Visualizzazione post con etichetta gregory clark the son also. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta gregory clark the son also. Mostra tutti i post

martedì 7 febbraio 2023

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sabato 9 febbraio 2019

I NEO-MATHUSIANI

Trigger warning: astenersi persone sensibili e disprassiche, la lettura potrebbe procurare turbamenti, irritazioni ed eczemi.

I NEO-MATHUSIANI

Ho passato la mia vita di lettore a gongolare per l’epocale sconfitta di Malthus, ma con i neo-malthusiani la storia cambia, occorre ricominciare da capo. Sfogliavo in treno alcuni di questi autori (non faccio nomi), sono piuttosto sgradevoli nel loro cinismo ma l'impianto di fondo tiene, soprattutto quando criticano il welfare state moderno.

Tanto per schematizzare il pensiero neo-malthusiano, ammettiamo che la popolazione possa essere distinta in due macro categorie: “imbranati” e “brillanti”, con questi ultimi più adatti nel procacciare risorse per sé e per la loro prole.

Ora, stando alla logica evoluzionista esistono due strategie riproduttive: massimizzare i figli (S1) e massimizzare i nipoti (S2). In S1 dirigiamo il grosso delle nostre energie nel fare figli (… come conigli), in S2 nel loro mantenimento affinché possano a loro volta fare figli. Tutti fanno entrambe le cose, sia chiaro, ma c’è chi punta più sulla prima fase e chi più sulla seconda. E’ chiaro che farai meno figli se poi devi impegnarti nel mantenerli come si deve, è altrettanto chiaro che ne farai molti se più o meno consapevolmente hai già deciso di trascurarli e lasciarli al loro destino.

Guardiamo per un attimo agli individui: chi opterà per S1? Gli “imbranati”, mi sembra logico: sarebbe uno spreco investire troppo sui loro punti deboli. E chi opterà invece su S2? I “brillanti”, mi sembra logico: è oculato investire sui loro punti di forza.

Guardiamo ora all’ambiente in cui sono immersi gli individui: quando si opterà per S1? Nei periodi di abbondanza, mi sembra logico: inutile investire troppo nel procacciarsi risorse facilmente accessibili a tutti. E quando si opterà per S2? In tempi di vacche magre: inutile fare tanti figli se sai già che non sopravvivranno.

Ora capite perché i neo-malthusiani criticano tanto il welfare state? La cosa non potrebbe essere più chiara: il welfare crea abbondanza per gli “imbranati”, S1 diventa la strategia vincente e ben presto gli “imbranati” avranno il sopravvento, ma una comunità di "imbranati" è destinata al declino. I dati sembrano confermare: con l’avvento del welfare moderno la parte “peggiore” della popolazione fa più figli.

domenica 13 gennaio 2019

I FATTI, I FATTI, I FATTI…

I FATTI, I FATTI, I FATTI…

C’è chi vive nel mito dei fatti.

I fatti il più delle volte non ci dicono un bel niente. Prendete questo: le famiglie più ricche di Firenze oggi sono le stesse che primeggiavano nel 1427. Lo dice un’analisi sui cognomi.

Come interpretare “il fatto”?

1) L’avvento della meritocrazia è solo apparente: il sistema dei privilegi è forte oggi come ieri.

2) L’avvento della meritocrazia è solo apparente: il merito si eredita ed esisteva ieri non meno di oggi.

Due posizioni antitetiche perfettamente in linea con i fatti.

P.S. Io preferisco la seconda.

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venerdì 9 febbraio 2018

TWELVE The Law of Social Mobility and Family Dynamics

TWELVE The Law of Social Mobility and Family Dynamics
Note:12@@@@@@@@@@

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xt + 1 = bxt + et
Note:LEGGE FISSA INDIPENDENTE DALLA STRDUTTURA SOCIALE

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xt is the underlying social status of a family in generation t, et is a random component, and b is in the region 0.7–0.8.
Note:LEGGENDA

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surprising predictions
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move toward the mean
Note:REGRESSIONE ALKA MEDIACIÒ NN SIGNIFICA CHE LA MEDIA S INGROSSA... INFATTI POICHÈ I GRUPPI PIÙ VICINI ALL MEDIA SONO PIÙ NUMEROSI ROCEVONO MENO DI QIEL CHE DANNO AI GRUPPI ESTREMI....

