Visualizzazione post con etichetta anderson hill the not so wild. Mostra tutti i post
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mercoledì 25 gennaio 2017

Non sparate sul Far West

Per qualcuno anarchia = caos.
Per qualcuno la vita non presidiata da un “governo legittimo” è brutta, breve e crudele.
Si ripete, per giustificare i governi attuali, quello che si diceva nel ‘600 per giustificare il tiranno.
Ma (fortunatamente) forse non è così: ci sono ragioni per pensare che le cose vadano altrimenti. Ci sono ragioni per pensare che l’anarchia generi regole più che caos.
E poi c’è la storia, ovvero i casi concreti: la storia del Far West, per esempio.
Ce la ricordano Terry L. Anderson e P. J. Hill nel saggio “An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism - The Not So Wild, Wild West”.
Nel Far West – il periodo esaminato va dal 1830 al 1900 -il monopolio della violenza era una chimera, il governo federale lontano e impotente. Insomma, si viveva nell’anarchia.
Nel nostro immaginario fu un periodo di sparatorie e violenze continue. Un errore di percezione che fa il paio solo con i pregiudizi sul medioevo….
… this was not the case; property rights were protected and civil order prevailed…
Chi offriva questi servizi tipicamente governativi?…
… Private agencies…
Naturalmente in competizione tra loro. Nessun monopolio.
Ma come mai queste agenzie non si scontrarono tra loro in una guerra totale?…
… They soon discovered that "warfare" was a costly way of resolving disputes… lower cost methods of settlement (arbitration, courts, etc.) resulted…
Molti ritengono che ci voglia un governo per avere “beni pubblici”, e i “beni pubblici” per eccellenza sono la legge e la sicurezza.
Nel Far West legge e sicurezza si produssero spontaneamente senza gli inconvenienti di un governo e di una burocrazia.
L’anarco-capitalista è colui che crede in questo spontaneismo. La domanda a cui deve rispondere è la seguente…
… how can law and order, which do require some coercion, he supplied without ultimately resulting in one provider of those services holding a monopoly on coercion?…
L’anarco-capitalista vede nella ricerca del profitto la chiave di volta…
… a faith in the profit seeking entrepreneurs…
Chi contrasta la visione anarco-capitalista vede un finale a tinte fosche…
… Conflicts may occur, and one agency will win… a single protective agency or association will eventually come to dominate…
A giudicare la disputa è comunque il tribunale dei fatti
… there is the empirical question of whether competition can actually provide the protection services…
Chi crede nello spontaneismo crede nell’esistenza di diritti naturali che la mente umana percepisce e a cui si uniforma…
… the Lockean concept of mixing labor with resources to arrive at "natural rights"…
Un contesto storico come quello del Far West è ideale per testare se anarchia = caos, se law&order possono essere prodotti in competizione su un mercato, se l’uomo riconosce spontaneamente dei diritti naturali ecc…
… Even in the absence of any enforcement mechanism, most members of the western society agreed that certain rights to use and control property existed…
Esempio
… when a miner argued that a placer claim was his because he "was there first," that claim carried more weight than if he claimed it simply because he was most powerful…
Cosa conta per l’ happy end?
… Tastes, culture, ethics…
E infatti con gli indiani (popolo nomade) le cose andarono un po’ diversamente…
… The long period of conflicts between the Indians and the settlers can be attributed to a lack of any such…
Esiste una leggenda del Far West a tutti ben nota anche grazie ad Hollywood…
… histories describe the era and area as characterized by gunfights, horse-thievery, and general disrespect for basic human rights. The taste for the dramatic in literature and other entertainment forms has led to concentration on the seeming disparity between the westerners' desire for order and the prevailing disorder. If the Hollywood image of the West were not enough to taint our view, scholars of violence contributed with quotes such as the following: "We can report with some assurance that compared to frontier days there has been a significant decrease in crimes of violence in the United States."…
iN “Frontier Violence: Another Look”, Eugene Hollon scrive…
… “the Western frontier was a far more civilized, more peaceful, and safer place than American society is today."…
Robert Dykstra
… in five of the major cattle towns (Abilene, Ellsworth, Wichita, Dodge City, and Caldwell) for the years from 1870 to 1885, only 45 homicides were reported-an average of 1.5 per cattle-trading season.') In Abilene, supposedly one of the wildest of the cow towns, "nobody was killed in 1869 or 1870. In fact, nobody was killed until the advent of officers of the law, employed to prevent killings."' 4 Only two towns, Ellsworth in 1873 and Dodge City in 1876, ever had five killings in any one year…
Frank Prassel nel suo "A Legacy of Law and Order"…
… "if any conclusion can be drawn from recent crime statistics, it must be that this last frontier left no significant heritage of offenses against the person, relative to other sections of the country."…
Bisogna poi pensare che…
… preference for order can differ across time and people…
Alcuni preferiscono più sicurezza e meno dinamismo, altri il contrario…
… To show that the West was more "lawless" than our present day society tells one very little unless some measure of the "demand for law and order" is available…
Così come certe leggi aumentano il caos, la violazione di certe leggi non costituiscono di per sé “disordine”…
… many violations of formal law… more truly reflected community customs…
****************************************************************
comitati di vigilanza sono una delle istituzioni spontanee destinate a mantenere l’ordine nel Far West…
… vigilance committees… sprang up in many of the mining towns…
Spesso si affiancavano ai servizi governativi…
… They proved that competition was useful in cases where government was ineffective…
Alcuni esempi
… as in the case of San Francisco in the 1850' s… where government became the province of criminals who used the legal monopoly on coercion to further their own ends, as in Virginia CityMontana Territory in the 1860' s.lY Even in these cases, however, violence was not the standard modus operandi…
San Francisco visto da vicino…
… San Francisco vigilante committee was reconstituted in 1856… During this period, San Francisco had only two murders, compared with more than a hundred in the six months before the committee was formed…
******************************************************************
Il mondo degli squatter è il mondo anarchico per eccellenza…
… pioneer settlers who often moved into the public domain before it was surveyed or open for sale by the federal government…
Definire ed applicare i diritti di proprietà in condizioni del genere è sempre un problema. Per la legge erano abusivi, di fatto erano onesti contadini
… result was the formation of "extra-legal" organizations for protection…
Nacquero i “club” o “land club”.
