Visualizzazione post con etichetta nature-nurture. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta nature-nurture. Mostra tutti i post

mercoledì 15 aprile 2020

kl Fixed Personality Traits Randomly Arrived At

Fixed Personality Traits Randomly Arrived At
riccardo-mariani@libero.it
Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2020). Fixed Personality Traits Randomly Arrived At [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
Fixed Personality Traits, Randomly
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 4
genetic differences, but also from the processes of development themselves.
Nota - Posizione 5
Innatismo allargato
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 5
Stochastic developmental variation
Nota - Posizione 5
Concetto con cui familiarizzare
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 8
treatment of mental disorders?
Nota - Posizione 8
Primo tema
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 9
race and gender?
Nota - Posizione 9
Secondo tema
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
public policy?
Nota - Posizione 10
Terzo tema
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 13
a) gestation matters; and b) humanity is a set of individual mental disorders.
Nota - Posizione 14
Due insegnamenti
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
Gestation Matters
Nota - Posizione 14
Ttttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
When we discuss “nature vs. nurture,” we typically think of DNA
Nota - Posizione 15
L errore
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 16
gestation in utero as a source of differences
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 16
dynamic process of forming cells
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
alternative paths are possible,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
relationship of the newborn baby to its DNA is probabilistic rather than determinate.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 20
identical twins are not truly identical.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 20
if you had been cloned one hundred times, the clones’ brains would all turn out slightly differently
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 21
A metaphor that comes to my mind is the performance of a play, such as Romeo and Juliet.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
Shakespeare’s script is the DNA.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
the approach taken by the director
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 25
Any two performances that follow Shakespeare’s script are like identical twins,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 27
a performance of West Side Story is the fraternal twin of a performance of Romeo and Juliet.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 30
If only 50 percent of the variance in a trait can be accounted for by variation in DNA, then we should not presume that the other 50 percent comes from the environment.
Nota - Posizione 31
La conseguenza
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 32
little of the variation in human traits can be explained by the environment.
Nota - Posizione 32
Tesi di mitchel
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 33
much of human variation comes from variation in gestation.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 36
we often speak of formative experiences
Nota - Posizione 36
Dubbi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 41
plasticity may reinforce and even exaggerate the widespread initial differences
Nota - Posizione 42
La plasticitá nn ci avvicina
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 42
people select and construct their own environments and experiences
Nota - Posizione 43
L ambiente viene dopo
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 43
We also may tend to overestimate the influence of parental behavior.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 46
Parents are more likely to continue to provide a child with dance lessons if the child shows an interest
Nota - Posizione 46
Lo stile educarivo dipende dal bambino piú che dal genitore
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 49
the heritability of this trait increases over time.
Nota - Posizione 49
Sempre piú uniformi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 50
when assessed in adults, the effect of shared family environment goes to zero, while the heritability increases to 80%
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 54
widening the range of environments would expose more impact from the environment.
Nota - Posizione 54
Cfr tra stili italiani. Cfr tra italia e africa
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 57
rely on the Big Five
Nota - Posizione 57
Anche definire i tratti é dificile
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 65
once we take note that brain development emerging during gestation is part of “nature,” it appears that nature accounts for much more of human differences
Nota - Posizione 66
Conclusione
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 74
Humanity is a set of individual mental disorders
Nota - Posizione 74
Ttttttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 81
If your identical twin is autistic, then the probability that you will also be autistic is 80 percent.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 85
“normal” people are people whose brain structures are flawed in ways that do not result in mental illness as conventionally diagnosed.
Nota - Posizione 85
Normal
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 86
Our DNA determines the probability that certain flaws in our brain structure will appear. Gestation determines which flaws actually do arise, most of which do not result in a clinically diagnosed mental illness.
Nota - Posizione 87
Causalit
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 94
Genes that increase the likelihood that the individual will survive and reproduce will, over a long evolutionary time frame, spread to the entire population.
Nota - Posizione 95
Le variazioni sul tema sono quasi sempre negative
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 100
if a new mutation has any effect on intelligence at all, it is far more likely to reduce it than to increase it.
Nota - Posizione 101
Quindi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 104
Even the healthiest among us have survived in spite of DNA that includes some adverse mutations.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 107
Innate Intelligence
Nota - Posizione 107
Ttttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 109
intelligence is the ability to think in more and more abstract ways— to
Nota - Posizione 109
Definizione
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 116
