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lunedì 10 luglio 2017

Tutti i guai del consumo etico

Tutti i guai del consumo etico

THE MORAL CASE FOR SWEATSHOP GOODS – Doing Good Better: Effective Altruism and a Radical New Way to Make a Difference by William MacAskill
***
Argomento: lo sfruttamento dei lavoratori poveri, il consumo verde, il fair trade, il vegetarianesimo, il chilometro-zero, eccetera.
***
How can consumers make the most difference?
The clothing retailer American Apparel, known for selling ‘fashionable basics’ like solid-colour T-shirts, proudly claims to be ‘sweatshop free’.
Note:SWEATSHOP FREE
The popularity of American Apparel is just one example of a trend towards ‘ethical consumerism’, where people spend a little more money on goods that are produced by workers who are treated well,
Note:CONSUMO ETICO
Sweatshops are factories in poor countries, typically in Asia or South America, that produce goods like textiles, toys, or electronics for rich countries under pretty horrific working conditions.
Note:DEFINIZIONE
Because conditions in sweatshops are so bad, many people have pledged to boycott goods produced in them, and a number of organisations devoted to ending the use of sweatshop labour, such as United Students Against Sweatshops, National Mobilisation Against Sweatshops, SweatFree Communities and the ingeniously named No Sweat Apparel, have proliferated in service to the cause. For this reason, there’s significant public animosity towards big companies such as Nike, Apple and Disney
Note:BOICOTTAGGIO
In developing countries, sweatshop jobs are the good jobs. The alternatives are typically worse, such as backbreaking, low-paid farm labour, scavenging, or unemployment. The New York Times columnist Nicholas D. Kristof illustrated this well when he presented an interview with Pim Srey Rath, a Cambodian woman who scavenges plastic from dumps in order to sell it as recycling.
Note:ROVISTARE IN DISCARICA
A clear indicator that sweatshops provide comparatively good jobs is the great demand for them among people in developing countries. Almost all workers in sweatshops choose to work there,
Note:DOMANDE DI ASSUNZIONE
The average earnings of a sweatshop worker in Brazil are $2,000 per year: not very much, but $600 a year more than the average earnings in Bolivia, where people generally work in agriculture or mining. Similarly, the average daily earnings among sweatshop workers are: $2 in Bangladesh, $5.50 in Cambodia, $7 in Haiti and $8 in India. These wages are tiny, of course, but when compared to the $1.25 a day many citizens of those countries live on, the demand for these jobs seems more understandable.
Note:PAGA DELLO SFRUTTATO
Nobel Laureate and left-wing economist Paul Krugman has stated, ‘The overwhelming mainstream view among economists is that the growth of this kind of employment is tremendous good news for the world’s poor.’ Jeffrey Sachs, Columbia University economist and one of the foremost proponents of increased efforts to help those in extreme poverty, has said, ‘My concern is not that there are too many sweatshops but that there are too few.’
Note:PERSINO A SINISTRA SI AMMETTE A DENTI STRETTI
The four East Asian ‘Tiger economies’ – Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan – exemplify speedy development, having evolved from very poor, agrarian societies in the early twentieth century to manufacturing-oriented ‘sweatshop’ countries mid-century and finally emerging as industrialised economic powerhouses in recent decades.
Note:TIGRI ASIATICHE
Bangladesh had a large number of children employed in ready-to-wear garment sweatshops at the time. Out of fear that this act would pass, factories quickly laid off 50,000 child workers. According to the US Department of Labor, rather than going to school or even finding better jobs, ‘it is widely thought that most of them have found employment in other garment factories, in smaller, unregistered, subcontracting garment workshops, or in other sectors’. Considering that transnational corporations typically pay much higher wages than domestic sweatshops, the lives of these youths likely became worse. Indeed, an investigation by UNICEF found that many of these laid-off underage garment workers had resorted to even more desperate measures to survive, including street hustling and prostitution.
Note:BANDO AL LAVORO MINORILE IN BANGLADESH
The correct response is to try to end the extreme poverty that makes sweatshops desirable places to work in the first place.
Note:LA RISPOSTA CORRETTA
Fairtrade certification is an attempt to give higher pay to workers in poor countries. It’s commonly used for consumables grown in developing countries, such as bananas, chocolate, coffee, sugar and tea.