Benjamin F. Shambaugh:
… we view these clubs "as an illustrative type of frontier extra-legal, extra-constitutional political organization in which are reflected certain principles of American life and character."…
La mentalità americana nasce da esperienze del genere.
Frederick Jackson Turner:
… an excellent example of the "power of the newly arrived pioneers to join together for a common end without the intervention of governmental institutions. . . ."…
La mentalità anarchica ha fondato l’unica superpotenza oggi sulla piazza.
Questi gruppi adottavano una loro “costituzione”, per esempio la “Association of Johnson County” in Iowa: un presidente, due vice-presidenti, alcuni impiegati, sette giudici, due sceriffi…
… The constitution specified the procedure whereby property rights in land would be defined as well as the procedure for arbitrating claims disputes. User charges were utilized for defraying arbitration expenses…
I processi si tenevano previa deposito di somme da parte degli attori.
Sanzioni: la violenza era una possibilità ma si preferiva proscrivere o boicottare.
Cosa importante: le costituzioni variavano secondo le preferenze dei membri…
… resolutions of all claims clubs were not alike suggests that preferences among the squatters did vary…
Come veniva motivata la necessità di una costituzione?…
… “the need of protection .against 'reckless claim jumpers and invidious wolves in human form…”…oppure  “need 'for better security against foreign as well as domestic aggression."… oppure… “opposing "speculators" who were attempting to obtain title to the land”…
Alcune costituzioni richiedevano certi lavori per diventare proprietari di un terreno. Altre ne richiedevano molti di meno per incoraggiare la speculazione. Diverse soluzioni convivevano in competizione tra loro.
***************************************************************
C’erano poi le associazioni tra allevatori (Cattlemens' Associations)…
… Initially "there was room enough for all… "as early as 1868, two years after the first drive, small groups of owners were organizing themselves into protective associations and hiring stock detective"…
La genesi secondo due esperti come Ernest Staples Osgood e Louis Pelzer…
… it was "the failure of the police power in the frontier communities to protect property and preserve order," which "resulted over and over again in groups who represented the will of the law- abiding part of the community dealing out summary justice to offenders."…
Gli allevatori erano gente più violenta dei contadini (gestire i diritti di pascolo è un casino), e questo si rifletteva nei loro metodi e nelle sanzioni (il boicottaggio non bastava come deterrente). Sul mercato si reperivano i mezzi per applicare la legge…
… Expert gunmen-professional killers-had an economic place in the frontier West… Like all mercenaries, they espoused the side which made them the first or best offer… hut Bill became Montana's first stock detective… Bill's choice was not dictated by ethics… At any rate, he became a hired defender of property…
La legge era una legge privata
… the earlier versions evidently enforced their own laws much of the time rather than serving as simply an extension of the government's police force…
Un’ovvia preoccupazione aleggiava…
… enforcement agencies will themselves become large-scale organizations that use their power to infringe upon individual rights…
Ma
… Major economies of scale did not seem to exist in either enforcement or crime…
Le testimonianze scritte parlano chiaro…
… numerous records of gunslingers making themselves available for hire… no record of these gunslingers discovering that it was even more profitable to band together and form a super-defense agency…
Nessuna traccia di monopolio, come invece previsto dalla dottrina prevalente.
Alcuni pistoleri entravano e uscivano dal mondo del crimine ma non si formò mai un soggetto monopolista in grado di vessare la cittadinanza.
Le agenzie più grandi e, se vogliamo, più “minacciose”…
… Pinkerton Agency and Wells Fargo…
… erano in realtà sussidiarie del potere federale.
****************************************************************
Un’altra forma di auto-regolamentazione furono i “Mining Camps”.
Nel 1848 la presenza dell’oro fu scoperta in California. In molti accorsero occupando “anarchicamente” queste terre…
… Later the same experience occurred in ColoradoMontana, and Idaho
Ma “anarchicamente”, ormai lo sappiamo, non significa disordinatamente: esisteva un ordine naturale che informava e facilitava l’ordine spontaneo...
