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martedì 13 settembre 2016

Hooligans Peter Leeson

Notebook per
Hooligans
Peter Leeson
Citation (APA): Leeson, P. (2014). Hooligans [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
Hooligans* Peter T. Leeson†
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 4
We model hooligans as persons who derive utility from conflict. Legal penalties for conflicting with non-hooligans drive hooligans to form a kind of “fight club” where they fight only one another.
Nota - Posizione 5
TESI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 5
it attracts ultra-violent persons we call “sadists.” If the proportion of fight-club members who are sadists grows sufficiently high, the fight club self-destructs.
Nota - Posizione 6
SADICI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 7
Rules that regulate the form club conflict can take, but don’t eliminate conflict, can prevent the club from self-destructing even when populated exclusively by sadists.
Nota - Posizione 8
REGOLE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
1 Introduction
Nota - Posizione 14
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 16
Conflict is a means, not an end.
Nota - Posizione 16
TRADIZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 17
With hooligans things are different. Hooligans don’t conflict to get more of a contested resource. They conflict to conflict. For hooligans, fighting is a source of utility.
Nota - Posizione 18
CNFLITTO IN SÈ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 49
2 The “English Disease”
Nota - Posizione 49
aT
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 63
Hooligans are distinct from “ordinary” football fans who might occasionally drink too much and find themselves in altercations with the fans of opposing teams. The former persons see conflict with likeminded rival fans as one of their primary ends.
Nota - Posizione 65
TIFOSI E HOOLIGAN
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 67
In the words of one hooligan, “being involved in football violence is the most incredibly exciting and enjoyable thing. To anyone who has not been a part of it, that will probably be an astonishing statement but nevertheless, it is the truth” (Brimson 2000: 56).
Nota - Posizione 69
PAROLE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 78
“I go to a match for one reason only: the aggro [i.e., fighting] . . . . I get so much pleasure when I’m having aggro that I nearly wet my pants . . . I go all over the country looking for it . . . every night during the week we go around town looking for trouble”
Nota - Posizione 80
TESTIM
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 83
However, they’re similar to most other people in that they don’t enjoy being seriously injured. Hooligans aren’t masochists. Hooligans are willing to subject themselves to a reasonably small probability of serious injury, which naturally attends any altercation.
Nota - Posizione 85
FERITE GRAVI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 89
hooligan firms include “The Red Army” (Manchester United), the “Headhunters” (Chelsea), “The Gooners” (Aresnal), the “United Service Crew” (Leed), the “Bushwhackers”
Nota - Posizione 90
GRUPPI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 94
(Millwall), the “Blades Business Crew” (Sheffield United), and the “Inter City Firm” (West Ham United).
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 100
to avoid legal trouble, rival hooligan firms sometimes prearrange meeting times and places to fight outside of football-related events (Brimson and Brimson 1996: 31).
Nota - Posizione 101
PREORDINATE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 103
many hooligan fights are ritualistic and non-violent (Marsh 1978a; Marsh et al. 1978). They involve verbal conflicts, such as taunting, name calling, and chasing. Even physically violent hooligan conflicts, which may involve punching, kicking, and weapons, rarely result in serious injuries.
Nota - Posizione 105
RITUALE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 107
Hooliganism is an activity known for violent conflict. It threatens to attract sadistic persons— persons who enjoy seriously injuring others in violent conflicts. Thus we would expect hooliganism to suffer from uncontrolled conflict and generate rampant serious injuries.
Nota - Posizione 109
IL RISCHIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 150
3.2 “Fight Club” Formation and its Sadistic Spoilers
Nota - Posizione 151
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 176
3.3 Regulating Conflict
Nota - Posizione 176
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 176
Sadists spoil the fight club and put all hooligans back “in the wild” where they’re unable to realize the gains from trade available from fighting one another. This reduces brawlers’ welfare. But it reduces sadists’ welfare too. Sadists prefer to seriously injure their opponents when they can. But short of that, they would rather fight persons who won’t prosecute them for assault than be unable to fight at all.
Nota - Posizione 179
IL DANNO DEI SADICI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 201
4 Ordered Disorder: A Hooligan Code of Conduct
Nota - Posizione 201
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 203
“There is . . . a certain code of honour among the firms, one which draws specific boundaries marking what is and is not acceptable behaviour” (Brimson 2000: 71).
