madre e figli

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LA POLITICA DELLA PAURA NON ESISTE

LA POLITICA DELLA PAURA NON ESISTE

Le preferenze politiche sono preferenze morali, e le categorie morali di fondo sono innate.

Tra queste ultime quella legata a purezza e disgusto è fondamentale. Il disgusto si è evoluto inizialmente per ottimizzare le risposte al dilemma dell’onnivoro: un senso del disgusto ben calibrato consentiva di selezionare al meglio i cibi. Il senso della purezza si origina probabilmente proprio dal trattamento adeguato degli alimenti, che opportunamente lavati cessano di essere veicolo di infezioni. L’originale sfida adattativa che ha guidato l’evoluzione della categoria di santità, quindi, era la necessità di evitare agenti patogeni e parassiti di ogni sorta.

Facciamo un caso concreto: l'immigrazione. Le culture differiscono nei loro atteggiamenti verso gli immigrati, e ci sono parecchie prove che gli atteggiamenti liberali e accoglienti sono più comuni in quei luoghi in cui storicamente i rischi di contagio e malattia erano più bassi. Le piaghe, le epidemie e le nuove malattie sono infatti di solito introdotte dagli stranieri.

In altri termini: la politica della paura non esiste. Esiste solo una politica che fa appello a categorie morali che alcuni individui posseggono in modo più sviluppato che altre. Poi, una volta attivate quelle intuizioni etiche, la razionalizzazione dell'esistente fa il resto.

SAGGIO Le basi morali della politia

Le basi morali della politica

The Moral Foundations of Politics – The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion – Jonathan Haidt

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Trigger warning: – i cinque pilastri – perché vince la destra – equivoci sull’ “appello alla paura”

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Care (hurting a child), Fairness (profiting from someone else’s undeserved loss), Loyalty (criticizing your nation to outsiders), Authority (disrespecting your father), and Sanctity (acting in a degrading or disgusting way).

Note:CINQUE PILASTRI DELLA MORALE

A NOTE ON INNATENESS

The brain is like a book, the first draft of which is written by the genes during fetal development. No chapters are complete at birth, and some are just rough outlines waiting to be filled in during childhood. But not a single chapter—be it on sexuality, language, food preferences, or morality—consists of blank pages

Note:IL CERVELLO È COME UN LIBRO

“Built-in” does not mean unmalleable; it means “organized in advance

Note:DEFINIZIONE DI INNATO

The list of five moral foundations was my first attempt to specify how the righteous mind was “organized in advance of experience.”

Note:MORALITÀ INNATA

1. THE CARE/HARM FOUNDATION

Mammals make fewer bets and invest a lot more in each one, so mammals face the challenge of caring for and nurturing their children for a long time.

Note:LA PROLE DEI MAMMIFERI

attachment theory, a well-supported theory that describes the system by which mothers and children regulate each other’s behavior so that the child gets a good mix of protection and opportunities for independent exploration.

Note:TEORIA DELL’ATTACCAMENTO

The moral matrix of liberals, in America and elsewhere, rests more heavily on the Care foundation than do the matrices of conservatives,

Note:LIBERAL E CURA

2. THE FAIRNESS/CHEATING FOUNDATION

Altruism toward kin is not a puzzle at all. Altruism toward non-kin, on the other hand, has presented one of the longest-running puzzles in the history of evolutionary thinking.

Note:ALTRUISMO

Trivers noted that evolution could create altruists in a species where individuals could remember their prior interactions with other individuals and then limit their current niceness to those who were likely to repay the favor.

Note:TRIVERS E LA CORRETTEZZA

Human life is a series of opportunities for mutually beneficial cooperation.

Note:COOPERAZIONE

On the left, fairness often implies equality, but on the right it means proportionality—people should be rewarded in proportion

Note:EGUAGLIANZA E PROPORZIONALITÀ

3. THE LOYALTY/BETRAYAL FOUNDATION

The male mind appears to be innately tribal—that is, structured in advance of experience so that boys and men enjoy doing the sorts of things that lead to group cohesion and success in conflicts between groups (including warfare).