… The invaders were remitted to the primal law of nature…
A volte ci si organizzava in anticipo
…  many of the groups of associates who came seeking their fortunes organized and made their rules for operation before they left their homes…
Di certo la legge del gruppo era la più alta fonte di diritto.
Anche qui:
… rules under which the companies were organized varied according to tastes and needs of the company…
Si fissavano i metodi di pagamento, i doveri di cura dei malati, l’uso di alcolici e altre droghe, le multe per le infrazioni disciplinari. Tutto all’unanimità, sia alla partenza che dopo…
… Those who wished to purchase other "bundles of goods" or other sets of rules had that alternative…
Le regole funzionavano finché si trattava di regolare dispute “in famiglia”, ma se la diatriba coinvolgeva gente di campi diversi?…
… additional negotiation was necessary…
Un arbitrato (che stabiliva un precedente tra i due campi) risolveva la questione. E qui va sempre ricordata la grande fiducia nel diritto naturale e nella proprietà.
Una questione spinosa era legata alla statuizione del diritto di scavo su certe terre…
… Gregory Gulch in Colorado provides an example. A mass meeting of miners was held June 8, 1859, and a committee appointed to draft a code of laws. This committee laid out boundaries for the district, and their civil code, after some discussion and amend- ment, was unanimously adopted in mass meeting, July 16. 1859. The example was rapidly followed in other districts, and the whole Territory was soon divided between a score of local sovereignties.'…
la presenza di militari dell’esercito governativo non interferiva sulla legge privata della città, i soldati erano lì per gli indiani…
… In California, military posts were established to take care of Indian troubles, but these governmental enforcement organizations did not exercise any authority over the mining camps… No alcalde, no council, no justice of the peace, was ever forced upon a district by an outside power…
Il distretto era l’unità politica e le consultazioni tra delegati stabilivano convenzioni tra distretti facendo sorgere un diritto variegato e conforme alle preferenze locali. Il tutto in linea con la teorizzazione anarco-capitalista (vedi David Friedman: Machine Freedom)…
…. boundaries, or matters of local government, and reported to their respective constituencies in open-air meeting, on hillside or river-bank…
La presenza di avvocati era osteggiata e la professione di avvocato spesso bandita…
… Union Mining District. Resolved, that no lawyer be permitted to practice law in this district, under penalty of not more than fifty nor less than twenty lashes, and he forever banished from this district'…
Le abitudini, le tradizioni e i costumi della comunità avevano una grande importanza. Avvocati e uomini del diritto erano vissuti come una minaccia a tutto cio’…
… When outside laws were imposed upon the camps, there is some evidence that they increased rather than decreased crime… One early Californian writes, "We needed no law until the lawyers came," and another adds, "There were few crimes until the courts with their delays and technical- ities took the place of miners'…
Le dispute erano risolte da un giudice minatore e gli accusati difesi da amici minatori. La giuria ovviamente composta da minatori.
Le secessioni erano frequenti: bastava un voto a maggioranza per decidere…
… If a majority favored such action, the district was set apart and named… old district was not consulted on the subject, but received a verbal notice of the new organization…
Testimonianza
… "The work of mining, and its environment and conditions, were so different in different places, that the laws and customs of the miners had to vary even in adjoining districts."…
in Colorado la concorrenza tra tribunali in stile anarco-capitalista era evidente…
… The miners' courts, people's courts, and "provisional government" (a new name for "Jefferson") divided jurisdiction in the mountains… Appeals were taken from one to the other… judgments accepted from one court by another… there was undoubtedly much less crime in the two years this arrangement lasted than in the two which followed the territorial organization and regular government…
Gli appelli alle sentenze seguivano percorsi un po’ strani e non ben prevedibili, sta di fatto che i nodi venivano risolti pacificamente con un accordo tra corti che consentiva alla causa più ostica di giungere a sentenza definitiva in breve tempo.
**************************************************************
Anche le carovane dei pionieri costituivano delle società anarchiche…
… they moved across the plains in search of California gold… region west of Missouri and Iowa was unorganized, unpatrolled, and beyond the jurisdiction of the United States law…
i pericoli della convivenza forzata in condizioni estreme erano notevoli…
… the tedious journey and the constant tensions of the trail brought out the worst in human character, the pioneers…
Le carovane creavano una legge privata e la applicavano privatamente, un po’ come in quel tempo facevano i navigatori dell’ oceano.
In alcuni casi ci si ispirava alla costituzione degli stati Uniti.