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we can infer the average history of the rich and poor
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Biographies of Charles Dickens,
Note:ANOMALIA...DALLE STELLE ALLE STALKE

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biographers of Andrew Carnegie
Note:ANOMALIA

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The elite of any generation typically come from families only modestly less elite.
Note:LA NORMA

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how long it takes an existing elite to regress to the mean
Note:MISURA UNO

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how long it took them to depart from the mean and attain their current position.
Note:MISURA DUE

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You can transform a society, but you do not change the slow march of social mobility.
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Educational Mobility
Note:Tttttttttt

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the apparent stability of status
Note:RISULTATO

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the very deep roots of elites at any given time.
Note:SECONDO

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A Tale of Two Pepyses
Ttttttttttt

Formula del dinamismo sociale

x(t + 1) = bx(t) + e(t)
Ecco la legge della mobilità sociale. E' fissa e indipendente rispetto alla struttura sociale, la si riscontra in ogni periodo storico.
X(t) rappresenta lo status sociale di una famiglia al tempo t.
e(t) è un fattore random.
b è un coefficiente che varia da 0.7 a 0.8.
Il movimento sociale si presenta come una regressione verso la media.
La classica biografia del soggetto che compie una scalata dalle stalle alle stelle o che precipita dalle stelle alle stalle è un' anomalia. Comunemente i soggetti di grande successo vengono da famiglie di moderato successo ed i soggetti che toccano il fondo vengono da famiglie già in difficoltà.

L'ascensore guasto

L'ascensore sociale non funziona meglio oggi di ieri. Chi punta al successo venendo dal basso non ha più chance al tempo della Silicon Valley che al tempo delle monarchie assolute e delle aristocrazie. Lo si evince da una semplice analisi sulla dinamica dei cognomi delle élites.
#Amazon