Note:DEFINIZIONE FAIRTRADE
First, when you buy Fairtrade, you usually aren’t giving money to the poorest people in the world. Fairtrade standards are difficult to meet, which means that those in the poorest countries typically can’t afford to get Fairtrade certification. For example the majority of Fairtrade coffee production comes from comparatively rich countries like Mexico and Costa Rica,
Note:IL FAIRTRADE NON AIUTA GLI ULTIMI
Second, of the additional money that is spent on Fairtrade, only a very small portion ends up in the hands of the farmers who earn that money. Middlemen take the rest. The Fairtrade Foundation does not provide figures on how much of the additional price reaches coffee produces, but independent researchers have provided some estimates. Dr Peter Griffiths, an economic consultant for the World Bank, worked out that for one British café chain… less than 1% of the additional price of their Fairtrade coffee reached coffee exporters in poor countries. Finnish Professors Joni Valkila, Pertti Haaparanta and Niina Niemi found out that, of Fairtrade coffee sold in Finland, only 11% of the additional price reached the coffee-producing countries….
Note:GLI INTERMEDIARI SI ACCAPARRANO IL GROSSO
Finally, even the small fraction that ultimately reaches the producers does not necessarily translate into higher wages. It guarantees a higher price for goods from Fairtrade-certified organisations, but that higher price doesn’t guarantee a higher price… for the farmers who work for those organisations….
Note:NON TUTTO VA AI SALARI
Given this, there is little altruistic reason to buy Fairtrade products. In buying Fairtrade products, you’re at best giving very small amounts of money to people in comparatively well-off countries.
Note:CONCLUSIONE
Another major area of ethical consumerism is ‘green living’. Per person, UK citizens emit nine metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent every year. (Recall that carbon dioxide equivalent, or ‘CO2eq’, is a way of measuring your carbon footprint that includes greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, like methane and nitrous oxide. For example one metric ton of methane produces as much warming as twenty-one metric tons of carbon dioxide, so one metric ton of methane is twenty-one metric tons of CO2eq.) As we’ve seen, climate change is a big deal. It’s therefore natural to want to do something about it, and the obvious way is to move to a lower-carbon lifestyle.
Note:GREEN LIVING
One common recommendation… is to turn off or shut down electronic devices when you’re not using them, rather than keeping them on standby. However, this achieves very little compared to other things you could do: one hot bath adds more to your carbon footprint than leaving your phone charger plugged in for a whole year;
Note:STAND BY
hours. Another common recommendation is to turn lights off when you leave a room, but lighting accounts for only 3% of household energy use, so even if you used no lighting at all in your house you would save only a fraction of a metric ton of carbon emissions.
Note:SPEGNERE LE LUCI?
Plastic bags have also been a major focus of concern, but even on very generous estimates, if you stopped using plastic bags entirely you’d cut out 100kg CO2eq per year, which is only 0.4% of… your total emissions….
Note:SACCHETTI DI PLASTICA
Similarly, the focus on buying locally produced goods is overhyped: only 10% of the carbon footprint of food comes from transportation whereas 80% comes from production, so what type of food you buy is much more important than whether that food is produced locally or internationally. Cutting out red meat and dairy for one day a week achieves a greater reduction in your carbon footprint than buying entirely locally produced food.
Note:KM0
However, there is an even more effective way to reduce your emissions. It’s called offsetting: rather than reducing your own greenhouse gas emissions, you pay for projects that reduce or avoid greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere.
Note:OFFSETTING
While the carbon we release by flying or driving is certain and verifiable, the carbon absorbed by offset projects is less attestable.
Note:LA TIPICA CRITICA ALL’OFFSETTING
Monbiot’s concern doesn’t… provide a good argument against carbon offsetting in general. It just shows we’ve got to do some research in order to find a way of offsetting that’s genuinely effective. That’s what we did at my organisation Giving What We Can….
Note:MA MONBIOT ESAGERA
The charity we ultimately decided was best is called Cool Earth. Cool Earth was founded in 2007 in the United Kingdom by businessman Johan Eliasch and MP Frank Field, who were concerned with protecting the rainforest and the impact that deforestation might have on the environment. The charity aims to fight global warming by preventing deforestation, primarily in the Amazon.
Note:PER IL TUO OFFSETTING DONA A COOL EARTH
It uses donated money to help develop… rainforest communities economically to a point where they do better by not selling their land to loggers….
Note:COSA FA
Cool Earth claims it costs them about $100 to prevent an acre of rainforest from being cut down, and that each acre locks in 260 metric tons of CO2. This would mean that it costs just about 38¢ to prevent one metric ton of CO2 from being emitted.
