their realism,
Note:SCULTURE

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demonstrated the artist’s virtuosity
Note:REALISMO

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A vase, for example, could now be made smoother and more symmetric than ever before—but that very perfection became the mark of cheap, mass-produced goods.
Note:OGGI

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because of their imperfections.
Note:L APPREZZAMENTO

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two spoons: an expensive, handmade silver spoon and a factory-made spoon cast from cheap aluminum.
Note:PARADOSSO DEL CUCCHIAIO

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consumers vastly prefer the silver spoon

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silver is more beautiful than aluminum?

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imagine showing the spoons to an untrained forager from the Amazonian forests,

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aluminum spoon is made to a more exacting standard,

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After attending to all the perceptual qualities of the two spoons, the forager might easily prefer the aluminum one.
Note:LA PREFERENZA PIÙ NATURALE

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The key facts, so relevant to modern consumers, are entirely extrinsic to the spoons. We know that aluminum is common and cheap,
Note:ESTRINS

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factory-made goods are available to everyone, while only the wealthy

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Painters could no longer hope to impress viewers
Note:DOPO LA FOTOGRAFIA

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impressionism, cubism, expressionism, surrealism, abstraction.
Note:NUOVI GENERI NVENTATI

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authenticity
Note:PIÚ IMP

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representational
Note:MENO IMP

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easier, but more precise, new techniques.
Note:ELEMENTO SPIAZZANTE

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digital cameras and photo-editing software.

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electronic synthesizers and pitch correction.

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Whenever we prefer things made “the old-fashioned way”—handwritten instead of printed, homemade instead of store-bought, live instead of prerecorded—we’re choosing to celebrate the skill and effort of an artist over the intrinsically superior results

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Roman Mars

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architectural movement characterized by its use of concrete.
Note:BRUTALISM...MODERNOSMO ESTREMO.CEMENTO

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intrinsically cold, inhuman,
Note:GIUDIZIO POPOLARE

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requires a great deal of skill and finesse

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Every little detail has to be calculated out in advance,

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there’s no going back to make
Note:UNA VOLTA CHE IL CEMENTO SI VERSA

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WHY ART IS IMPRACTICAL
Note:tttttttttr

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however exquisite the knife’s craftsmanship, however pleasing it is to the senses, it doesn’t qualify as “art”
Note:UN COLTELLO PERFETTO...XCHÈ NN È ARTE?

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fitness-display theory explains why.

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advertise our survival surplus
Note:SCOPO DELL ARTE

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By distilling time and effort into something non-functional, an artist effectively says, “I’m so confident in my survival that I can afford to waste time and energy.”
Note:I MESSAGGIO

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waste is important.
Note:LO SPRECO È TUTTO IN CHI PUNTA SULL ISTINTO

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Consider the difference between clothing, which is a necessity, and fashion, which is a luxury.
Note:MODA E ABBIGLIAMENTO... TITTO BEN VISOBILE

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High heels,

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TACCHI

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awkward for walking and brutal on the feet—which

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“I care about fashion.”

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Neckties

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cotton or denim,
Note:QUEL CHE DURA È BRITTO

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silk, lace, or wool.

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polyester?

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Food—as an art form—also needs to distinguish
Note:CIBO

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more than mere nourishment

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Haute cuisine

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artful arrangement

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None of these especially improves the taste,

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DISCERNMENT

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discernment—the skill of the savvy consumer
Note:CRITICO

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“Which way is high status?”
Note:LA DOMANDA DELL ANIMALE

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Like the female bowerbird,

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consume a lot of art
Note:COME CHI CERCA MAROTO

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common

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rare

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An untrained ear can’t appreciate the genius of Bach.

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feel the pea beneath 20 mattresses

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We spend an incredible amount of our leisure time refining our critical faculties
Note:ANCHE DISCERNERE È UN ARTE

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We’re eager to evaluate art, reflect on it, criticize it, calibrate our criticisms

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We don’t want others to know that we’re inept at telling good art from bad,

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we evaluate each other not only for our first-order skills, but for our skills at evaluating the skills of others.

COME NEL 1972 PETER SINGER SCONVOLSE IL MONDO DELL’ETICA

PETER SINGER E' PERICOLOSO?