Note:TRIBALISMI

The Loyalty/betrayal foundation is just a part of our innate preparation for meeting the adaptive challenge of forming cohesive coalitions.

Note:LEALTÀ E COESIONE TRIBALE

The love of loyal teammates is matched by a corresponding hatred of traitors, who are usually considered to be far worse than enemies.

Note:IL NEMICO

The left tends toward universalism and away from nationalism,26 so it often has trouble connecting to voters who rely on the Loyalty foundation.Indeed, because of its strong reliance upon the Care foundation, American liberals are often hostile to American foreign policy.

Note:I PROBLEMI DELLA SINISTRA CON LA LEALTÀ

4. THE AUTHORITY/SUBVERSION FOUNDATION

The urge to respect hierarchical relationships is so deep that many languages encode it directly. In French, as in other romance languages, speakers are forced to choose whether they’ll address someone using the respectful form (vous) or the familiar form (tu).

Note:GERARCHIA E LINGUAGGIO

The obvious way to begin thinking about the evolution of the Authority foundation is to consider the pecking orders and dominance hierarchies of chickens, dogs, chimpanzees,

Note:ALTRE SPECIE

As the primatologist Frans de Waal puts it: “Without agreement on rank and a certain respect for authority there can be no great sensitivity to social rules,

Note:GERARCHIA E SOCIALITÀ

When I began graduate school I subscribed to the common liberal belief that hierarchy = power = exploitation = evil.

Note:PROBLEMI A SINISTRA

5. THE SANCTITY/DEGRADATION FOUNDATION

Liberals score higher on measures of neophilia (also known as “openness to experience”), not just for new foods but also for new people, music, and ideas. Conservatives are higher on neophobia; they prefer to stick with what’s tried and true, and they care a lot more about guarding borders, boundaries, and traditions.

Note:NEOFILIA NEOFOBIA

The emotion of disgust evolved initially to optimize responses to the omnivore’s dilemma.39 Individuals who had a properly calibrated sense of disgust were able to consume more calories than their overly disgustable cousins while consuming fewer dangerous microbes than their insufficiently disgustable cousins.

Note:IL DISGUSTO DEGLI ONNIVORI

It’s a lot more effective to prevent infection by washing your food,

Note:LAVARE PULIRE PURIFICARE SANTIFICARE

The original adaptive challenge that drove the evolution of the Sanctity foundation, therefore, was the need to avoid pathogens, parasites,

Note:PARASSITI

Cultures differ in their attitudes toward immigrants, and there is some evidence that liberal and welcoming attitudes are more common in times and places where disease risks are lower.41 Plagues, epidemics, and new diseases are usually brought in by foreigners—as

Note:IMMIGRAZIONE

If we had no sense of disgust, I believe we would also have no sense of the sacred.

Note:SACRO E DISGUSTO

American conservatives are more likely to talk about “the sanctity of life” and “the sanctity of marriage.”

Note:DESTRA E SANTITÀ

On the left, however, the virtue of chastity is usually dismissed as outdated and sexist.

Note:ESEMPIO CASTITÀ

You can see the foundation’s original impurity-avoidance function in New Age grocery stores, where you’ll find a variety of products that promise to cleanse you of “toxins.”

Note:IL SACRO A SINISTRA: CIBO

If you dismiss the Sanctity foundation entirely, then it’s hard to understand the fuss over most of today’s biomedical controversies. The only ethical question about abortion becomes: At what point can a fetus feel pain?

Note:BIOETICA E SENSO DEL SACRO

The philosopher Leon Kass is among the foremost spokesmen for Shweder’s ethic of divinity, and for the Sanctity foundation on which it is based.

Note:KASS

Kass argued that our feelings of disgust can sometimes provide us with a valuable warning that we are going too far, even when we are morally dumbfounded and can’t justify those feelings by pointing to victims:

Note:RIPUGNANZA COME SEGNALE

The message of my talk to the Charlottesville Democrats was simple: Republicans understand moral psychology. Democrats don’t.Republicans have long understood that the elephant is in charge of political behavior, not the rider, and they know how elephants work.