L’esempio della “Green and Jersey County Company”…
… “We, the members of the Green and Jersey County Company of Emi- grants to California, for the purpose of effectually protecting our per- sons and property, and as the best means of ensuring an expeditious and easy journey do ordain and establish the following constitution”…
Si stabiliva la legge, le modalità applicative, il diritto di voto, i giudici, l’espulsione dalla carovana, la regolazione dei giorni festivi, i giochi consentiti, i doveri di guardia, i doveri lavorativi nella costruzione di strade e ponti…
La negoziazione era complessa ma esisteva un saldo punto di riferimento (Schelling point) che facilitava tutto: il diritto di proprietà. Un diritto naturale riconosciuto da tutti…
… it is clear that the travelers did negotiate from Schelling points to social contracts without relying upon the coercive powers of government. And these voluntary contracts did provide the basis for social organization… The Schelling points from which the individuals negotiated included a very well accepted set of private rights especially with regard to property
Una testimonianza dalla quale si evince la centralità della proprietà privata…
… In his article, "Paying for the Elephant: Property Rights and Civil Order on the Overland Trail," John Phillip Reid convincingly argues that respect for property rights was paramount. Even when food became so scarce that starvation was a distinct possibility, there are few examples where the pioneers resorted to violence… The emigrants were property minded…
In genere le carovane si organizzavano come “mess”…
… the mess allowed individuals to contribute inputs such as food, oxen, wagons, labor, etc. for the joint production of travel or meals. In this way, the mess, which allowed the property to remain privately owned, differed from the partnership where property was concurrently owned…
Al sorgere dei conflitti, si rendeva necessaria una rinegoziazione. In alcuni casi, anche questa soluzione era impossibile cosicché si doveva procedere ad uno scioglimento. Esempio di documento…
… We concluded the best thing we could do was to buy him out and let him go which accordingly we did by paying him one hundred doll[ ar] s. He shoulder[ ed] his gun, carpet bag, and blanket and took the track to the prairie without saying good by to one of us…
I documenti disponibili non testimoniano degenerazioni violente in queste controversie, anche in assenza di forza pubblica. E chi lasciava una “mess” poteva entrare in un’altra.
Un esempio importante di scioglimento fu quello della Boone County Company
… When negotiations appeared at an impasse because of the indivisibility of units and differences in quality, prices were assigned to units and the groups resolved the issue by trade. However, a $ 75 claim of the majority group proved even harder to resolve… Unable to settle the dispute, arbitration came from a "private court" consisting of "3 disinterested men," one chosen by each side and a third chosen by the two. Their decision follows…
Il punto decisivo:
… when the Boone County Company could not renegotiate its initial contract the members did not resort to force, but chose private arbitration instead
Morale:
… many companies which crossed the plains "were experiments in democracy and while some proved inadequate to meet all emergencies, the very ease with which the members could dissolve their bonds and form new associations without lawlessness and disorder proves the true democratic spirit among the Ameri- can frontiersmen rather than the opposite."…
in sintesi
… Competition rather than coercion insured justice…
Bisogna riconoscere che in una carovana…
… the demand for public goods was probably not as great as found in more permanent communities… schools, roads, and other goods which are publicly provided in our society were not needed,…
Inoltre:
… the short term nature of the organization meant that there was not a very long time for groups to organize to use coercion…
****************************************************************
Il Far West ci offre un esempio di come dall’anarchia possano sorgere forme di convivenza ordinata ma soprattutto con leggi private variegate e più in linea  con i gusti dei governati.
Dall’anarchia, quindi, non sortisce necessariamente caos ma anche ordine, e poiché non tutti gli ordini sono uguali, quello selezionato su base anarchica dovrebbe essere qualitativamente migliore. Il motivo è semplice: sorgendo dal basso è più in linea con le preferenze degli uomini.
Domanda: non sarà questa (recente) radice anarchica ad aver reso l’america il paese più potente del pianeta?
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venerdì 25 novembre 2016

An American Experiment in AnarchoCapitalism - The Not So Wild, Wild West Terry L. Anderson and P. J. Hil

An American Experiment in AnarchoCapitalism- The Not So Wild, Wild West
Terry L. Anderson and P. J. Hill
Citation (APA): Hill, T. L. Anderson and P. J. (2014). An American Experiment in AnarchoCapitalism_ The -Not So Wild, Wild West_ [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Segnalibro - Posizione 2
Nota - Posizione 2
fornitura di legge. qual è la soluzione ottima? 1 privati. obiezione: essendo la legge un bene pubblico verrebbe sottoprodotto. 2 stato. obiezione: essendo uno scambio coercitivo l esito sarebbe distorto conclusione: si valuti pragmaticamente. in alcuni casi l ordine spontaneo porta alla legge dei cla altre volte - come nel west - alla tutela della proprietà. se si va alla radice l elemento decisivo potrebbe essere la razza... la storia delle anarchie presso i popoli mefiterranei è ben diversa che presso i popoli anglosassoni *** la guerra è costosa meglio arbitrati e tribunali stato minimo vs anarcocapitalismo teoria dei beni pubblici: scarsa base fattuale
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
An American Experiment in Anarcho- Capitalism: The -Not So Wild, Wild West* by Terry L. Anderson and P. J. Hill
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 4
literature has experi- enced an upsurge in the interest in anarchy and its implications for social organization. The work of Rawls and Nozick, two volumes edited by Gordon Tullock, Explorations in the Theory of Anarchy, and a book by David Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom, provide examples.
