8 Why the Turing Game Doesn’t Matter
Note:xicoli di un progresso improvvisoscenari: 1foom 2 malthusiano (welfare estesi) 3 free style model (diseguaglianza) 4 singularity (rapporto q/p problematico... sembra strano ma l immortalità non è molto richiesta)IA: limiti del Turing testimplicazione del TT superato: non sai con chi parli. face time vs pc time. segnale di curaTT estetico superato. il cheatingcome google cambia il modo di pensarememoria e ricerca. l arte di isolare la searchword
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It’s the bumps and delays that will make the rise of smart machines a livable process.
Note:GRADUALITÀ
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destabilizing
Note:TUTTO DI COLPO
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progress has been gradual,
Note:IN PASSATO
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progress is usually good, but gradual progress is usually better.
Note:REGOLA
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If I were suddenly transported back to medieval times,
Note:SAREI NON IMPIEGABILE
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I wouldn’t know how to shoe a horse
Note:IGNORANZA
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work a water wheel
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conduct a church service in Latin.
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I’ll have a much easier time handling the iPhone 6
Note:MOLTO PIÙ FACILE X ME
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The Long Run
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Eliezer Yudkowsky,
Note:FOOM
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We wake up one day and find that a super-intelligent machine has taken over the world,
Note:Y...IL PIÙ RADICALE...FOOM
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The Terminator.
Note:Tipo
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Eliezer fears a cascade.
Note:SVILUPPO IPERBOLICO
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it will create other programs, which in turn will create other capabilities.
Note:SEMPRE PIÙ INTELLIGENTI
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explode exponentially
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the evidence so far doesn’t suggest this kind of unstable cascade
Note:ORA
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The idea sounds, well, silly. The programs show no signs of “thinking for themselves,”
Note:SCIOCCHEZZA?
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progress is gradual and piecemeal rather than a result of exponential capabilities that explode overnight.
Note:LA METAFORA SCACCHISTA
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a Malthusian world where human laborers will struggle to earn subsistence.
Note:ALTRA DISTIPIA...ESPROPRIATI
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Robin Hanson,
Note:HA CONSIDERATO L IPOTESI
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Economic Growth Given Machine Intelligence.”
Note:IL LAVORO
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smart machines can do all the tasks of humans.
Note:IL MONDO IMMAGINATO
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It’s even possible that the machines will be cheaper than the level of subsistence wages.
Note:SE...
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workers must live off charity
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The machines are still owned by someone,
Note:LA POVERTÀ NN È X TUTTI
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If just about everyone has a stake in the machines, this could be a utopia rather than a dystopia.
Note:E SE TUTTI AVESSIMO DELLE AZIONI?
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the government owns a share in the machines
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ALTERNATIVA
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support the remaining poor, who did not buy machines in time
Note:RUOLO DEL GOVERNO
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much as many people live off of oil wealth in some of the less populated petro-states.
Note:STATI PETROLIFERI
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downward pressure on many kinds of wages
Note:A PARTE LE RADICALIZZAZIONI
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Robin’s analysis might apply to the very long run,
Note:CENTO ANNI
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the next fifty years or longer, the Freestyle model is more applicable.
Note:PIÙ REALISTICO
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machines will replace some laborers and augment the value of others
Note:IN TEMPI PIÙ VICINI
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Ray Kurzweil’s vision of a machine intelligence “Singularity.”
Note:LO SCENARIO PIÙ SINGOLARE
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the capacity to scan brains and upload them into computers.
Note:A BREVE
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many copies of each “person”
Note:IL NUOVO NUOVO ONDO
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with the multiple copies making the “person” hard to wipe out,
Note:RESILIENZA...CON IL POTENZIAMENTO CONTINUEREMO A INVESTIRE SU NOI STESSI
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within the next fifty years,
Note:PREVISIONE DI K
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I suspect this will never be viable,
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human brain is so intimately connected to the human body,
Note:SCETTICISMO
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scientists are learning how much our brain relies on our stomach (“thinking with your gut”
Note:ESEMPIO
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That means “brain emulation” requires building a whole working body
Note:CONTINUA SCETTICISMO
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not just an abstract, digitalized “brain in a vat.”
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Economic incentives, namely the drive to produce effective man–machine teams, will direct the attention of innovators to produce machines that complement human intelligence, not machines that capture or mimic it.
Note:MEGLIO UN COMPLEMENTO CHE N ALTERNATIVA
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demand for immortality
Note:L UNOCA DIFFERENZA
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indirect immortality does not have a strong enough psychological pull
Note:DIFETTO
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They are about worlds that we cannot today control, influence, or even visualize clearly.
Note:QS IPOTESI ESTREME
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They are somewhat like religious allegories,
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they are a kind of religion for computer nerds.
Note:SCENARI LIQUIDATI
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Man–Machine Convergence
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Some commentators attach great weight to whether intelligent machines can pass a Turing test.
Note:MISURARE LA COVERG UOMO MACCHINA
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benchmark for when we can call a machine truly intelligent.
