Parsing the Turing Test by Robert Epstein

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Parsing the Turing Test by Robert Epstein, Gary Roberts, Grace Beber
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Last annotated on June 1, 2016
Foreword    • Delete this highlight
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Introduction    • Delete this highlight
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This book is about what will probably be humankind's most impressive - and perhaps final - achievement: the creation of an entity whose intelligence equals or exceeds our own.    • Delete this highlight
Note: DI CHE SI PARLA Edit
I had the odd experience of being able to interact over a teletype with one of the first conversational computer programs - Joseph Weizenbaum's "ELIZA" - I would have conjectured that truly intelligent machines were just around the corner. I was wrong. In fact, by some measures, conversational computer programs have made relatively little progress since ELIZA. But they are coming nonetheless,   • Delete this highlight
Note: QUANDO Edit
Building a Nest for the Coming World Mind    • Delete this highlight
Note: TITOLO Edit
I have come to think of the Internet as the Inter-nest - a home we are inadvertently building, like mindless worker ants, for the intelligence that will succeed us.   • Delete this highlight
Note: INTERNET COME NIDO DELL IA Edit
It is really a vast, flexible, highly redundant, virtually indestructible nest for machine intelligence.   • Delete this highlight
Note: FUNZIONI NN INT. DI INTERNET Edit
We do seem to be laying the groundwork for a Massive Computational Entity (MCE),   • Delete this highlight
Note: MCE Edit
Futurist and inventor Ray Kurzweil (see Chapter 27) argues in his recent book, The Singularity Is Near, that an MI will appear by the late 2020s. This may happen because we prove to be incredibly talented programmers who discover a set of rules that underlie intelligence (unlikely), or because we prove to be clumsy programmers who simply figure out how to create machines that learn and evolve as humans do (very possible), or even because we prove to be poor programmers who create hardware so powerful that it can easily and perfectly scan and emulate human brain functions (inevitable).   • Delete this highlight
Note: KURZWEIL Edit
Turing's Vision    • Delete this highlight
Note: TITOLO. TURING Edit
the brilliant English mathematician and computer pioneer Alan M. Turing. During World War II, Turing directed a secret group that developed computing equipment powerful enough to break the code the Germans used for military communications.   • Delete this highlight
Note: TURING VA ALLA GUERRA Edit
As icing on the cake, in 1950 he published an article called "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he speculated that by the year 2000, it would be possible to program a computer so that an "average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance" of distinguishing the computer from a person "after five minutes of questioning"   • Delete this highlight
Note: L ARTICOLO SEMINALE Edit
Early conversational programs, relying on what most Al professionals would now consider to be simplistic algorithms and trickery, could engage average people in conversation for a few minutes by the late 1960s. By the 1990s - again, some would say using trickery - programs existed that could occasionally maintain the illusion of intelligence for 15 min or so, at least when conversing on specialized topics. Programs today can do slightly better, but have we gotten past "illusion" to real intelligence, and is that even possible?    • Delete this highlight
Note: LA REALTÀ Edit
when we can no longer distinguish a computer from a person in conversation over a long period of time - that is, based simply on an exchange of pure text that excluded visual and auditory information (which he rightfully considered to be irrelevant to the central question of thinking ability) - we would have to consider the possibility that computers themselves were now "thinking".    • Delete this highlight
Note: DEFINIZIONE DI PENSIERO Edit
The programming challenges have proved to be so difficult in creating such a machine that I think it is now safe to say that when a positive result is finally achieved, the entity passing the test may not be thinking the way humans do.   • Delete this highlight
Note: IL PC NN PENSA COME UN UOMO Edit
If a pure rule-governed approach finally pays off (unlikely, as I said earlier), or if intelligence eventually arises in a machine designed to learn and self-program, the resulting entity will certainly be unlike humans in fundamental ways.   • Delete this highlight
Note: LA MENTE NN PENSA CON LE REGOLE Edit