Nota - Posizione 6
x INTERESSE X L ANARCHIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 7
presenting a formula for the operation of society in a state of anarchy.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 8
The purpose of this paper is to take us from the theoretical world of anarchy to a case study
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 13
government as a legitimate agency of coercion was absent for a long enough period
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 15
period from 1830 to 1900
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 17
The West during this time often is perceived as a place of great chaos,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
little respect for property or life.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
this was not the case; property rights were protected and civil order prevailed.
Nota - Posizione 19
x PROP PROTETTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
Private agencies
Nota - Posizione 19
BASE PROTETTIVA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 20
they did not have a legal monopoly on "keeping order."
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 20
They soon discovered that "warfare" was a costly way of resolving disputes
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 21
lower cost methods of settlement (arbitration, courts, etc.) resulted.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
Anarchy: Order or Chaos?
Nota - Posizione 22
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 23
dictionary definition
Nota - Posizione 23
ANARCHIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 23
no government,"
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 23
the third definition, "confusion or chaos
Nota - Posizione 23
SINONIMIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 24
it is a necessary result
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 26
the last "pubiic goods" to be dealt with probably being programs designed to define and enforce property rights.
Nota - Posizione 27
IL COMPITO FONDAMENTALE DEI GOVERNI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 28
"social contractarian"
Nota - Posizione 39
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 39
"anarcho-capitalist"
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 40
functions of government can he replaced by individuals
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 41
all transactions would be voluntary
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 42
how can law and order, which do require some coercion, he supplied without ultimately resulting in one provider of those services holding a monopoly on coercion,
Nota - Posizione 43
x LA DOMANDA X L ANARCO CAPITALISTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 47
the market is capable of provid- ing justice at the cheapest price. According to Rothbard, to claim that these services are "public goods" and cannot be sold to individuals in varying amounts is to make a claim which actually has little basis in fact.'
Nota - Posizione 48
X POS ANARCO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 49
faith in the profit seeking entrepreneurs
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 51
there is the empirical question of whether competition can actually provide the protection services.
Nota - Posizione 51
IL NODO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 52
Conflicts may occur, and one agency will win.
Nota - Posizione 53
POSIZIONE COSTITUZ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 54
a single protective agency or association will eventually come to dominate
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 61
To the constitutionalist the Lockean concept of mixing labor with resources to arrive at "natural rights" is not sufficient.
Nota - Posizione 61
COME NSSCONO I DIRITTI?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 62
the starting point is determined by the initial bar- gaining process which results in the constitutional contract.
Nota - Posizione 62
X POSIZOONE COSTITUZIONALISTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 66
Our purpose in this paper is to discuss, in a historical context, some of the important issues
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
Even in the absence of any enforce- ment mechanism, most members of the western society agreed that certain rights to use and control property existed.
Nota - Posizione 73
DATO DI FATTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 73
when a miner argued that a placer claim was his because he "was there first," that claim carried more weight than if he claimed it simply because he was most powerful.
Nota - Posizione 74
x ES
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 74
Tastes, culture, ethics,
Nota - Posizione 74
COSA CONTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 75
The long period of conflicts between the Indians and the settlers can be attributed to a lack of any such
Nota - Posizione 75
INDIANI
Nota - Posizione 95
divario tra leggenda e realtà omicidi: pochi... meno che altrove comitati di vigilanza... la competizione fa bene land squatters: pionieri che autorganizzavano la difesa delle proprietà... la tesi della frontiera: il diritto all exit forgia la mentalità usa le associazioni degli allevatori: la terra è scarsa e occorrono regole... il ruolo dei pistoleri gli sceriffi + efficienti nn erano certo dei santi il xicolo del monopolio privato della forza
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 95
Cases from the West
Nota - Posizione 96
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 97
the legendary characterization of the "wild, wild West."
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 97
The potential for chaos is a major objection
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 98
histories describe the era and area as characterized by gunfights, horse-thievery, and general disrespect for basic human rights. The taste for the dramatic in literature and other entertain- ment forms has led to concentration on the seeming disparity between the westerners' desire for order and the prevailing disorder. If the Hollywood image of the West were not enough to taint our view, scholars of violence contributed with quotes such as the following: "We can report with some assurance that compared to frontier days there has been a significant dec- rease in crimes of violence in the United States.""
Nota - Posizione 102
x LEGGENDA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 103
Frontier Violence: Another Look, W. Eugene Hollon
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 104
the Western frontier was a far more civilized, more peaceful, and safer place than American society is today."' Z
Nota - Posizione 104
x HOLLOW
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 105
Robert Dykstra's
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 105
in five of the major cattle towns (Abilene, Ellsworth, Wichita, Dodge City, and Caldwell) for the years from 1870 to 1885, only 45 homicides were reported-an average of 1.5 per cattle-trading season.') In Abilene, supposedly one of the wildest of the cow towns, "nobody was killed in 1869 or 1870. In fact, nobody was killed until the advent of officers of the law, employed to prevent killings."' 4 Only two towns, Ellsworth in 1873 and Dodge City in 1876, ever had five killings in any one year. 15
Nota - Posizione 108
x K
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 108
Frank Prassel
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 109
"A Legacy of Law and Order,"
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 109
"if any conclusion can be drawn from recent crime statistics, it must be that this last frontier left no significant heritage of offenses against the person, relative to other sections of the country." l6
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 111
preference for order can differ across time and people.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 111
To show that the West was more "lawless" than our present day society tells one very little unless some measure of the "demand for law and order" is available.