Nota - Posizione 204
CODICE D ONORE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 206
4.1 “Fronting Up:” The Rules of Initiating Conflict
Nota - Posizione 206
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 207
hooligans seek to fight other hooligans— not ordinary football fans or other members of the non-hooligan public, who are likely to bring them legal trouble.
Nota - Posizione 208
EVITARE SCONTRI COI CIVILI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 210
hooligans have historically seated themselves in particular areas of football stadiums known to be inhabited by hooligans
Nota - Posizione 211
ZONE DELLO STADIO PRE DETERMINATE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 212
seating areas immediately behind the goals
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 213
pubs,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 214
train stations,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 215
Traditionally, hooligans have worn scarves around their wrists and shirts in their team’s colors and Doc Marten boots
Nota - Posizione 216
DIVISA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 221
members of the Chelsea Headhunters became known for wearing “Armani pullovers and other designer clothes” (Haley 2001). Other hooligans sport gear from CP Company, Paul & Shark, Ralph Lauren, Stone Island, and Versace (Thornton 2003). 10
Nota - Posizione 221
CHEALSEA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 227
When non-hooligans come into the danger area amidst a “fight-club” foray, hooligans may even cease fighting to avoid the legal repercussions
Nota - Posizione 228
PAUSA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 230
Once a fellow “fight-club” member has been identified, to initiate a fight the hooligan code requires a clear challenge to be made and accepted by the rival hooligan( s)
Nota - Posizione 231
SFIDA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 232
Fight initiation may involve behavior as simple as staring intently at a rival hooligan without diverting one’s eyes, to name calling, chanting or singing threats or boasts, or, at matches, the invasion of rival hooligans’ seating area— their
Nota - Posizione 233
SFIDE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 237
rules of fight initiation prevent unanticipated physical attacks, such as “sucker punching,”
Nota - Posizione 238
INIZIO A TRADIMENTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 239
hooligan rules for initiating fights permit hooligans who on a particular occasion aren’t up to a fight, perhaps because they’re severely outnumbered, physically weak, or suffering from some other circumstance that would render them less capable of more evenly defending themselves, to decline physical conflict
Nota - Posizione 241
DIRITTO A DECLINARE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 242
4.2 “Booting and Nutting:” The Rules of Conflict
Nota - Posizione 242
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 245
Most physical fights between hooligans are with fists and feet. However, certain weapons are also permitted.
Nota - Posizione 245
MEZZI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 246
“Glasses and bottles are acceptable . . . anything you can get hold of, you know, a bar stool, ashtray, bottle, because they’ve got the same chance; but knives are out of order”
Nota - Posizione 247
TAGLIO OCCASIONALE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 248
Everyday objects lying about in the space where a physical fight occurs are available to both adversaries.
Nota - Posizione 249
OGGETTI CASUALI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 258
A final rule of fighting is that a fight may be ended at any time by either fighter. According to the hooligan code, when a hooligan indicates that he’s had enough, the conflict must cease
Nota - Posizione 259
FINE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 260
refraining from action, keeping quiet, looking down at the floor, and running
Nota - Posizione 261
SEGNI DI RESA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 272
4.3 Enforcing the Hooligan Code
Nota - Posizione 272
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 272
Hooligans use reputation to enforce the rules that regulate “fight-club” conflict.
Nota - Posizione 273
REPUTAZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 274
the reputation of his firm and his reputation as an individual within his firm.
Nota - Posizione 274
INDIVIDUALE E COLLETTIVA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 279
reputation for not being rule-breaking cowards.
Nota - Posizione 279
CODARDO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 284
For example, the “Blades Business Crew” not only didn’t carry knives. They considered anyone who did carry them weak and cowardly and so ostracized them
Nota - Posizione 285
COLTELLI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 290
“Bringing a Knife . . . by your own supporters sometimes it’s looked down on as being a form of, you know, cowardice”
Nota - Posizione 290
ESTERNALITÀ REPUTAZIONALI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 294
Indeed, to protect their reputations, hooligan firms are unlikely to admit simply anyone expressing an interest to join them. Rather, membership is restricted, requiring a lengthy process through which a would-be firm member must demonstrate his character to existing firm members (Brimson and Brimson 1996: 73).
Nota - Posizione 296
AMMISSIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 300
creating opportunities for “promotion” inside hooligan firms.
Nota - Posizione 300
UN MEZZO X ESALTARE LA REPUT. GERARCHIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 300
“career structures”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 317
5 Concluding Remarks
Nota - Posizione 317
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