Intuitively, we realize this, which is why educators for the most part try to match students to the demands of a course rather than believing that it is possible to enable low-aptitude students to master challenging material.
Nota - Posizione 118
Intelligenza innata
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 124
intelligence reflects how well the brain is put together,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 126
there is also important evidence of environmental influences. Most notably, there is the Flynn Effect,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 131
The one thing that is clearly not an explanation of the Flynn effect is changing genetics.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 133
some forms of social progress may serve to increase average IQ,
Nota - Posizione 134
Ma nn é detto che piú intellgenza sognifichi ntelligenza piû uguale
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 134
while increasing access to education benefits everyone, it may not do so evenly.
Nota - Posizione 135
Esempio
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 135
Those with higher initial IQ may benefit more
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 141
Gender Differences
Nota - Posizione 141
Tttttttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 142
there are structural differences between female brains and male brains.
Nota - Posizione 142
Tesi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 143
there exist physical sex differences in all higher mammals,
Nota - Posizione 143
Primo
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 145
It would take a particularly virulent form of human exceptionalism
Nota - Posizione 145
Ipotizzare l eguaglianza
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 146
differences in the number and density of connections between different brain areas.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 147
differences in cell number
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 148
The brains of male and female mammals are thus literally wired differently.
Nota - Posizione 148
In conclusione
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 150
on average male brains are 10 percent larger than female
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 151
at the individual level one can find large female brains and small male brains,
Nota - Posizione 151
Ovviamente
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 154
able to classify males and females with over 90 percent accuracy.
Nota - Posizione 155
Scommesse
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 155
although there is no one facial feature that clearly distinguishes human males from females, if we use a set of features we can classify with high accuracy.
Nota - Posizione 156
Analogia
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 157
Mitchell examines the possibility that these brain structure differences are culturally determined.
Nota - Posizione 157
Ipotesi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 159
adult brain structure in general is actually highly heritable,
Nota - Posizione 160
Improbabile
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 161
similar differences are seen in every other mammalian species
Nota - Posizione 161
Inoltre
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 163
those differences being highly adaptive,
Nota - Posizione 163
Per qualsiasi specide
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 164
this suggests some difficulties with the agenda of the social justice movement.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 168
trying to argue against the social justice movement’s
Nota - Posizione 169
Pericolo impugnare la scienza
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 170
Lawrence Summers
Nota - Posizione 170
Le vittime
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 170
James Damore
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 172
It is perfectly understandable that a trait like sexual orientation could be only partly genetic, but still completely innate.
Nota - Posizione 173
Orientamento sex
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 173
A person’s genotype confers a certain probability
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 175
he argues against the notion that sexual orientation is fluid
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 176
sexual preference is much more categorical, for both heterosexuals and homosexuals.”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 178
Racial Differences
Nota - Posizione 178
Ttttttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 178
While Mitchell is implicitly questioning the social justice movement concerning gender, he seems to side with the social justice movement concerning race.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 181
This strikes me as an odd position to take.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 189
in the 1970s in Ireland, average IQ scores were 85, but by the mid-1990s they were 95, and they now average 100.
Nota - Posizione 190
X provare che il razzismo cognitivo nn seiste
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 190
“Nothing changed genetically over that time—
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 191
what accounts for such a rapid improvement in average IQ.
Nota - Posizione 191
Curositá!!!
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 192
the improvement was not due to the effects of the postnatal environment on children?
Nota - Posizione 192
Anche se il dna nn c entra...
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 193
during gestation?
Nota - Posizione 193
Possibile?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 193
extremely poor prenatal nutrition
Nota - Posizione 193
Possibile
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 196
the demographic transition.
Nota - Posizione 196
Altra causa: pi ricchi meno figli. La media iq si alza erché i poveri relativi fanno pochi figli
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 220
Public Policy
Nota - Posizione 220
Tttttttttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 221
The message of Innate is that human traits are not as malleable as we have believed.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 223
This predicts/ explains widespread policy failure.
Nota - Posizione 223
Murray like
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 223
For example, policy makers place strong faith in education as a force that can affect citizens’ lives.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 225
The Null Hypothesis.
Nota - Posizione 225
Edu
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 235
As an example, consider the objective of increasing personal saving.
Nota - Posizione 235
Altro fallimento