Note:CALCOLARE L’OFFSETTING
Using this figure, the average American adult would have to spend $105 per year in order to offset all their carbon emissions.
Note:105 DOLLARI OGNI ANNO. STIMA MOOLTO CONSERVATIVA
George Monbiot claimed that carbon offsetting is a way of ‘selling indulgences’, in reference to the medieval practice in which Christians would pay the Church in exchange for forgiveness for their sins. On a similar theme, a satirical website, CheatNeutral.com, offers the following service: ‘When you cheat on your partner you add to the heartbreak, pain and jealousy in the atmosphere.
Note:ALTRE OBIEZIONI POCO SIGNIFICATIVE
the animal welfare argument is much stronger for some animals than for… others, because some sorts of animal produce involve a lot more suffering on the part of the animals than others. In fact, eliminating chicken and eggs removes the large majority of animal suffering from your diet. This is because of the conditions those animals are kept in, and the number of animals needed to provide a given number of calories….
Note:VEGETARIANI: CONCENTRARSI SUI POLLI
The only quantitative estimates of farmed animal welfare I’ve been able to find come from Bailey Norwood, an economist and agricultural expert. He rated the welfare of different animals on a scale of –10 to 10, where negative numbers indicate that it would be better, from the animal’s perspective, to be dead rather than alive. He rates beef cattle at 6 and dairy cows at 4. In contrast his average rating for broiler… chickens is –1, and for pigs and caged hens is –5. In other words, cows raised for food live better lives than chicken, hens, or pigs, which suffer terribly…The second consideration is the number of animals it takes to make a meal. In a year, the average American will consume the following: 28.5 broiler chickens, 0.8 layer hens, 0.8 turkeys, 0.37 pigs, 0.1 beef cows, and 0.007 dairy cows; in the UK people eat less meat on average but, like Americans, consume far more chickens and hens than cows. These numbers might suggest that cutting out chicken has a far bigger impact than any other dietary change. However, most broiler chickens live for only six… weeks, so insofar as we care about how long the animal spends in unpleasant conditions on factory farms, it’s more appropriate to think about animal years rather than animal lives. In a year, the number of animal years that go into the average American’s diet are as follows: 3.3 from broiler chickens (28.5 chickens consumed, each of which lives six weeks = 3.3 animal years), 1 from layer hens, 0.3 from turkeys, 0.2 from pigs, 0.1 from beef cows, and 0.03 from dairy cows. Combining these two considerations, we arrive at the conclusion that the most effective way to cut animal suffering out of your diet is to stop eating chicken, then eggs, then pork: by doing so, you’re taking out the worst suffering for the most animals for the longest time….
Note:STIMA SOFFERENZA/CALORIE
Psychologists have discovered a phenomenon that they call ‘moral licensing’ that describes how people who perform one good action often compensate by doing fewer good actions in the future… Amazingly, even just saying you’d do something good can cause the moral licensing effect. In another study, half the participants were asked to imagine helping a foreign student who had asked for assistance in understanding a lecture. They subsequently gave significantly less to charity when given the chance to do so than the other half of the participants, who had not been asked to imagine helping another student….