If, on the other hand, success is ultimately achieved only through brute force - that is, by close emulation of human brain processes - perhaps we will have no choice but to accept intelligent machines as true thinking brethren.   • Delete this highlight
Note: EMULATORI Edit
no matter how a positive outcome is achieved, the debate about the significance of the Turing Test will end the moment a skeptic finds himself or herself engaging in that debate with a computer.   • Delete this highlight
Note: FINE DEL DIBATTITO SULL INTELLIGENZA Edit
refuse to continue the debate "on principle"   • Delete this highlight
Note: X PRINCIPIO Edit
computers will have truly achieved human-like intelligence.   • Delete this highlight
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Convergence of Multiple Technologies    • Delete this highlight
Note: TITOLO Edit
unlimited computer memory; randomness in responding that will suggest "free will"; programs that will be self-modifying; programs that will learn in human fashion; programs that will initiate behavior, compose poetry, and "surprise" us; and programs that will have telepathic abilities equivalent to those that may exist in humans.   • Delete this highlight
Note: GLI AVANZAMENTI POSSIBILI Edit
Consider just a few recent achievements:    • Delete this highlight
Note: INNOVAZIONI Edit
pattern-recognition area, a camera-equipped computer program developed by Javier Movellan and colleagues at the University of California, San Diego   • Delete this highlight
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In the language area, Morten Christiansen of Cornell University, with an international team of colleagues, has developed neural network software   • Delete this highlight
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More than 80 conversational programs (chatterbots) now operate 24 h a day online, and at least 20 of them are serious Al programming projects.   • Delete this highlight
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Ted Berger and colleagues at the University of Southern California have developed electronic chips that can successfully interact with neurons in real time   • Delete this highlight
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Craig Henriquez and Miguel Nicolelis of Duke University have shown that macaque monkeys can learn to control mechanical arms and hands based on signals their brains are sending to implanted electrodes.   • Delete this highlight
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computer program that could draw, and hundreds of programs are now able to compose original music   • Delete this highlight
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John Dylan Haynes of the Max Planck Institute, with colleagues at University College London and Oxford University, recently used computer-assisted brain scanning technology to predict simple human actions with 70% accuracy.    • Delete this highlight
Note: ECCETERA Edit
Meanwhile, researchers, engineers, and entrepreneurs are after comparatively smaller game: intelligent phone-answering systems and search algorithms, robot helpers and companions, and methods for repairing injured or defective human brains.    • Delete this highlight
Note: EPURE QUALCOSA CI FA DISPERARE Edit
Philosophical and Methodological Issues    • Delete this highlight
Note: TITOLO Edit
Chapter 27, by Ray Kurzweil and Mitchell Kapor, documents in detail an actual cash wager between these two individuals, regarding whether a program will pass the test by the year 2029.   • Delete this highlight
Note: SCOMMESSE Edit
Chapter 28, by noted science fiction writer Charles Platt (The Silicon Man), describes the "Gnirut Test", conducted by intelligent machines in the year 2030 to determine, once and for all, whether "the human brain is capable of achieving machine intelligence".   • Delete this highlight
Note: GNIRUT TEST Edit
Most, but not all, of the contributors to this volume believe as I do that extremely intelligent computers, with cognitive powers that far surpass our own, will appear fairly soon - probably within the next 25 years.   • Delete this highlight
Note: LA PREVISIONE Edit
Contents    • Delete this highlight
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Chapter   • Delete this highlight
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Abstract The first large-scale implementation of the Turing Test was set in motion in 1985, with the first contest taking place in 1991. US$100,000 in prize money was offered   • Delete this highlight
Note: PRIMI TEST Edit
distinguishing a person from a computer when only brief conversations are permitted can be challenging.   • Delete this highlight
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however, the highest-ranked computer program was misclassified as a human by five of the ten judges, and two other programs were also sometimes misclassified.   • Delete this highlight
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