giovedì 20 febbraio 2020

HL The essay on the null hypothesis and Charles Murray-FACE

Pensa a tutti quei papà che leggono continuamente ai loro bimbi in età prescolare. Ecco, i ricercatori hanno osservato che questa pratica, implica un successo scolastico più probabile rispetto a quello degli studenti con papà che non leggevano nulla pur di chattare in santa pace sul loro smartphone.
Ma questa relazione non è necessariamente causale. Potrebbe essere che il rendimento scolastico migliore sia dovuto a caratteristiche ereditarie correlate alla passione dei padri per la lettura.
Il nesso causale si controlla come si controlla l'efficacia dei farmaci: si forma un "gruppo di controllo" composto da bambini presi a caso e un'altro "gruppo di trattamento", sempre composto da bambini presi a caso, e si somministra a quest'ultimo il "medicinale" della lettura intensiva. Poi si confrontano i due gruppi. Se poi si hanno a disposizione dei gemelli cresciuti in famiglie differenti, allora siamo a cavallo.
Così facendo si scopre ben presto che, ahimé, la lettura non dà nessun vantaggio al futuro primino. In realtà, esperimento dopo esperimento, si è scoperto che non c'è NULLA che dia qualche vantaggio ai bambini.
Quando un trattamento viene rigorosamente testato, infatti, si scopre regolarmente che 1) i suoi effetti sono piccoli e 2) tendono a dissolversi nel tempo. Ogni tanto esce qualche studio che annuncia un trattamento di successo, tutti i giornali ne parlano. Poi non ne sentiamo più parlare. In questi casi subentra il fatto che 3) l'esperimento fallisce se replicato.
Ecco, cio' che mi separa dai miei amici ciellini è il loro MITO DELL'EDUCAZIONE. Francamente sono più orientato verso il MITO DELLA GRAZIA.
Ci sono tre fattori che incidono sulle nostre prestazioni:
1) contesto culturale,
2) genetica e
3) "trattamenti" esterni.
Il punto 1 pesa molto e spiega perché le nuove generazioni siano regolarmente state più brillanti e intelligenti delle precedenti (effetto Flynn). Ma, attenzione, parlando di contesto parliamo di qualcosa che influenza tutti. Il punto 2 spiega invece le differenze nelle prestazioni tra i singoli. E il punto 3? Il punto 3 non spiega nulla. L'educazione non spiega nulla.
Sembra proprio che famiglia, asilo, scuola, maestre, mamme contino veramente poco nel determinare il successo del pargolo, ma attenzione, guardiamo al bicchiere mezzo pieno: 1) qui parlo delle statistiche, non di voi; voi provateci ugualmente - se provate persino con le diete, potete provare anche a dare tutto per vostro figlio!, 2) non sto dicendo che la famiglia non incida sul benessere dei figli, incide eccome!, sto solo dicendo che questo benessere non è correlato con i risultati che avranno in futuro.
Forse che la gioia di spendersi per i propri bambini e il loro benessere è poco? Non direi, per me vale un Paradiso.