Note:PERICOLI DEL CONSUMO ETICO: CI FA DIVENTARE CATTIVI

giovedì 30 marzo 2017

8 Eating Your Way to a Greener Planet An Economist Gets Lunch: New Rules for Everyday Foodies by Tyler Cowen

8 Eating Your Way to a Greener PlanetRead more at location 2484
Note: l uomo più verde del mondo: il fricchettone l innovatore l organizzatore il primitivo Edit
Note: 8@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Edit
Ed Begley, the well-known actor and environmental activist?Read more at location 2486
Ed tries not to fly at all, but when he must he purchases a $5.95 carbon offset to reverse the carbon impact of his trip. Since 1990 Ed has hooked up his bicycle exercise machine to a battery, which he uses for toasting bread. He also claims he has reduced his weekly waste to a physical size that would fit inside a glove compartment, mostly by eliminating paper from his life. He has a wind turbine attached to his home and he hosts a TV show on living green, called Living with Ed and shown on Planet Green.Read more at location 2486
Note: COME VIVE L UOMO PIÚ VERDE DEL MONDO. ES DI ERDE FRICCHETTONE Edit
Matthias Gelber.Read more at location 2490
Working out of Malaysia, Matthias promotes the idea of green cement. He claims that traditional forms of cement are responsible for 6 to 7 percent of CO2 emissions and for more than 10 percent of the emissions coming out of China.Read more at location 2490
Note: ALTRO CANDIDATO. VERDE INGEGNOSO Edit
Mike Duke, CEO for Wal-Mart.Read more at location 2493
Starting in 2005, Wal-Mart found comprehensive energy savings in their trucking, refrigeration, energy, lighting, and other store operations.Read more at location 2494
Note: ALTRO CANDIDATO. VERDI PRO DOMO SUA Edit
All of this was done in the name of corporate profit.Read more at location 2497
Note: PICCOLO PARTICOLARE Edit
Pygmy living in Central Africa.Read more at location 2498
Note: I VERI VINCITORI. VERDI DA ALTRI MONDI Edit
many Pygmies still live as hunters and gatherers. Most Pygmies, at least the ones who have stayed in Pygmy communities, do not own anything beyond what they can carry on their backs.Read more at location 2498
Note: c Edit
Pygmy life expectancy is somewhere between 16 and 24 yearsRead more at location 2501
Note: INCOV Edit
Of these people, who is on the right track?Read more at location 2502
Note: LA DOMANDA Edit
Advice on how to “eat green” or “live green” is plentiful, but too often the comments are marred by broader political agendas,Read more at location 2503
Note: LA POLITICIZZAZIONE DEL CIBO Edit
or a search for “feel good” answers that aren’t actually effective.Read more at location 2505
Note: ALTRA MOTIVAZIONE DISTORTA Edit
bestselling movies on food, such as Super Size Me, Food, Inc., and The Future of Food, they share a common feature: a snarky and somewhat self-righteous approach to the choices that other human beings make in markets, most of all with their food.Read more at location 2505
Note: FILM SUPERSIZE. DISPREZZO DEL PROSSIMO E DELLE SUE SCELTE Edit
Choosing Friends and EnemiesRead more at location 2508
Note: sentirsi giusti ed essere giusti chi pacifica la sua coscienza poi è più rapace esp1: chi compra verde poi è più propenso a imbrogliare la cattiva reputazione della pastica... l errore dell afgiliazione... sacchetto di plastica e di carta di stoffa km0: l impatto ambientale del cibo viene al 90% dalla produzione e al 10 dal trasporto gli extra micro viaggi dei km0... km0: la produzione locale può essere forzata... deve essere conservata ridurre carne rossa boicottare la monsanto: quasi impossibile ogm: 1 quantità 2 meno pesticidi 3 + resistenti inconveniente del boicottaggio: 1 abassa i prezzi attirando nupvi consumatori 2 funziona con i deboli che fondano tutto sulla reputazione xchè falliscono i boicottaggi vs monsanto o nestlè? xchè sono compagnie con una cattiva reputazione boicottaggio sulla produzione: meglio produrre in modo efficiente e investire contro la nestlè finanz. i concorrenti boicottaggio al consumo: meglio un extra sforzo produttivo finanz. le alternative. diminuendo i prezzi delle alternative il boicottaggi sarà più efficiente poichè massimizza il benessere coinvolgendi chi valuta meno il prodotto da boicottare Edit
Note: t Edit
We feel better by constructing alliances with moral individuals or by linking ourselves with apparently moral qualities, but that’s not always the same as being effectiveRead more at location 2511
Note: IL VERDE MORALISTA È IL PIÙ DIFFUSO Edit
beyond the bromidesRead more at location 2513
given a choice, a lot of people prefer to actually be wasteful than to do something that feels wasteful.Read more at location 2514
Note: SPRECARE DI NASCOSTO A SE STESSI Edit
people hate the feeling of “I could have gotten this for less”Read more at location 2515