Di certo è stimolante ma potrebbe essere anche una mina vagante. Peter Singer è un filosofo utilitarista coerente. L'utilitarismo, se seguito in modo coerente, giunge a conclusioni dubbie se non inquietanti. Per esempio, ci chiede di donare tutto il superfluo ai poveri, un po' come fece Francesco, senonché considera questo un dovere che autorizza pratiche coercitive. Inoltre, ci chiede di sacrificare una persona, prelevarne cuore, fegato, reni per salvare la vita ad altre 4 persone: una vita vale meno di quattro vite, e per un utilitarista questo è decisivo. Tuttavia, Peter Singer, pur non rinnegando tutto cio', sostiene a chiare lettere che politiche del genere non vadano dichiarate esplicitamente perché, al momento, spaventerebbero la "persona comune". Sostiene cioè un "utilitarismo esoterico". Ora avete qualche elemento in più per rispondere alla domanda di cui al titolo: Peter Singer è un filosofo pericoloso?

******

COME NEL 1972 PETER SINGER SCONVOLSE IL MONDO DELL’ETICA
Con una semplice osservazione: “Se noti un ragazzo che affoga in uno stagno poco profondo di fronte a te, hai l'obbligo morale di cercare di salvarlo”.
Fin qui tutti d’accordo. Ma proseguiva: “… hai lo stesso identico obbligo morale di salvare i bambini che stanno morendo di fame nei paesi poveri, almeno finché la cosa non implica da parte tua uno sforzo maggiore”.
Il fatto che un bambino stia morendo nel nostro cortile o in Malawi non cambia le cose.
Ogni volta che fai una vacanza, compri un’auto o ristrutturi casa, stai lasciando affogare una massa di bambini nel laghetto di fronte a casa tua.
E’ stato calcolato che rinunciare all’università puo’ consentirti di salvare 50 vite di bambini.

Eppure, nessuno di noi sembra curarsi di questa cosa? Perché?

EFFETTO COLLATERALE

EFFETTO COLLATERALE
La “teoria  del segnale” non si presenta come molto plausibile. Sentite cosa sostiene in estrema sintesi.
I politici non si occupano di politica.
I docenti non si occupano di scuola.
Gli artisti non si occupano d’arte.
I grandi cuochi non si occupano di cucina.
I moralisti non si occupano di morale.
Gli ideologhi non si occupano di ideologia.
I media non si occupano di comunicazione.
I dottori non si occupano d medicina.
Gli speculatori non si occupano di rischio.
Gli scienziati non si occupano di scienza.
Chi dice la sua non si occupa della sua opinione.
I profeti non si occupano del futuro.
Gli amanti non si occupano d’amore.
Il consumatore non si occupa dei suoi consumi.
I buoni non si occupano di bontà.
…
Nessuno si occupa di cio’ di cui si occupa.
Politica, scienza, scuola, arte, cucina, morale, ideologia, comunicazione, medicina, rischio, opinioni, amore, consumi, bontà… non sono altro che EFFETTI COLLATERALI.
Noi ci occupiamo solo di chi siamo, di chi vogliamo essere e di come pubblicizzare chi siamo o cosa vogliamo essere.

Nonostante le apparenze la “teoria del segnale” è una discreta teoria, si coniuga bene con l’evoluzionismo, il che non è poco. Affiancata dalla teoria economica spiega quasi tutto in modo convincente.

Perché il problema della fake non deve sorprendere?

As we discuss in our book The Elephant in the Brain, the main function of news in our lives may be to offer “topics in fashion” that we each can all riff on in our local conversations, to show off our mental backpacks of tools and resources

PERCHE’ PAPA FRANCESCO PIACE TANTO AGLI ATEI?

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

PERCHE’ PAPA FRANCESCO PIACE TANTO AGLI ATEI?
Probabilmente perché riconoscono in lui un ateo. Io stesso, lo ammetto, scommetterei sul suo ateismo, a questa conclusione mi spinge proprio l’ascolto attento dell’ateo illuminato: per lui la religione ha ben poco a che fare con la credenza e Francesco rinforzerebbe questa sua visione. Ma per un cattolico chi non crede deve essere per forza di cose definito ateo o al più meta-ateo.

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La religione per gli atei

Al fine di chiarire come ci vedono gli atei (almeno quelli che più rispetto) rispolvero gli appunti presi nel corso della lettura di “The Elephant in the Brain: Hidden Motives in Everyday Life” scr…

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