Note:IL VANTAGGIO DELLA DESTRA NEL CAMP DELLA PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE

Republicans don’t just aim to cause fear, as some Democrats charge. They trigger the full range of intuitions described by Moral Foundations Theory.

LA PAURA NON C’ENTRA

Ingegneri vs Ecologisti SAGGIO

Progressives, Engineers, and Ecologists - Foolproof by Greg Ip

TESI: I DISASTRI SONO DESTINATI A RIPETERSI (MA GLI INGEGNERI NON LO SANNO). QUANDO NON SI RIPETONO PRESTO, ALLORA SI RIPETERANNO PIU’ VIOLENTI. COSA OCCORRE? LA PAURA.

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In 1907 a terrifying panic swept New York’s financial markets… Three years later and thousands of miles to the west, massive forest fires broke out that burned across Montana…

Note: INCENDI E BORSE CHE CROLLANO Edit

Until then, western settlers accepted fire and businesses accepted bank panics as the unavoidable by-products of a civilization

Note: MA SIAMO ANCORA NELL’ERA DELLA RASSEGNAZIONE Edit

The two disasters marked a turning point in how Americans coped with chaos… more than a dozen distinct financial panics between its founding and 1907….

ECCO CHE PARTE LA SVOLTA: BISOGNA PORRE RIMEDIO. OCCORRONO SOLUZIONI.

There was available a solution: a central bank that could lend to banks

Note: PER LE CRISI FINANZIARIE LA SOLUZIONE SEMPLICE: UNA BANCA CENTRALE Edit

The Panic of 1907 shifted opinion decisively the other way. “It is the duty of the United States to provide a means by which the periodic panics which shake the American Republic and do it enormous injury shall be stopped,”

CAMBIO DI MENTALITA’

The fires of 1910 similarly altered the country’s attitude toward natural disaster.

Note: IL GRANDE INCENDIO DEL 1910 SOLLECITO’ I MEDESIMI IMPULSI: BISOGNAVA PORRE FINE A QUESTE DISGRAZIE

The logging industry wanted the trees for lumber; Theodore Roosevelt wanted them for national parks.

UN TEMPO L’ALBERO ERA UN FASTIDIO, ORA UNA RISORSA. INTERVENIRE DIVENTAVA NECESSARIO

Gifford Pinchot, a confidant of Roosevelt and the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, wrote a few months after the fires: “Today we understand that forest fires are wholly within the control of men…

Note:  POMPIERI E IL MITO DEL CONTROLLO Edit

He and his successors transformed the infant fire service into an organization devoted to preserving the woods

Note: NASCITA DEL POMPIERE Edit

A century later, panics and forest fires are still with us.

Note: MA UN SECOLO DOPO… Edit

Does this mean central bankers and forest managers were failures?

Note: POSSIAMO PARLARE DI FALLIMENTO? NO! Edit

Yet it was that very success that planted the seeds for future disaster and that illustrates the fundamental contradiction in humanity’s quest for safety and stability:

Note: NO: DOBBIAMO PARLARE DI SUCCESSO. SENONCHE’ E’ PROPRIO IL SUCCESSO A CREARE PROBLEMI... Edit

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COMPORTAMENTI COMPENSATIVI

In the case of forests, putting out small fires makes large fires more devastating, since fire suppression allows more leaves, brush, and other dead tree matter to accumulate on the forest floor, leading to denser forests.

Note: LA VIRTÙ DEL PICCOLO INCENDIO Edit

the natural tendency of the landscape to immolate.

FUOCO: UN FENOMENO NATURALE (E BENEFICO)

The ferocity of fires in recent decades is the consequence of a warming climate combined with the fuel provided by forest density that has been allowed to develop over decades of fire suppression.