Note: FASTIDIO X LO SPRECO Edit
tendency to incur costs to avoid a feeling of regret or inadequacy—Read more at location 2516
Note: LAVARSI LA COSCIENZA Edit
A consumer psychology study conducted by Nina Mazar and Chen-Bo Zhong found that consuming “green products” does not make us better people. If anything, buying green products seems to encourage individuals to be less moral.Read more at location 2517
Note: CONSUMARE VERDE CI FA ESSERE PIÙ CATTIVI ALTROVE (COMPENSAZ MORALE) Edit
That is, once they had assuaged their consciences with some green behavior, they became more rapacious and more self-seeking in other contexts.Read more at location 2520
Note: c Edit
Once we’ve done something good, we too often relaxRead more at location 2522
Note: c Edit
people don’t like the idea of buying plasticRead more at location 2531
Note: PLASTICA Edit
Its manufacture requires petroleum products and it is a symbol of excess consumerismRead more at location 2532
Note: c Edit
Yet plastic is often more environmentally friendly than paper or cardboard.Read more at location 2533
Note: TUTRAVIA... Edit
Glass, for your bottles, consumes a lot of energy in its production and transportation. Plastic just sits there and reminds you of the excesses of modern commercial society.Read more at location 2535
Note: PLASTICA VS VETRO Edit
The mistake is to focus too much on the affiliation with the notion of plastic,Read more at location 2537
Note: L ERRORE Edit
Under some plausible estimates it takes four times as much energy to manufacture a paper bag than a plastic bag, and it takes 98 percent less energy to recycle a pound of plastic than a pound of paper.Read more at location 2539
Note: CFR BORSE Edit
Still, plastic seems to have a less harmful environmental impact—much less harmful—than does paper.Read more at location 2541
Note: c Edit
don’t switch to paper.Read more at location 2543
cotton bag has to be reused 171 times before it “breaks even” with the environmental impact of the plastic.Read more at location 2543
Note: STOFFA E PLASTICA Edit
Locavores—those who eat local foods, either mostly or exclusively—are also pursuing a feel-good attitudeRead more at location 2545
Note: LA GANG DEI KM O Edit
The shipping of food is only a small part of its total energy cost,Read more at location 2546
Note: COSTO TRASPORTO Edit
According to Rich Pirog,Read more at location 2547
11 percentRead more at location 2548
The most comprehensive study comes out of Carnegie Mellon University and was done by Christopher L. Weber and H. Scott Matthews,Read more at location 2549
Note: STUDIO Edit
environmental impact of food comes from its production, not its transportation.Read more at location 2550
Note: PROD NN TRASPORTO Edit
The real culprit here is food that is flown in, as flying is an especially environmentally unfriendly activity.Read more at location 2551
Note: PROBLEMA: TRASPORTO AEREO Edit
In other words, eat turnips rather than asparagus, which is often flown in by plane. Go hardy because the hardy items can be farmed in a lot of different climates and probably they are not flown in. Good root vegetables are kale, carrots, parsnips, and leeks.Read more at location 2552
Note: CONSIGLI Edit
Flowers are also flownRead more at location 2556
Another solution is to cut back on the meatRead more at location 2557
The Weber and Matthews Carnegie Mellon study, mentioned above, found that shifting your eating away from red meat, one day a week, does more for the environment than eating all locally sourced foods for all of your meals.Read more at location 2558
Note: UNA BISTECCA IN MENO ALLA SETTIMANA VALE TUTTO IL KMO Edit
Buying from a local farmer can mean that he makes a two-hour extra truck drive,Read more at location 2559
Note: KMO E VIAGGI INEFFICIENTI Edit
The local farmer is also shipping a smaller number of units, and so the per unit energy cost of his supply can be relatively highRead more at location 2560
Note: c Edit
When it comes to protecting the environment, local isn’t always better and very often it is worse.Read more at location 2562
Note: c Edit
What would it mean to live in the American Southwest and eat all of your food locally, given that you are surrounded by a large desert?Read more at location 2563
Note: PARADOSSI. MEGLIO CONSUMARE I PRODOTTI DOVE È PIÙ FACILI FARLI CRESCERE Edit
subsidized water systems.Read more at location 2565
Note: PER COLTIVARE POMODORI NEL DESERTO Edit
The environment is better off if the residents of Albuquerque import most of their food from far away.Read more at location 2565
Note: ALBQUERQUE Edit
Sometimes the local apple is put into refrigerated cold storage for several months, which of course consumes energy. It would be better to buy a fresher apple, sent by boat from further abroad.Read more at location 2567