**********
The essay on the null hypothesis and Charles Murray
arnold kling
Citation (APA): kling, a. (2020). The essay on the null hypothesis and Charles Murray [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
The essay on the null hypothesis and Charles Murray By arnold kling
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 8
outside interventions are inherently constrained in the effects they can have on cognitive repertoires.
Nota - Posizione 9
Murray
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
Researchers have observed that pre-school children who have been read to a great deal by their parents subsequently perform better
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 12
But this relationship is not necessarily causal.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 12
better school performance is due to inherited characteristics
Nota - Posizione 13
Alternativa
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
control group that receives little reading and a treatment group that receives a lot of reading.
Nota - Posizione 15
Come si isola la causalitá? Col metodo medicinalli. Random control group e random tratement group
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
The Null Hypothesis,
Nota - Posizione 18
O il mito dell educazione e il mito della grazia
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
“no effect of the treatment.”
Nota - Posizione 19
Tradotto
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 20
When a treatment is rigorously tested, using experimental methods, its effects are small, fade-out is complete, and/ or the results fail to replicate.
Nota - Posizione 21
###### Le tre evidenze ad oggi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
four factors that affect human outcomes:. 1. Overall cultural environment. 2. Genetic inheritance. 3. Gestational variation. 4. Specific environmental interventions.
Nota - Posizione 24
4 fattori che intervengono. Forse in ordine di importanza. Se si sale si sale tutti. Cultura
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 26
The Flynn Effect, in which average IQ changes across generations, is indicative of the importance of the cultural environment.
Nota - Posizione 27
Il cntesto
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 29
The evidence from twin studies is persuasive in that regard.
Nota - Posizione 29
Ereditá genetica
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 33
gestational variation tends to be misleadingly attributed to the “shared environment” component.
Nota - Posizione 33
Eventi casuali scambiati x interventi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 36
In The Nurture Assumption, Judith Rich Harris pointed to evidence that parental behavior makes little difference
Nota - Posizione 36
Se la mamma nn conta figuriamoci la maestra

mercoledì 4 dicembre 2019

L'esperienza influisce su un organismo attivando e disattivando dei geni. (La cultura agisce attraverso la natura)

https://www.edge.org/response-detail/10668

mercoledì 21 novembre 2018

LA TESI DI POLMIN

La tesi del libro: Il DNA è cio' che spiega meglio chi siamo. Dà conto del 50 percento della varianza dei nostri tratti psicologici. Il resto è dovuto a esperienze ambientali casuali che non hanno effetti a lungo termine.

martedì 5 settembre 2017

ch 15 CHAPTER 15 WHEN WE CROSSED THE RUBICON

CHAPTER 15 WHEN WE CROSSED THE RUBICON - our Kindle Notes For:
The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter
Joseph Henrich
Note:15@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,440
crossing the threshold into a regime of cumulative cultural evolution, which has driven human genetic evolution ever since.
Note:LA SOGLIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,442
tools of sufficient complexity that no single individual could have invented
Note:INVENZIONI DEL CERVELLO CUMULATIVO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,459
Genetic evidence indicates that our lineage split from the line leading to chimpanzees between 5 and 10 million years ago.
Note:SPLIT DALLA SCIMMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,464
After about 4 million years ago, the bones tell us that an ape that walked on two legs with a brain somewhat larger than a chimpanzee appeared in Africa.
Note:LA SCIMMIA BIPEDE

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,480
About 3.4 million years ago in Ethiopia, somebody was using stone tools to cut and scrape the meat off a cow-sized ungulate (like a horse or zebra) and a goat-sized bovid (think baby antelope).
Note:PRIMI STRUMENTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,503
By 2.6 million years ago, the first stone tools appear in the paleoarcheological record. Known as Oldowan tools (after Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania),
Note:STRUMENTI SOFISTICATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,524
By around 2.4 million years ago, a bigger-brained (about 630 cm3) bipedal ape appeared in Africa. These apes, and there may have been more than one species, are typically considered the first members of our genus, Homo, so I’ll refer to them collectively as Early Homo.
Note:CERVELLO INGRANDITO... NASCE HOMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,589
In Africa and then rapidly across Eurasia, a new species of the genus Homo was on the move with bigger brains (800 cm3); a much more modern physique, including a narrower pelvis and longer legs; and often fancier stone tools. For simplicity, I will refer to all varieties of this guys—whether in Asia, Africa, or Europe—as Homo erectus.
Note:HOMO ERECTUS... BIGGER BRAIN