Note: DENSITÀ DELLA FORESTA Edit

IN ECONOMIA C’E’ UN PROCESSO PARALLELO.

As for the economy, there is no shortage of theories about what produced the crisis of 2008. One popular culprit is private greed… Another is government: pursuing a vision of home ownership for all… Or maybe the crisis was the result of one of the mass obsessions that periodically sweeps the population, from tulip bulbs in seventeenth-century Holland to Internet stocks in twentieth-century America…

Note: FALSI COLPEVOLI DELLA CRISI FINANZIARIA: L AVIDITÀ... GOVERNO... ISTERIA Edit

the most important factor was the sense of safety that resulted from years of successfully fighting crisis and recession. The twenty-five years before the global financial crisis were unusually peaceful

Note: IL VERO COLPEVOLE: IL SENSO DI SICUREZZA Edit

VENIAMO AI TEMPI PIU’ RECENTI…

the “Great Moderation,”… choking with the fuel of leverage, risk, and complacency.

Note: IL SENSO DI SICUREZZA INDUCE A “GIOCARE” UN PO’ TROPPO CON LA LEVA FINANZIARIA Edit

Fear serves a purpose: it keeps us out of trouble.

LA FUNZIONE DELLA PAURA

Parents vacillate between walking their children to school every day to protect them from predators, and worrying they’ll grow up sheltered and unable to cope with life.

Note: UN GENITORE LO SA

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two schools of thought. One, which I call the engineers… the other, which I call the ecologists,

Note: DUE SCUOLE DI PENSIERO: INGEGNIERI VS ECOLOGISTI Edit

engineering’s rise began with the Progressive Era in the late nineteenth… Alfred Marshall published his path-breaking Principles of Economics in 1890, but as Marshall noted, as a science it was “in its infancy.”…, Marshall made famous the supply and demand curves that every economics undergraduate today knows on sight…. These tools persuaded experts that with enough study and will, the complexities of nature…

Note: LA NASCITA DEGLI INGEGNERI IN ECONOMIA: ALFRED MASHALL

American Economic Association was founded in 1885, the Society of American Foresters in 1900, the American Sociological Association in 1905, and the American Planning Association in 1909… revolt against Gilded Age capitalist…

COMINCIA LA PROGRESSIVE ERA. GILDED VS PROGRESSIVE Edit

Progressivism, the philosophy that government could be a force for both equity and efficiency…. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson… a more activist, muscular state… creation of a central bank modeled on those in England, France, and Germany… role of government sprung from social science….

IL MARCHIO DI FABBRICA DEGLI INGEGNERI PROGRESSISTI

One of his influences was Walter Bagehot… professional administrators in government.

FIGURA DI SPICCO

The basic tools now existed for engineers to manage the economy: new regulatory powers, a central bank, even an income tax…. Fed eagerly stepped forward to finance the federal government’s First World War effort…. This worked well throughout the 1920s, and leading economists concluded that the problem of depression had been abolished…

ORA GLI STRUMENTI PER IL CONTROLLO CI SONO! LE DEPRESSIONI SONO SCONFITTE. LO SI DICEVA NEGLI ANNI VENTI. POI… LA GRANDE DEPRESSIONE DDEGLI ANNI TRENTA.

what caused the Great Depression… One theory that emerged in the early 1930s was that the engineers had overreached.

CAUSE DELLA GRANDE DEPRESSIONE

Anything that remedied the Depression would interfere… This ecological view was shared by Andrew Mellon, Herbert Hoover’s Treasury secretary.

ECOLOGISTI DI NUOVO ALLA RIBALTA

If ecologists like Hayek and Mellon accused engineers of doing too much, engineers believed they had done too little… Fisher, for instance, laid the blame for the Depression at the feet of the Fed, for allowing deflation to take hold…. The Fed, he said, had to restore prices and end deflation through expansionary monetary policy….

TROPPA INGEGNERIA O TROPPO POCA?