Note: MEGLIO IL LOCALE IN FRIGO X UN VANNO O IL FRESCO CHE VIAGGIA IN NAVE Edit
April Dávila, a youthful writer from southern California, saw the movie Food, Inc. and decided she would boycott the Monsanto Corporation for an entire month;Read more at location 2569
Note: LA MODA DI BOICOTTARE LA MONSANTO Edit
She read an academic paper showing that GMOs cause some toxic effects in rats;Read more at location 2571
Note: c GMO Edit
April found that executing her plan wasn’t easy.Read more at location 2574
“Monsanto count: Breakfast was clean, but my entire lunch is questionable. The avocado and cucumber were organic, but that doesn’t mean not Monsanto, the tortilla and hummus are big question marks. The rice was Lundberg, so I know that’s some Nonsanto [sic] goodness and the chard was organic, but again, not sure of its seed source, so could be Monsanto.”Read more at location 2579
Note: QUANTO È DIFFICILE IL BOICOTTAGGIO Edit
Monsanto products may feed millions of starving people, require fewer herbicides, and may be more robust under conditions of climate change.Read more at location 2583
Note: IL BENE MONSANTO Edit
I view many boycotts as a way of feeling goodRead more at location 2585
boycotts usually work best when the boycotted producer isn’t very profitable. Boycotts work least well when the producer is making a lot of moneyRead more at location 2587
Note: BOICOTTAGGI CHE FUNZIONANO E NO Edit
Unless the boycott mobilizes most or all of the relevant consumers in the world, which is very hard to do,Read more at location 2588
Note: c Edit
Imagine that a group of consumers boycotts New Zealand lamb, on the grounds that it costs a lot of energy to ship that lamb around the world. The United States and the Arab world are two of the major export markets for New Zealand lamb. If enough consumers in the United States stop eating this lamb, under some assumptions about the structure of the market, and how the market works, the price of the lamb will fall. And what will then happen to lamb purchases in the Arab world? They will go up.Read more at location 2589
Note: ESEMPIO DEL PERCHÈ IL BOICOTTAGGIO È IMPOSSIBILE Edit
if one group of buyers leaves the market, the seller will either cut price or expand promotion until other buyers pick up the slack.Read more at location 2596
Brayden King of Northwestern University,Read more at location 2598
Note: L ESPERTO Edit
boycotts are most likely to succeed when they are directed against declining companies with good reputations.Read more at location 2599
Note: QUANDO FUNZIONA IL BOY Edit
This analysis—in particular the recommendation to focus a boycott on the more marginally profitable corporations—runs counter to our moral intuitions.Read more at location 2602
Note: NON VOGLIAMO COLPIRE UN DEBOLE CHE HA SEMPRE FATTO BENE Edit
If the corporation is truly profitable, it will probably end up selling the product no matter what—boycott or not—unless the entire world joins the boycott, which hardly ever happens.Read more at location 2607
Note: LE MULTINAZIONALI VSONO I SOGGETTI PIÙ DIFFICILI Edit
Actually Helping the EnvironmentRead more at location 2623
Note: è molto difficile e costoso sapere quanto inquiniamo ci vogliono 5 lauree mangi una banana e vuoi sapere se il tuo gesto è sostenibile? occorre conoscere10000 fatti e serve metterli insieme... qs conoscenza è obsoleta dopo un anno etichette? sono costose e vengono poco considerate meglio afgidarsi ai prezzi i prezzi riducono la complessità e noi ci fidiamo 2 alternative: memorizzare i fatti o scegliere in base al prezzo carbon tax ha senso se applicata da tutti ma meglio che niente... imho stockpile il punto debole di c.t.? 1 a un certo punto il governo dovrà fisare l entità della tasa e dei beneficiari. incapacità e ignoranza prevarranno 2 ct in un paese abbassa i prezzi aumentando la domanda altrove il mondo invecchia e le tasse cresceranno... meglio puntare su c.t. diminuendo la corporate tax altre oplitiche: tariffe parcheggi rilassare i piani regolatori (+ densità - auto) meno sussidi all agricoltura Edit
Note: t Edit
Financial Times interview with Tyler Brûlé,Read more at location 2624
member of the jet set,Read more at location 2624
REPORTER: Do you feel bad about your carbon footprint? BRÛLÉ: On balance, I don’t think my carbon footprint is particularly large. I do fly an enormous amount, but I don’t own a car, I walk most places in London and opt for trains over aircraft where possible (in Europe and Japan).Read more at location 2627
Note: ES DI COSCIENZA LAVATA Edit
The broader point is that we can’t trust our intuitions.Read more at location 2632
It’s hard for consumers to “see” the real environmental costs of a lot of their decisions. Memorizing facts about bunches of bananas, boats, and boycotts will not do it.Read more at location 2634