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,631
Things accelerated from 1.6 to 1 million years ago, as new techniques and materials increasingly appeared among the remains of erectus societies. Hand axes, including those from the same site, go from mostly worked on one side (unifacial) to being worked on both sides (bifacial).
Note:NUOVI ATTREZZI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,687
Of course, this is not to imply that these ancient humans were like us, but merely that they had crossed the Rubicon and embarked on a genetic evolutionary trajectory that was primarily driven by culture and its products.
Note:COEVOLUTION... IL RUBICONE... IL CORPIO CAMBIA IN RELAZIONE AD ATTREZZI CHE SONO UN PORTATO DELLA CULTIRA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,691
Homo erectus changed sufficiently, including a brain expansion to 1200 cm3, to justify a new species name, Homo heidelbergensis. This period revealed the first evidence of projectile weapons,
Note:UN NUOVO ERECTUS

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,700
The upshot of all this is that, based on current evidence, Australopiths probably began to aggregate cultural information more intensively than any other living ape
Note:AUSTROLOPITECO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,704
Early Homo, expanding his brain and reducing his teeth and jaws. By 1.8 million years ago, however, the threshold had probably been crossed, and cumulative cultural evolutionary products were driving the genetic evolution
Note:1.8... PIÙ CERVELLO MENO DENTI... LA FRONTIERA È SUPERATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,707
By 750,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, there’s little doubt that we are dealing with a cultural species who hunts large game, catches big fish, maintains hearths, cooks, manufactures complex tools, cooperates in moving giant slabs, and gathers and processes diverse plants.
COSA FACEVAMO 750000


lunedì 29 febbraio 2016

CHAPTER 1 A PUZZLING PRIMATE - The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter di Joseph Henrich -