Nota - Posizione 112
x DEMAND OF LAW
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 113
many violations of formal law,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 113
more truly reflected community customs
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 114
The vigilance committees
Nota - Posizione 114
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 114
sprang up in many of the mining towns
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 115
these committees arose after civil government was organized.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 115
They proved that competition was useful in cases where government was ineffective,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 115
as in the case of San Francisco in the 1850' s,' hr where government became the province of criminals who used the legal monopoly on coercion to further their own ends, as in Virginia City, Montana Territory in the 1860' s.lY Even in these cases, however, violence was not the standard modus operandi.
Nota - Posizione 117
x CORRUZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 118
San Francisco vigilante committee was reconstituted in 1856,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 119
During this period, San Francisco had only two murders, compared with more than a hundred in the six months before the committee was formed." 2Q
Nota - Posizione 120
x CFR
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 120
four examples of institutions which approximated anarcho- capitalism.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 122
a. Land Clubs:
Nota - Posizione 122
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 123
pioneer settlers who often moved into the public domain before it was surveyed or open for sale by the federal government,
Nota - Posizione 123
SQUATTER
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 123
definition and enforcement of property rights in the land they claimed was always a problem.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 126
In law they were trespassers; in fact they were honest farmers." 21
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 126
result was the formation of "extra-legal" organizations for protection
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 127
land clubs
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 128
Benjamin F. Shambaugh
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 128
we view these clubs "as an illustrative type of frontier extra-legal, extra-constitutional political organization in which are reflected certain principles of American life and character."' 2
Nota - Posizione 129
x MENTALITÀ AMERICANA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 129
Frederick Jackson Turner
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 130
an excellent example of the "power of the newly arrived pioneers to join together for a common end without the intervention of governmental institutions. . . ." 2'
Nota - Posizione 131
x JACKSON
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 131
adopted its own constitution
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 133
Association of Johnson County, Iowa
Nota - Posizione 133
ES
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 134
president, vice president, and clerk
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 134
seven judges,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 135
two marshals
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 135
The constitution specified the procedure whereby property rights in land would be defined as well as the procedure for arbitrating claims disputes. User charges were utilized for defraying arbitra- tion expenses.
Nota - Posizione 137
x CONTENUTO DEL CONTRATTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 138
deposit a sufficient sum of money in their hands to defray the expenses
Nota - Posizione 139
PROCESSI E DEPOSITI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 140
As a sanction
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 141
violence was an option,
Nota - Posizione 141
ANCHE IL BOICOTTAGGIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 145
resolutions of all claims clubs were not alike suggests that preferences among the squatters did vary
Nota - Posizione 146
GOVRNI DIFFERENTI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 150
the need of protection .against 'reckless claim jumpers and invidious wolves in human form,'
Nota - Posizione 150
GIUSTIF DELL ASSOC
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 150
need 'for better security against foreign as well as domestic aggression."' 27
Nota - Posizione 151
ALTRA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 151
opposing "speculators" who were attempting to obtain title to the land.
Nota - Posizione 152
ALTRA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 152
specifically regulated the amount of improvements
Nota - Posizione 152
ALCUNE COSTITUZIONI SUI MIGL X DIVENIRE PROP
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 153
Other associa- tions, however, encouraged speculation by making no such requirements.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 155
b. Cattlemens' Associations:
Nota - Posizione 155
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 156
Initially "there was room enough for all,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 157
"as early as 1868, two years after the first drive, small groups of owners were organizing themselves into protective associations and hiring stock detective ^."
Nota - Posizione 158
DOPO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 159
Louis Pelzer.
Nota - Posizione 159
ESPERTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 163
Ernest Staples Osgood
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 163
it was "the failure of the police power in the frontier communities to protect property and preserve order," which "resulted over and over again in groups who represented the will of the law- abiding part of the community dealing out summary justice to offenders.""
Nota - Posizione 165
x FALLIMENTO DEI GOVERNI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 166
means of enforcing private rights was often more violent than the trade sanctions specified by the claims associa- tions.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 167
a market response to existing demands for enforcement
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 168
Expert gunmen-professional killers-had an economic place in the frontier West.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 169
Like all mercenaries, they espoused the side which made them the first or best offer.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 170
hut Bill became Montana's first stock detective.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 171
Bill's choice was not dictated by ethics,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 171
At any rate, he became a hired defender of property
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 173
the earlier versions evidently enforced their own laws much of the time rather than serving as simply an extension of the government's police force.
Nota - Posizione 174
LEGGE PRIVATA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 175
enforcement agencies will themselves become large-scale organizations that use their power to infringe upon individual rights.