Note:TT
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mixed results
Note:AD OGGI
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At a recent tech festival in India, Techniche 2011, a program called Cleverbot
Note:SUPERATO IL TT CONVERSAZIONALE
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Of the voting audience, 59.3 percent judged the computer program to be a human, whereas 63.3 percent judged the conversing humans to be human.
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radically polyglot society, such as India, where dozens of different languages are spoken, malapropisms are relatively common,
Note:FORSE AVVANTAGGIATI DAL CONTESTO
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Turing test seems to be more of a curiosity
Note:MA È RILEVANTE IL TT?
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“Inability to imitate does not rule out intelligence.”
Note:OGGI È CERTO
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He considers whether a man can imitate a machine rather than vice versa. Of course the answer is no,
Note:ANCHE L UOMO NN SA IMITATE LA MACCHINA...SIAMO FORSE MENO INTELLIGENTI?
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We are warned that imitation cannot be the fundamental standard or marker of intelligence.
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Turing was gay.
Note:UN INTERPRETAZ DEL TT PARTENDO DAL PERSONALE
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chemical castration and led to his suicide.
Note:PERSECIZIONI
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he proved unable to consistently “pass” for straight.
Note:MAI SUPERATO IL TT DELLA NORMALITÀ
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It has also been speculated that Turing was autistic or had Asperger’s syndrome,
Note:ALTRA VIA
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In public school he was judged to be “ludicrously behind” with “the worst” writing ever encountered,
Note:UMILIAZIONI SUBITE A SCUOLA
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Turing failed to imitate the people he met in mainstream British society.
Note:IL DIVERSO CHE NN RIESCE AD IMITARE
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many human beings, intelligent and of mature age, could not pass
Note:ANCHE MOLTI UOMINI NN PASSANO IL TT
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Some autistics provide examples,
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Many answers from autistic individuals might seem “off” to the judging panel,
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the limitations of imitation
Note:IL CONCETTO
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It’s interesting to see how Cleverbot convinces a lot of people
Note:COME
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you will think that is a human who just spent some time smoking pot,
Note:CLEAVERBOT
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Turing himself commonly served up unusual responses in dialogue. One BBC radio producer doubted Turing’s ability to communicate
Note:PROBLEMI COMUNICATIVI
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conversations generated by computers.
Note:ASCOLTARE T
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Convergence isn’t needed.
Note:CONCLUSIONI SUL RAPPORTO UOMO MACCHINA
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a machine will be most effective, cognitively speaking, when it does something other than imitate
Note:EFFICIENZA...GIÀ DETTO NEL PAPER DI T
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That day will be a nonevent
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IL GIORNO IN CUI UNA MACCHINA SUPERAERÀ
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the competition for your attention will become more fierce. Take online dating.
Note:PRIMA CONSEG...DATING...MI INTERESSA VERAMENTE CHI C È DALL ALTRA PARTE?
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it will be my bot judging your bot in a bot-on-bot email dialogue.
Note:PRESA DI CONTATTO TRA PROTESI...FUNZIONA ANCHE SENZA RICONOSCIMENTO
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If my bot likes your bot I might like you too,
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park encounters are sometimes mediated by how well the dogs of the two parties get along.
Note:ANALOGIA
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the word “I”
Note:INCISI...PAROLE DA EVITARE IN UN INCONTRO ROMANTICO
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uses the pronoun “you”
Note:BENE
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avoids usage of leisure words
Note:Male
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words such as “relationship” and “helpful.”
Note:OK
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Or say you’re a professor holding online office hours:
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO
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you won’t know who is really responding.
Note:ANCHE QUI
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Online therapy—or therapy in Second Life—is already popular, and at some point the therapist may disappear.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO
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In short, there will be no end to the number of questions that are asked and answered once the Turing test is cracked,
Note:IN BREVE
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This proliferation of questions may force real people out of the business of asking and answering questions,
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“Face time” will become all the more important as a signal of actual interest and caring, because “computer time” will be too easy to replicate through the bots.
Note:FACE TIME
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computer programs that can pass aesthetic Turing tests, so to speak. Computers are composing music,
Note:ESISTONO
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Computers not only play chess but now judge the aesthetic qualities
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robots that produce sketches of human faces.
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skills of computers will be used for outright cheating,
Note:IL PERICOLO
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Sébastien Feller, Cyril Marzolo, and Arnaud Hauchard,
Note:SQUADRA SCACCHISTI FRANCESI ACCUSATI DI TRADIRE
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The cheating once took a very different form.
Note:Tttttttttt
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the trick was to sneak a human chess player inside a machine
Note:NELL OTOCENTO
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Mechanical Turk,
Note:IL CASO
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from 1770 until its destruction by fire in 1854,
Note:PERIODO D ORO
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designed to impress Queen Maria Theresa of Austria,
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now the cheaters are humans who sneak the machine
Note:OGGI
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Wolfgang von Kempelen, the original designer
Note:DEL MECH TURK
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Ken’s method is likely to catch the chronic crook, but it will not detect a grandmaster who cheats only at one critical turning
Note:KE REAGAN...CACCIATORE DI SCACCHISTI IMBROGLIONI CHE CONSULTANO LA MACCHINA
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Most of this book is about the evolution of the machines, but people will change too.