The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter by Joseph Henrich CHAPTER 1 A PUZZLING PRIMATE - #giocodelsopravvissuto - #intelligenzachenonspiega @obbedienzarito #ilgrandecumulo @infanziavecchiaia
our ancestors spread across the globe, from the arid deserts of Australia to the cold steppe of Siberia, and came to inhabit most of the world’s major land-based ecosystems—more environments than any other terrestrial mammal. Yet, puzzlingly, our kind are physically weak, slow, and not particularly good at climbing trees.Read more at location 208
Note: LA DEBOLEZZA FISICA DELL UOMO... EPPURE... Edit
Compared to other mammals of our size and diet, our colons are too short, stomachs too small, and teeth too petite. Our infants are born fat and dangerously premature,Read more at location 213
Note: QUANTI DIFETTI! Edit
Perhaps most surprising of all is that despite our oversized brains, our kind are not that bright, at least not innately smart enough to explain the immense success of our species.Read more at location 215
Note: L INTELLIGENZA. NON SPIEGA IL NS SUCCESSO Edit
Suppose we took you and forty-nine of your coworkers and pitted you in a game of Survivor against a troop of fifty capuchin monkeys from Costa Rica. We would parachute both primate teams into the remote tropical forests of central Africa. After two years, we would return and count the survivors on each team. The team with the most survivors wins.Read more at location 218
Note: AL GIOCO DEL SOPRAVVISSUTO PEDIAMO CON LA SCIMMIA CAPPUCCINA Edit
Let’s face it, chances are your human team would lose, and probably lose badly, to a bunch of monkeys, despite your team’s swollen crania and ample hubris.Read more at location 227
where our species evolved, what are our big brains for anyway?Read more at location 228
Note: A CHE CI SERVE UNA TESTA TANTO GROSSA? Edit
we are not so impressive when we go head-to-head in problem-solving tests against other apes,Read more at location 233
the reason why your team would lose to the monkeys is that your species—unlike all others—has evolved an addiction to culture. By “culture” I mean the large body of practices, techniques, heuristics, tools, motivations, values, and beliefs that we all acquire while growing up, mostly by learning from other people.Read more at location 239
Note: È LA CULTURA CHE CI FA VINCERE. DEFINIZIONE DI C. Edit
The key to understanding how humans evolved and why we are so different from other animals is to recognize that we are a cultural species.Read more at location 245
Note: LA DIFFERENZA Edit
culture became cumulative.Read more at location 247
learning from others—so that one generation could build on and hone the skills and know-how gleaned from the previous generation.Read more at location 248
Note: IL GRANDE CUMULO Edit
selection had to favor individuals who were better cultural learners,Read more at location 253
Note: IL GRANDE RIPRODUTTORE Edit
This interaction between culture and genes, or what I’ll call culture-gene coevolution, drove our species down a novel evolutionary pathwayRead more at location 256
Note: LA COEVOLUZIONE Edit
our capacities for learning from others are themselves finely honed products of natural selection. We are adaptive learners who, even as infants, carefully select when, what, and from whom to learn. Young learners all the way up to adults (even MBA students) automatically and unconsciously attend to and preferentially learn from others based on cues of prestige, success, skill, sex, and ethnicity. From other people we readily acquire tastes, motivations, beliefs, strategies, and our standards for reward and punishment.Read more at location 259
Note: UNA MACCHINA D APPRENDIMENTO SELETTIVO Edit
creating the extended childhoods and long postmenopausal lives that give us the time to acquire all this know-how and the chance to pass it on.Read more at location 267
Note: INFANZIA E VECCHIAIA Edit
Along the way, we’ll see that culture has left its marks all over our bodies, shaping the genetic evolution of our feet, legs, calves, hips, stomachs, ribs, fingers, ligaments, jaws, throats, teeth, eyes, tongues, and much more.Read more at location 268
Note: IL MARCHIO Edit
Psychologically, we have come to rely so heavily on the elaborate and complicated products of cultural evolution for our survival that we now often put greater faith in what we learn from our communities than in our own personal experiences or innate intuitions.Read more at location 270
Note: ESPERIENZA E COMUNITÀ Edit
a second form of human status, called prestige,Read more at location 277
Note: PRESTIGIO E STATUS Edit
Once we understand prestige, it will become clear why people unconsciously mimic more successful individuals in conversations;Read more at location 278
The evolution of prestige came with new emotions, motivations, and bodily displaysRead more at location 281
Beyond status, culture transformed the environments faced by our genes by generating social norms.Read more at location 282
Note: CULTURA E AMBIENTE Edit
cultural evolution initiated a process of self-domestication, driving genetic evolution to make us prosocial, docile, rule followersRead more at location 287
Note: L UOMO OBBEDIENTE Edit
How did rituals become so psychologically potent, capable of solidifying social bonds and fostering harmony in communities?Read more at location 290
Note: RITO Edit
why does careful reflection cause greater selfishness? Why do people who wait for the “walk signal” at traffic lights also tend to be good cooperators?Read more at location 292
Note: SEMAFORO ROSSO Edit
How did our species become the most social of primates, capable of living in populations of millions, and at the same time, become the most nepotistic and warlike?Read more at location 294
Note: CATTIVI E COOPERANTI Edit
The secret of our species’ success resides not in the power of our individual minds, but in the collective brainsRead more at location 296
Note: IL CERVELLO COLLETTIVO Edit
The striking technologiesRead more at location 299
emerge not from singular geniuses but from the flow and recombination of ideas, practices, lucky errors, and chance insights among interconnected minds and across generations.Read more at location 300
Note: ORIGINE DELLA SCIENZA Edit
innovation in our species depends more on our sociality than on our intellect, and the challenge has always been how to prevent communities from fragmenting and social networks from dissolving.Read more at location 304
Note: INNOVAZIONE Edit
Like our fancy technologies and complex sets of social norms, much of the power and elegance of our languages come from cultural evolution,Read more at location 305
Note: LINGUAGGIO Edit
Why are languages from people in warmer climates more sonorous? Why do languages with larger communities of speakers have more words, more sounds (phonemes), and more grammatical tools?Read more at location 309
However, as you’ll see, we don’t have these tools, concepts, skills, and heuristics because our species is smart; we are smart because we have culturally evolved a vast repertoire of tools, concepts, skills, and heuristics. Culture makes us smart.Read more at location 319
Note: INTELLIGENZA E CULTURA. UOVO O GALLINA? Edit
cultural evolution has influenced the development of our brains, hormonal responses, and immune reactions, as well as calibrating our attention, perceptions, motivations, and reasoning processes to better fit the diverse culturally constructed worlds in which we grow up.Read more at location 323
Note: BIAS E CULTURA Edit
culturally acquired beliefs alone can change pain into pleasure, make wine more (or less) enjoyable