Nota - Posizione 176
PREOCCUPAZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 177
Major economies of scale did not seem to exist in either enforcement or crime.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 178
numerous records of gunslingers making themselves available for hire,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 178
no record of these gunslingers discovering that it was even more profitable to band together and form a super-defense agency
Nota - Posizione 179
NESSUNA TRACCIA DI MONOPOLIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 180
Some of the individuals did drift in and out of a life of crime
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 180
these associations did not seem to be encouraged by the market form of peace keeping,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 182
a few large
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 183
Pinkerton Agency and Wells Fargo,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 183
but these agencies seemed to serve mainly as adjuncts to government
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 185
c. Mining Camps:
Nota - Posizione 185
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 186
discovery of gold in California in 1848
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 187
Thousands of Easterners rushed to
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 188
Later the same experience occurred in Colorado, Montana, and Idaho
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 188
first to arrive were forced into a situation where they had to write the rules
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 189
There was no constitutional authority
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 190
The invaders were remitted to the primal law of nature,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 190
Every gulch was filling with red-hot treasure hunters;
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 191
every bar was pock-marked with "prospect holes";
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 194
many of the groups of associates who came seeking their fortunes organized and made their rules for operation before they left their homes.
Nota - Posizione 195
ANTICIPO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 197
they did not "recognize any higher court than the law of the majority of the company." 36
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 198
rules under which the companies were organized varied according to tastes and needs of the company.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 200
payments to be used
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 200
caring for the sick
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 201
use of alcoholic spirits,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 201
fines which could be imposed for misconduct,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 202
governing rules of the company were negotiated,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 202
unanimity prevailed.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 203
Those who wished to purchase other "bundles of goods" or other sets of rules had that alternative.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 204
rules were useful only insofar as questions of rights involved members
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 204
when other individuals were confronted in the mining camps, additional negotiation was necessary.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 205
the first issues to arise concerned the ownership of mining claims.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 207
mass meeting and appoint committees assigned to drafting the laws.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 207
Gregory Gulch in Colorado provides an example. A mass meeting of miners was held June 8, 1859, and a committee appointed to draft a code of laws. This committee laid out boundaries for the district, and their civil code, after some discussion and amend- ment, was unanimously adopted in mass meeting, July 16. 1859. The example was rapidly followed in other districts, and the whole Territory was soon divided between a score of local sovereignties.' 9
Nota - Posizione 211
x ES COLORADO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 212
In California, military posts were established to take care of Indian troubles, but these governmental enforcement organizations did not exercise any authority over the mining camps.
Nota - Posizione 213
SOLDATI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 215
No alcalde, no council, no justice of the peace, was ever forced upon a district by an outside power.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 216
district was the unit of political organization,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 216
delegates from adjoining districts often met in consultation regarding
Nota - Posizione 217
LEGGI TRA DISTRETTI...
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 217
boundaries, or matters of local government, and reported to their respective constituencies in open-air meeting, on hillside or river-bank."
Nota - Posizione 218
x OGGETTI INTERDISTRETTUALI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 218
trained lawyers were not welcomed in many of the campus and even forbidden
Nota - Posizione 219
AVVOCATI BANDITI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 219
Union Mining District. Resolved, that no lawyer be permitted to practice law in this district, under penalty of not more than fifty nor less than twenty lashes, and he forever banished from this di ~ trict. ~'
Nota - Posizione 220
x ES DI BANDO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 222
When outside laws were imposed upon the camps, there is some evidence that they increased rather than decreased crime.
Nota - Posizione 222
IMPOSIZIONI ESTERNE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 222
One early Californian writes, "We needed no law until the lawyers came," and another adds, "There were few crimes until the courts with their delays and technical- ities took the place of miners'
Nota - Posizione 224
x TESTIMONIANZE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 224
they did develop a system of justice through the miners' courts.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 226
a group of citizens was summoned to try a case.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 226
they would elect a presiding officer or judge and select six or twelve persons to serve as the jury.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 227
there was recourse when disputes arose.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 230
"If a majority favored such action, the district was set apart and named.
Nota - Posizione 231
SECESSIONE E ASSOCIAZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 231
old district was not consulted on the subject, but received a verbal notice of the new organization.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 232
"The work of mining, and its environment and conditions, were so different in different places, that the laws and customs of the miners had to vary even in adjoining districts." 46
Nota - Posizione 234
xTESTIMONIANZA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 234
any man in the camp might be called upon to he the executive officer.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 235
considered for prosecutor or defend- er for the accused.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 235
In Colorado there is some evidence of competition among the courts
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 236
The civil courts promptly assumed criminal jurisdiction,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 237
1860
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 237
The miners' courts, people's courts, and "provisional government" (a new name for "Jeffer- son") divided jurisdiction in the mountains;
Nota - Posizione 238
3 CORTI IN CPNCORRENZA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 239
Appeals were taken from one to the other,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 240
judgments accepted from one court by another,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 241
there was undoubtedly much less crime in the two years this arrangement lasted than in the two which followed the territorial organization and regular government."
Nota - Posizione 242
x ESITO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 244
d. Wagon Trains:
Nota - Posizione 244
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 245
they moved across the plains in search of California gold.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 245
region west of Missouri and Iowa was unorganized, unpatrolled, and beyond the jurisdiction of the United States law.