Note:Tttttttt L EVOLUZ DELL UOMO DOVUTA ALLA MACCHINA
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we are outsourcing some parts of our brain to mechanical devices
Note:OUTSOURCING
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we have focused more on the skills that the machines can’t bring us.
Note:RISPOSTA
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Memory and “Search”
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call up the reference department of the public library in Hackensack,
Note:X AVERE UNA NOTIZIA...IERI
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preferring to start—and often finish—with Google or other methods of search, such as Twitter or apps.
Note:OGGI
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We also don’t memorize so many phone numbers
Note:OGGI
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systematic evidence about how Google changes our mental capacities,
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ability—or at least willingness—to remember facts.
Note:IN CALO
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people who manage accounts became less skilled at some memory functions
Note:A QUANTO PARE
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“science of memory,”
Note:NEI TEMPI CHE FURONO
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remembering numbers, people’s names, sequences of numbers,
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back as ancient Greece, and it flourished during medieval
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Joshua Foer
Note:UNO SPECIALISTA DELLA MATERIA
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“method of loci,”
Note:UN METODO
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USA Memory Championship
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The point was to make your ideas “searchable,”
Note:QUEL CHE CONTA NN È MEMORIZZARE
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algorithmic nature of the memory
Note:QUEL CHE BISOGNA CONOSCERE
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art of knowing the right search words.
Note:L ARTE DELLA STRINGA
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Google
Note:NO MEMORIZZAZIONE...SÌ ARTE DELLA MEMORIA
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algorithmic path toward greater knowledge was an obsession
Note:NELLA STORIA DELLA CULTURA
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Kabbalah,
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medieval scholastics,
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Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler.
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Frances Yates’s 1966 book The Art of Memory
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the art and science of search.
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UNA MATERIA ANTICA DIVENUTA DI COLPO MODERNA
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critics such as Nicholas Carr have alleged, that we are becoming stupider.
Note:L ACCUSA A GOOGLE SULLA PERDITA DI MEMORIA SEMBRA INFONDATA...È CAMBIATO L USO CHE NE FACCIAMO
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we have become much better at searching for answers, and that too is a skill.
Note:GRAZIE GOOGLE
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I often remember how I can best search for a fact.
Note:ANZICHÈ RICORDARE UN FATTO
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through my blog,
Note:LA PALESTRA
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Gmail account,
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I also have developed a good sense of when it is better to search through Google and when it is better to search through Twitter;
Note:SVILUPPO DELL INTUIZIONE
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It’s already clear that the genius machines do very well at brute calculation,
Note:ALTRE COMPONENTI DEL CERVELLO APPALTATE
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The pocket calculator
Note:FENOMENO ANTICO
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where humanity is headed.
Note:Tttttttttttt
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we will become more like computers—well,
Note:ALCUNI DI NOI SI ARRICCHIRANNO COMPRENDENDO LE MACCHINE
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when it comes to our private lives, we will become less like computers, because we rely on computers for many basic functions,
Note:MA D ALTRO CANTO LA PRESENZA DI COMP VALORIZZA IL LATO OPPOSTO
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we will become more intuitive, more attuned to the psychology and emotions
Note:PIÙ SENSIBILI
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The Machine’s Place
Note:Ttttttttttt
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when it comes to chess we humans don’t seem to care when the machines play each other.
Note:IN REALTÀ LE MACCHINE CI INTERESSANO POCO
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Hardly anyone is watching or talking about the computer vs. computer
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Martin wanted to find sponsors to help him cover the electricity bills but no one was interested,
Note:ORGANIZZARE TORNEI TRA COMP
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Despite the humans on the teams, even Freestyle chess isn’t very popular,
Note:ANCHE L UOMO MACCHINA INTERESSA POCO
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Limited spectator interest has meant that Freestyle tournaments have been online only,
Note:PROVA
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It seems we care more about drama than about perfection.
Note:NELLA COMPETIZIONE...MEGLIO UOMINI CON I LORO ERRORI
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enjoy watching the computers indicate when the human contestants are making a mistake.
Note:QUEL CHE CI PIACE DEI PC
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Ken Jennings
Note:VS IL PC
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Garry Kasparov’s
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there was no hope of psyching out the computer or probing for its emotional weaknesses
Note:KASPAROV E JENNINGS HANNO TENTATO INVANO TECNICHE PSICO X SPIAZZARE IL LORO AVVERSARIO PC
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We wish genius machines to serve our practical ends,
Note:FINI PRATICI E BASTA
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spheres of life that structure our narratives,
Note:VIA DA QUI
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We’re determined to “keep them in their place.”
Note:CHE IL PC STIA AL SUO POSTO
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reluctant to consult the wisdom of machine intelligence when it comes to our personal lives,
Note:DATING ONLINE
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romantic decisions
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our medications.
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business or negotiating advice
Note:MA ANCHE
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we won’t be as interested in the music they compose,
ARTI...IL TT CONTA POCO...MTRUFFE A PARTE