sabato 27 agosto 2016

The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility by Gregory Clark

The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility (The Princeton Economic History of the Western World) by Gregory Clark
You have 67 highlighted passages
You have 53 notes
Last annotated on August 27, 2016
PREFACERead more at location 72
Note: GC ha sempre disprezzato il concetto di classe. il capitalismo lo superava. nn è così... la mob soc è facilmente prevedibile anche nelle sovietà capitaliste tesi libro precedente: l elite inglese era la più prolifica. lo studio della dinamica dei cognomi confrrma PRE@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Edit
A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. It tries to show that extraordinarily simple models of social mobility can successfully predict outcomes across a whole range of societies and institutions.Read more at location 77
Note: ES DI NESSO SOCIAL MOBILITI E OUTCOME Edit
The original intent of the project was just to extend conventional mobility estimates from the modern world into the distant past in countries like England and India.Read more at location 93
Note: SCOPO DEL LAVORO Edit
Only when confronted with evidence of the persistence of status over five hundred years that was too glaring to ignore was I forced to abandon my cheery assurance that one of the joys of the capitalist economy was its pervasive and rapid social mobility.Read more at location 95
Note: CAMBIO DI IDEA Edit
Having for years poured scorn on my colleagues in sociology for their obsessions with such illusory categories as class, I now had evidence that individuals’ life chances were predictable not just from the status of their parents but from that of their great-great-great grandparents. Indeed there seems to be an inescapable inherited substrate,Read more at location 97
Note: PREVEDIBILITÀ Edit
This whole project was actually sparked by a suggestion of Nicholas Wade, a science writer for the New York Times, that surnames could be used to test a hypothesis from the earlier book, of higher reproductive success among upper social classes in preindustrial England. I am happy to report that they confirm that hypothesis.Read more at location 109
Note: COGNOMI Edit
Mishka’s Café, Davis, October 2013 THE SON ALSO RISES ONE IntroductionRead more at location 143
Note: scommettere sul futuro dei ragaazzi. è così difficile? come giustificare le diseguaglianze? centralità del concetto di MS la misura di ms risultati apparenti: +dieguaglianza- mobilità. la famiglia conta poco. c è una mobilità buona e una cattiva. ms cattiva: 1 casuale: se vinco alla lotteria mi arricchisco ma senza merito x le istituzioni 2 volontaria: san francesco sceglie la povertà ma la sua ms all in giù non rispecchia certo istituzioni meritorie che puniscono i pigri tesi: le misurazioni convenzionali esprimono per lo più ms cattiva difetto degli studi convenzionali: si concentrano sul singolo e su un singolo aspetto dello status restando in balia del caso: 1 fortuna 2 scelte di trade off (sono di famiglia ricca e studio filosofia da mantenuti penso a wittgenstein)... esempio: bill gates è un drop out se misurassimo lo status in termini di education dovremmo registrare una mobilità verso il basso. come rimediare. o si considerano tutti gli indicatori di status (cosa difficile e soggettiva) o ci si limita a quelli certi allargando l analisi alla famiglia. e infatti i fratelli di gates laureati a pieni voti neutralizzano la sua bizzarria le stime convenzionali si concentrano sul fenotipo mentre la stima sui cognomi cattura anche gli influssi del genotipo come neutralizzare il caso? lavorsndo sul lungo xiodo e sulla famiglia... x es. studiando i cognomi lo studio dei cognomi ci dice invece che la ms nella storia è bassa. magari è continua e in grado alla lunga di produrre effetti sostanziali... xò resta bassa l istruzione pubblica e la lotta al nepotismo non hanno migliorato la situazione il welfare non ha migliorato la situazione l emancipazione della donna nn ha inciso su ms: ci si accoppia con gli stessi criteri di prima una triste notizia: mentre ieri ms era all ingiù, oggi è all in su xchè lo studio dei cognomi è migliore: è l unico intergenerazionale... è meno soggetto al caso che invece predomina x gli individui... tiene conto del genotipo oltre che del fenotipo spiegazione dei risultati: genetica... istituzioni conservatrici domande chiave x comprendere la componente genetica: c è più mobilità nei gruppi aperti? gli adottati? le famiglie numerose vs i figli unici? regresso alla media (tipico dei processi casuali) implicazioni della spiega genetica: 1 il talento conta + dei privilegi 2 investire sui figli nn paga 3 investire sui poveri nn paga 4 l unica politica efficiente è quella che facilita i matrimoni misti 5 i costi di redistribuzione sono bassi imho: 5 nn mi convince. senza incentivi nn si impegna né l élite né la massa. risultato: mobilità invariata rispetto a quella che ci sarebbe coi giusti incentivi ma risultati complessivi inferiori. 1@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@ Edit
GOVAN,Read more at location 145
GlaswegianRead more at location 148
To what extent would their fortunes have changed had they been raised in Govan?Read more at location 149
Note: NASCERE IN UN POSTO DIVERSO Edit
How can we justify the inequalities of income, wealth, health, and longevity so characteristic of the capitalist economy unless any citizen, with sufficient courage and application, has a chance of attaining the grand prizes?Read more at location 152
Note: GIUSTIFICARE LA DISEGUAGLIANZA Edit
A convenient summary measure we can use for intergenerational mobility is the correlation of the income, wealth, education, occupational status, and even longevity, of parents and children.Read more at location 155
