Visualizzazione post con etichetta coevoluzione. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta coevoluzione. Mostra tutti i post

martedì 5 settembre 2017

ch 15 CHAPTER 15 WHEN WE CROSSED THE RUBICON

CHAPTER 15 WHEN WE CROSSED THE RUBICON - our Kindle Notes For:
The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter
Joseph Henrich
Note:15@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,440
crossing the threshold into a regime of cumulative cultural evolution, which has driven human genetic evolution ever since.
Note:LA SOGLIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,442
tools of sufficient complexity that no single individual could have invented
Note:INVENZIONI DEL CERVELLO CUMULATIVO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,459
Genetic evidence indicates that our lineage split from the line leading to chimpanzees between 5 and 10 million years ago.
Note:SPLIT DALLA SCIMMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,464
After about 4 million years ago, the bones tell us that an ape that walked on two legs with a brain somewhat larger than a chimpanzee appeared in Africa.
Note:LA SCIMMIA BIPEDE

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,480
About 3.4 million years ago in Ethiopia, somebody was using stone tools to cut and scrape the meat off a cow-sized ungulate (like a horse or zebra) and a goat-sized bovid (think baby antelope).
Note:PRIMI STRUMENTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,503
By 2.6 million years ago, the first stone tools appear in the paleoarcheological record. Known as Oldowan tools (after Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania),
Note:STRUMENTI SOFISTICATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,524
By around 2.4 million years ago, a bigger-brained (about 630 cm3) bipedal ape appeared in Africa. These apes, and there may have been more than one species, are typically considered the first members of our genus, Homo, so I’ll refer to them collectively as Early Homo.
Note:CERVELLO INGRANDITO... NASCE HOMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,589
In Africa and then rapidly across Eurasia, a new species of the genus Homo was on the move with bigger brains (800 cm3); a much more modern physique, including a narrower pelvis and longer legs; and often fancier stone tools. For simplicity, I will refer to all varieties of this guys—whether in Asia, Africa, or Europe—as Homo erectus.
Note:HOMO ERECTUS... BIGGER BRAIN

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,631
Things accelerated from 1.6 to 1 million years ago, as new techniques and materials increasingly appeared among the remains of erectus societies. Hand axes, including those from the same site, go from mostly worked on one side (unifacial) to being worked on both sides (bifacial).
Note:NUOVI ATTREZZI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,687
Of course, this is not to imply that these ancient humans were like us, but merely that they had crossed the Rubicon and embarked on a genetic evolutionary trajectory that was primarily driven by culture and its products.
Note:COEVOLUTION... IL RUBICONE... IL CORPIO CAMBIA IN RELAZIONE AD ATTREZZI CHE SONO UN PORTATO DELLA CULTIRA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,691
Homo erectus changed sufficiently, including a brain expansion to 1200 cm3, to justify a new species name, Homo heidelbergensis. This period revealed the first evidence of projectile weapons,
Note:UN NUOVO ERECTUS

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,700
The upshot of all this is that, based on current evidence, Australopiths probably began to aggregate cultural information more intensively than any other living ape
Note:AUSTROLOPITECO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,704
Early Homo, expanding his brain and reducing his teeth and jaws. By 1.8 million years ago, however, the threshold had probably been crossed, and cumulative cultural evolutionary products were driving the genetic evolution
Note:1.8... PIÙ CERVELLO MENO DENTI... LA FRONTIERA È SUPERATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,707
By 750,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, there’s little doubt that we are dealing with a cultural species who hunts large game, catches big fish, maintains hearths, cooks, manufactures complex tools, cooperates in moving giant slabs, and gathers and processes diverse plants.
COSA FACEVAMO 750000