spreading_the_wealth_around greg mankiw
riccardo-mariani@libero.it
Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2017). spreading_the_wealth_around greg mankiw [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 3
Spreading the Wealth Around: Reflections Inspired by Joe the Plumber N. Gregory Mankiw
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 5
essay discusses the policy debate concerning optimal taxation
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 6
It then considers the normative question of how the tax system should be designed.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 7
conventional utilitarian framework is found to be wanting,
Segnalibro - Posizione 28
Segnalibro - Posizione 55
Segnalibro - Posizione 78
Segnalibro - Posizione 116
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 116
What can economists contribute to the policy debate over inequality and the distribution of the tax burden?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 117
One plausible answer is, not much.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 118
is really a question only for political philosophers.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 119
tradeoff between efficiency and equality
Nota - Posizione 119
L UNICA COSA MISURABILE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 120
we, as economists, must be agnostic.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 120
The academic literature on optimal taxation, however, takes a different tack.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 121
work in this area adopts a particular philosophical 291 perspective— utilitarianism [see, e.g., Mirrlees 1971].
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 123
society should choose a tax-and-transfer policy to maximize the sum of utility over all individuals
Nota - Posizione 123
ASSUNTO UTILITARISTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 124
utilitarians and economists share an intellectual tradition.
Nota - Posizione 125
FILOSOFIA FACILE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 125
John Stuart Mill, were also among the early economists.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 127
utilitarian political philosophy allows economists to use the tools of analysis
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 128
Nonetheless, the utilitarian approach is fraught with several problems.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 129
interpersonal comparability of utility.
Nota - Posizione 129
PROBLEMA 1
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 131
Undergraduate philosophy courses are filled with hypothetical examples to test the limits
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 132
trolley tracks,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 137
I am wary of hypothetical examples so far outside of any actual experience.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 138
the facts of the case are too outlandish
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 140
UTILITARIANISM ON A GLOBAL SCALE
Nota - Posizione 140
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 141
Imagine a candidate for president campaigned on a platform of imposing a one-third tax on the average American’s income and transferring the entire proceeds of the tax to poor nations around the world. Would you be inclined to support this candidate? I am confident that most voters would not.
Nota - Posizione 142
x ALTRO ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 146
But if we were truly utilitarian in our policy design, why not?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 149
utilitarianism as a theory of justice provides no reason to give a special role to national boundaries.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 153
THE OPTIMAL TAXATION OF HEIGHT
Nota - Posizione 153
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 153
another example
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 155
Francis Y. Edgeworth
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 156
equalize the marginal utility of all members of society;
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 158
William S. Vickrey [1945] and James A. Mirrlees [1971] emphasized a key practical difficulty with Edgeworth’s solution.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 159
government cannot observe innate productivity.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 161
Vickrey– Mirrlees approach to optimal nonlinear taxation is now standard
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 162
income was the only piece of data the government could observe
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 167
according to the theory of optimal taxation, any exogenous variable correlated with productivity should be a useful indicator for determining an individual’s optimal tax liability.
Nota - Posizione 168
x TEORIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 170
The empirical leg is that a person’s height is strongly correlated with his or her income.
Nota - Posizione 171
x PRATICA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 171
Anne Case and Christina Paxson [2008]
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 179
Many people, however, will not quickly embrace the idea
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 180
people either recoil or express amusement.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 182
JUST DESERTS
Nota - Posizione 182
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 186
our moral intuitions are not, fundamentally, utilitarian.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 187
Robert Nozick
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 188
We are not in the position of children who have been given portions of pie by someone who now makes last minute adjustments to rectify careless cutting. There is no central distribution, no person or group entitled to control all the resources, jointly deciding how they are to be doled out. What each person gets, he gets from others who give to him in exchange for something, or as a gift. In a free society, diverse persons control different resources, and new holdings arise out of the voluntary exchanges and actions of persons.
Nota - Posizione 191
x NOZICK
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 192
it is hard to see much influence of this philosophical perspective
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 193
viable alternative to utilitarianism is far from obvious.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 195
People should get what they deserve.
Nota - Posizione 195
PRINCIPIO ALTERNATIVO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 195
A person who contributes more to society deserves a higher income
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 196
Society permits him that higher income not just to incentivize him,
Nota - Posizione 196
INCENTIVI E MERITI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 197
This perspective is, I believe, what Robert Nozick, Milton Friedman, and other classically liberal writers have in mind.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 199
My sense is that people are rarely outraged when high incomes go to those who obviously earned them.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 199
Steven Spielberg make blockbuster movies, Steve Jobs introduce the iPod, David Letterman crack funny jokes, and J.K Rowling excite countless young readers with her Harry Potter books, we don’t object to the many millions of dollars they earn in the process.
Nota - Posizione 201
x MILIARDARI CHE VNN SCANDALIZZANO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 204
focus not on the marginal utility of different individuals but on the congruence between their contributions and their compensation.
Nota - Posizione 205
NUOVO FUOCO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 206
normative interpretation of the equilibrium
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 211
consider an exchange economy.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 219
OPTIMAL TAXATION REVISITED
Nota - Posizione 219
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 224
Pigovian taxation fits naturally into the Just Deserts Theory.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 224
If a person earns income in part by imposing negative externalities on bystanders, there is little doubt that he is getting more than he contributed.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 230
Next, there is the issue of public goods, such as national defense, police, and the court system.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 231
these public goods should be paid for by those people who benefit most from them.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 236
What about transfer payments to the poor?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 237
antipoverty programs are a type of public good.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 238
That is, under this view, the government provides for the poor not simply because their marginal utility is high but because we have interdependent utility functions.
Nota - Posizione 239
x PERCHÈ AIUTARE I POVERI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 242
care more about their own neighbors than they do about the poor abroad.