Note: LA MISURA FONVENZIONALE Edit
regression to the meanRead more at location 165
persistence rate of characteristics.Read more at location 167
The intergenerational correlation can be interpreted as a measure of social entropy. The lower this correlation, the greater the degree of social entropy,Read more at location 168
Note: ENTRPIA Edit
Regression to the mean appears very strong, and human societies seemingly display a high degree of entropy in their social structure.Read more at location 183
Note: ALTA ENTROPIA Edit
On the conventional picture of social mobility rates, the lower mobility rates observed in countries such as Britain or the United States represent a social failure. The life chances of the descendants of high- and low-status ancestors can be equalized at low social cost.Read more at location 200
Note: FALLIMENTO USA Edit
The association in figures 1.3 and 1.4 of greater social mobility rates in higher-income societies also suggests that one of the gains of the Industrial Revolution has been an increase in social mobility rates.Read more at location 209
Note: RIVOLUXIONE IND Edit
Again under conventional mobility estimates, genetic transmission of talent must be unimportant in the determination of social success. Nurture dominates nature.Read more at location 213
Note: DOMINA L AMBIENTE Edit
The very low correlations observed in Nordic countries imply that the importance of families and inheritance in determining socioeconomic success must be purely a feature of the social institutions of societies.Read more at location 216
Note: SCANDINAVIA Edit
These conclusions from conventional scholarly estimates of social mobility rates, however, sit poorly with popular perceptions of social mobility.Read more at location 218
Note: PERCEZIONE Edit
If the standard mobility estimates are correct, the chance that a family like this could maintain a high social status over seventeen generations is vanishingly small.Read more at location 229
Note: SAGHE FAMILIARI Edit
Pepys is not the only rare surname to maintain a surprising presence and persistence at the upper reaches of English society.Read more at location 233
Note: SEMPRE GI STESSI Edit
Using surnames to track the rich and poor through many generations in various societies—England, the United States, Sweden, India, Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, and Chile—this book argues that our commonsense intuition of a much slower rate of intergenerational mobility is correct.Read more at location 243
Note: TESI Edit
Surnames turn out to be a surprisingly powerful instrument for measuring social mobility.Read more at location 245
Note: NUOVA MISURA Edit
The problem arises when we try to use these estimates of mobility rates for individual characteristics to predict what happens over long periodsRead more at location 248
Families turn out to have a general social competence or ability that underlies partial measures of status such as income, education, and occupation.Read more at location 250
Note: FAMIGLIA Edit
The randomness with which underlying status produces particular observed aspects of status creates the illusion of rapid social mobility using conventional measures.Read more at location 252
Note: ILLUSIONE FI MOBILITÀ Edit
Underlying or overall social mobility rates are much lower than those typically estimated by sociologists or economists.Read more at location 253
Social status is inherited as strongly as any biological trait, such as height. FigureRead more at location 256
Note: ALTEZZA Edit
Counterintuitively, the arrival of free public education in the late nineteenth century and the reduction of nepotism in government, education, and private firms have not increased social mobility.Read more at location 263
Note: SCUOLA PUBBLICA E MOBILITÀ SOCIALE Edit
Even the redistributive taxation introduced in the twentieth century in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden seemingly has had no impact.Read more at location 265
Note: REDISTRIBUZIONE E MOBILITÀ SOCIALE Edit
Instead social mobility seems to be a constant, independent of inequality.Read more at location 267
Note: DISEGUAGLIANZA XE MOBILITÀ SOCIALE Edit
These high estimates of underlying intergenerational correlation imply that 50 to 70 percent of the variation in general social status within any generation is predictable at conception.Read more at location 277
Note: PREVEDIBILITÀ Edit
Our findings do suggest, however, that we can predict strongly, based on family background, who is likely to have the compulsion to strive and the talent to prosper.Read more at location 282
Note: FAMILY BACVKGROUND Edit
Surname frequencies show that the rich were a growing share of the population in the years before 1800. Their genes, consequently, are found more widely in the English population in the nineteenth century than would be expected. But after 1880, the process operated in reverse. Surname frequencies show that the rich families of 1880 have produced surprisingly few descendants living now.Read more at location 285
Note: LA GB PREINDUSTRIALE Edit
These effects are likely common in Western Europe. The different demographic correlates of social status before 1800 and after 1880 show that in the modern world, social mobility tends to be predominantly upward, whereas in the preindustrial world it was mainly downward.Read more at location 288
Note: TRAETTORIA EUROPEA Edit
Why do the results of our surname measures differ so much from those of conventional mobility studies?Read more at location 291
Note: DOMANDA DECISIVA Edit
The random component for any aspect of status exists for two reasons. First, there is an element of luck in the status attained by individuals. People happen to choose a successful field to work in or firm to work for.Read more at location 293