Note: DIFFICILE ESSERE VERDI Edit
knowledge would become obsolete as the years passedRead more at location 2636
Most people, even well-informed people, don’t have a good sense of how much an afternoon drive in a Mercedes contributes to the climate change problem, relative to buying a batch of flown-in asparagus or subbing in a steak for a chicken breast.Read more at location 2637
Note: IGNORANZAW Edit
You might think that carbon labeling of products is the way to go,Read more at location 2638
Note: INFO? Edit
The more fundamental problem is that labels do not encompass the same economy-wide information that is communicated by the priceRead more at location 2640
example:Read more at location 2641
foodstuff grown close to the city might receive a favorable label, because of its low transport costs. But putting the food close to the city pushes commuters further out and the net effect will not be so good for the environment.Read more at location 2641
Note: ESEMPIO DELLA SUPER DEI PREZZI Edit
I never try to figure out the cheapest way for someone to make a suit for me, rather I compare the price of the good with its final qualityRead more at location 2648
Note: QUEL CHE SI FA DI SOLITO Edit
possible—I just look at the final price.Read more at location 2650
Prices are important, in large part, because most of us cannot see very far behind the priceRead more at location 2656
Note: FAR CONFLUIRE TUTTO NEL PREZZO Edit
two approaches.Read more at location 2659
memorize facts about boats and bananas,Read more at location 2659
Note: 1 Edit
rely on the price system,Read more at location 2660
Note: 2 Edit
In this context, relying on prices means taxing fossil fuels and it also means higher taxes on meat, which through methane emissions (e.g., cow farts) contribute to climate change problems.Read more at location 2667
Note: TRADUZIONE CONCRETA. CARBON TAX METAN TAX Edit
Once the tax is in place, consumers don’t have to care very much about the environment or at all.Read more at location 2672
The tax does involve an informational burden on the government,Read more at location 2673
Note: AIL LATO DEBOLE Edit
That is a problem, because governments don’t always get those decisions right.Read more at location 2675
Note: c Edit
Still, it is a more manageable problem—Read more at location 2676
Note: c Edit
Ideally a carbon tax should be done in conjunction with other major polluters, most of all China, the world’s number one carbon polluter at the moment.Read more at location 2678
Note: CONGIUNTO Edit
America is aging rapidly,Read more at location 2680
In any politically feasible scenario, we will need some spending cuts and some tax increases,Read more at location 2683
Note: UNA RIFORMA È ALKE PORTE. APPROFITTIAMONE Edit
what should we tax? It’s pretty simple: We should tax those items with some negative consequences for the environment.Read more at location 2685
If we wish, we could offset a higher carbon tax with a lower corporate incomeRead more at location 2688
Note: ESEMPIO Edit
The people who are preaching fiscal austerity—and mean it—are some of the best friends of the environment, whether they know it or not. They are the ones paving the way for a carbon tax.Read more at location 2698
Note: AUSTERITY FISCALE E AMBIENTE Edit
here are some other policy changesRead more at location 2724
Greater efforts to support green forests abroad and other carbon sinks.Read more at location 2725
Note: FORESTE Edit
Cut back on requirements for minimum parking to accompany suburban developments; minimum parking requirements encourage car use and sprawl.Read more at location 2726
Note: PARCHEGGI A PAGAMENTO Edit
Ease zoning restrictions on high-density construction in urban areas. City dwellers are less likely to have cars or to travel long distances and thus they are “greener.”Read more at location 2727
Note: INURBARSI MENO TRASPORTO E TRASP PUBBLICO Edit
Eliminate all subsidies to large agribusiness.Read more at location 2729
Note: NN SUSSIDIAMO LE SCOREGGE DELLE VACCHE Edit
We are subsidizing cow fartsRead more at location 2730
Note: c Edit
Phase out water subsidies, which encourage inefficient agricultureRead more at location 2731
Note: ACQUA Edit
1. Make virtuous behavior more funRead more at location 2737
2. Cultivate expensive tastes for environmentally dangerous itemsRead more at location 2742
3. Give up refined sugar as much as you canRead more at location 2762
4. Wash more dishes by handRead more at location 2767
Use plastic cutlery and paper plates.Read more at location 2767
5. Limit food wasteRead more at location 2774
bread.Read more at location 2775
strawberries,Read more at location 2776
When many foods rot on compost heaps, they give off methane gasRead more at location 2777
Note: METANO E CIBI Edit
6. Minimize the number of car tripsRead more at location 2779