Nota - Posizione 246
ANARCHIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 247
the tedious journey and the constant tensions of the trail brought out the worst in human character, the pioneers
Nota - Posizione 248
PERICOLI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 248
created their own law making and law- enforcing machinery before they started." 48
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 249
Like their fellow travelers on the ocean,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 250
adoption of a formal constitution patterned after that of the US.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 251
Green and Jersey County Company
Nota - Posizione 251
ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 251
We, the members of the Green and Jersey County Company of Emi- grants to California, for the purpose of effectually protecting our per- sons and property, and as the best means of ensuring an expeditious and easy journey do ordain and establish the following constitution.sO
Nota - Posizione 253
x ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 257
One of the first tasks was to select officers who would be responsible for enforcing the rules.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 258
constitutions also included eligibility for voting
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 259
banishment of individuals from the group,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 265
The specific rules included organization of jury trials;
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 266
regulation of Sabbath-
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 266
gambling and intoxication;
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 266
guard duty.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 267
repair of road,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 267
building bridges,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 270
it is clear that the travelers did negotiate from Schelling points to social contracts without relying upon the coercive powers of government. And these voluntary contracts did provide the basis for social organization.
Nota - Posizione 271
x CHIARI LA PARTENZA DEI DIRITTI NATURALI: PROP.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 271
The Schelling points from which the individuals negotiated included a very well accepted set of private rights especially with regard to property.
Nota - Posizione 272
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 275
In his article, "Paying for the Elephant: Property Rights and Civil Order on the Overland Trail," John Phillip Reid convincingly argues that respect for property rights was para- mount. Even when food became so scarce that starvation was a distinct possibility, there are few examples where the pioneers resorted to violence.
Nota - Posizione 277
x TESTIMONIANZA. PROP AL CENTRO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 283
The emigrants were property minded.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 285
company organized at Kanesville, Iowa,
Nota - Posizione 285
ESEMPIO DI CONFLITTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 285
'Resolved, that in case of any dispute arising between any members of the Company, they shall be referred to three arbiters, one chosen by each party, and one by the two chosen, whose decision shall he final."' 56
Nota - Posizione 287
x ESEMP
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 289
the question of how to solve disputes involving contractual relations for business
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 291
herding and in the provision of protection from Indians provided for gains from voluntary and collective action.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 293
A common form of organization on the overland trail was the "mess."
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 294
the mess allowed individuals to contribute inputs such as food, oxen, wagons, labor, etc. for the joint production of travel or meals. In this way, the mess, which allowed the property to remain privately owned, differed from the partnership where property was concurrently owned.
Nota - Posizione 296
X MESS E PARTNERSHIP
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 296
When the conflicts occurred, renegotiation of the contract was sometimes necessary.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 299
There were, however, cases where renegotiation seemed impossible,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 301
[W] e concluded the best thing we could do was to buy him out and let him go which accordingly we did by paying him one hundred doll[ ar] s. He shoulder[ ed] his gun, carpet bag, and blanket and took the track to the prairie without saying good by to one of us. 58
Nota - Posizione 302
x UN CASO DI RINEGOZIAZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 303
there is no evidence that coercive power was used to take property from rightful owners.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 303
If an indivi- dual left one mess he could usually join another.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 304
joint stock company.
Nota - Posizione 304
ALTRO TIPO DI ORG
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 305
property which was held concurrently.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 305
Charlestown, Virginia, Mining Company
Nota - Posizione 305
ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 309
an individual could not simply leave the company.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 309
withdrawal could only occur with the consent of a percentage of other memhers.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 315
an even more revealing example of anarcho-capitalism at work is found in the dissolution of the Boone County Company.
Nota - Posizione 316
RISOLUZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 318
When negotiations appeared at an impasse because of the indivisibility of units and differences in quality, prices were assigned to units and the groups resolved the issue by trade. However, a $ 75 claim of the majority group proved even harder to resolve.
Nota - Posizione 319
x RISOLUZIONE E DIVISIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 321
Unable to settle the dispute, arbitration came from a "private court" consist- ing of "3 disinterested men," one chosen by each side and a third chosen by the two. Their decision follows.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 327
when the Boone County Company could not renegotiate its initial contract the members did not resort to force, but chose private arbitration instead.
Nota - Posizione 328
IL PUNTO DECISIVO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 328
many companies which crossed the plains "were experiments in democracy and while some proved inadequate to meet all emergencies, the very ease with which the members could dissolve their bonds and form new associations without lawlessness and disorder proves the true democratic spirit among the Ameri- can frontiersmen rather than the opposite." 6'
Nota - Posizione 331
MORALE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 331
Competition rather than coercion insured justice.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 333
the demand for public goods was probably not as great as found in more permanent communities.
Nota - Posizione 333
VANTAGGI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 334
schools, roads, and other goods which are publicly provided in our society were not needed,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 335
Secondly, the short term nature of the organization meant that there was not a very long time for groups to organize to use coercion.
Nota - Posizione 336
BREVE TERMINE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 338
Concluding Remarks
Nota - Posizione 338
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 339
The West,
Nota - Posizione 339
.....
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 339
was, for the most part, orderly.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 340
Different standards of justice did prevail
Nota - Posizione 340
PREFERENZA