Note: FORTUNA E CAMPO Edit
Second, people make tradeoffs between income and other aspects of status. They may choose to be philosophy professors instead of finance executives. Bill Gates, for example, is a college dropout, a fact that would conventionally mark him as being of relatively low status. Yet the reason he decided to abandon his Harvard education was to further his wealth—an aspiration at which he succeeded spectacularly.Read more at location 295
Note: TRADE OF Edit
Because current studies are all measures of just one aspect of status, they overestimate overall mobility.Read more at location 298
Note: CONCENTRATI SUL REDDITO Edit
These differences can also be explained using the biological concepts of genotype and phenotype, which were introduced to deal with very similar issues of regression to the mean in biological characteristics across generations. The genotype is the set of genes carried by a single organism. Its phenotype comprises all of its observable characteristics, influenced by both by its genotype and its environment. Conventional studies of social mobility measure just the inheritance of particular aspects of the status phenotype. But families also have an underlying status genotype, which is inherited much more faithfully.Read more at location 305
Note: GENO E FENO Edit
Indeed, this book suggests, based on these characteristics, a social law: there is a universal constant of intergenerational correlation of 0.75, from which deviations are rare and predictable.Read more at location 316
Note: CONCLUSIONE QUANTITATIVS Edit
Studies of social mobility are plagued by a reflexive assumption that more social mobility is good. The last section of the book considers the likely sources of mobility and whether improving the rate of intergenerational mobility would indeed produce a better society.Read more at location 318
Note: LA MOBILITÀ È BUONA COSA Edit
If genetics matters most, then the outcomes for adopted children will be largely uncorrelated with those of their adoptive parents but highly correlated with those of their biological parents.Read more at location 333
Note: CONSEGUENZA Edit
Another implication of a genetic explanation of status persistence is that family size does not matter in determining social outcomes for children. The idea of a tradeoff between quantity and quality in family life is one of the sacred doctrines of neoclassical economics, one that lies at the heart of attempts to explain the long-delayed arrival of modern economic growth. But if genetics dominates in the transmission of status, by implication this tradeoff is insignificant or nonexistent.Read more at location 339
Note: FAILY SIZE Edit
If the main determinants of economic and social success are wealth, education, and connections, then there is no explanation for the consistent tendency of the rich to regress to the society mean even at the slow rates we observe.Read more at location 345
Note: IL REGRSSO DEI RICCHI Edit
Only if genetics is the main element in determining economic success, if nature trumps nurture, is there a built-in mechanism that explains the observed regression. That mechanism is the intermarriage of the children of rich and educated lineages with successful, upwardly mobile children of poor and uneducated lineages.Read more at location 352
Note: GENETICA E REGRESSO Edit
Note: MATRIMONI Edit
If nature does indeed dominate nurture, this has a number of implications. First, it means the world is a much fairer place than we intuit. Innate talent, not inherited privilege, is the main source of economic success.Read more at location 357
Note: EQUITÀ Edit
large investment made by the upper classes in the care and raising of their children is of no avail in preventing long-run downward mobility:Read more at location 358
Note: QUALITÀ DEI FIGLI Edit
Third, government interventions to increase social mobility are unlikely to have much impact unless they affect the rate of intermarriage between levels of the social hierarchy and between ethnic groups.Read more at location 361
Note: INTERVENTI GOVERNATIVI Edit
In order for a society to increase social mobility over the long run, it must achieve the cultural homogeneity that maximizes intermarriage rates between social groups.Read more at location 363
Note: IL MATRIMONIO UNICO STRUMENTO Edit
The practical implication is that if you want to maximize your children’s chances, you need to pay attention not to the social phenotype of your marriage partner but instead to his or her status genotype.Read more at location 365
Note: VUOI UN FIGLIO DI SUCCESSO? Edit
Once you have selected your mate, your work is largely done.Read more at location 368
The social world is much fairer than many would expect. And the evidence is that in the end, the descendants of today’s rich and poor will achieve complete equality in their expected social position. This equality may require three hundred years to come about.Read more at location 373
Note: REGRESSO ALLA MEDIA Edit
But an important corollary to the finding that social outcomes are the product of a lineage lottery is that we should not create social structures that magnify the rewards of a high social position.Read more at location 377
Note: GLI INCENTIVI NN CONTANO Edit
Nordic societies seem to offer a good model of how to minimize the disparities in life outcomes stemming from inherited social position without major economic costs.Read more at location 381
Note: SCANDINAVIA Edit
It is notable, however, that the emancipation of women in recent generations has had no influence on social mobility rates. Emancipated women mate as assortatively as before and transmit their status to children as faithfully as in the patriarchal societiesRead more at location 388
Note: FEMMINISMO E MOBILITÀ Edit