Herbert Hoover… He was a Republican who believed in letting market forces play out, but he was also, by profession and temperament, an engineer… Hoover thought Mellon meant well, but he dismissed his prescriptions and fought the Depression as best he could, for example setting up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to lend to banks…

HOOVER… INGEGNERE O ECOLOGISTA?

Franklin Roosevelt took office in 1933 and implemented a banking holiday, devalued the dollar against gold, and proceeded to overhaul the Fed and vastly expand the role of government. … Government could make things much better, or much worse. This was the revolutionary insight of the British economist John Maynard Keynes… business investment as driven by “waves of optimistic and pessimistic sentiment.”… If businesses were pessimistic enough, even interest rates of zero could not coax them to invest… Thus was born a role for the government… Franklin Roosevelt didn’t just expand the government’s responsibility for the economy: he also extended its oversight of nature. Since 1910, the Forest Service’s leaders were convinced that the only thing that kept them from controlling fires… The Civilian Conservation Corps, one of the New Deal’s largest job creation programs…unmarried men to work planting trees and fighting forest fires… The Depression only strengthened the conviction that the rivers should be harnessed for economic benefit… Thus, at the end of the Second World War, the engineers had assumed responsibility for much of the environment and the economy…

SU ROOSVELT E KEYNES IL DUBBIO NON SI PONE: INGEGNERI AL MASSIMO GRADO. NEL GIRO DI UN DECENNIO ECONOMIA ED AMBIENTGE PASSANO NELLE MANI DELLO STATO CENTRALE.

Within twenty years, though, fissures appeared in this new consensus. Neither the economy nor the natural world turned out to be as amenable… Gilbert White noticed that the frenzy of levee and dam building in the 1930s had not solved flooding… new problem: more homes, factories, and farms had sprung up on the floodplain… Starker Leopold… Called for the reintroduction of fire as a device for habitat management… Controlled fire was “the most ‘natural’…

CREPE NEL PROGETTO PROGRESSISTA: INCENDI E ALLUVIONI

University of Chicago, argued that government management of the economy was backfiring by failing to consider how people would adapt. George Stigler argued that regulators often ended up serving the regulated, not consumers… Sam Peltzman made an even more audacious claim: regulations aimed at making consumers safer might be doing the opposite… “risk compensation,”… “moral hazard”…

CREPE NEL PROGETTO PROGRESSISTA: MICROECONOMIA

Macroeconomic engineering faced a similar critique. Keynes’s… In 1967 Milton Friedman predicted that as workers got used to higher inflation, they would demand higher wages — negating any additional demand for labor… By the 1970s, he was proved right as both unemployment and inflation rose… Friedrich Hayek’s star rose as Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan…

CREPE NEL PROGETTO PROGRESSISTA: LA MACROECONOMIA.

But monetary engineering — tweaking interest rates just enough to keep both inflation and recession at bay — not only survived; it was more popular than ever. Paul Volcker, Alan Greenspan, and other central bankers… unemployment and inflation steadily fell…

CIO’ HA DECRETATO LA SCOMPARSA DEGLI INGEGNERI? NO. MOLTE DELLE LORO SOLUZIONI SONO OGGI ROUTINE.

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UNA FIGURA CHIAVE: Hyman Minsky

he also thought Keynesian models gave short shrift to the financial system. They assumed that the central bank had full control of the money supply, credit, and interest rates… money and credit didn’t depend just on the central bank but on financial innovation…. If, to control inflation, the Fed restricted the growth of lending by banks, then Wall Street’s innovators would come up with mechanisms to go around banks

UN KEYNESIANO CHE OBBIETTA A  KEYNES

The longer the Fed prolongs prosperity, the further finance progresses through these stages, and the more unstable the financial system becomes…. “Stability is destabilizing” sums up Minsky’s thesis…

LA STABILITA’ CHE DESTABILIZZA

engineers’ efforts to control the economy would ultimately be self-defeating… Because the financial system is always evolving, “the next financial crisis will never be just like the last one.”… His papers were more like essays, somewhat repetitive… Falkenstein, one of his teaching assistants and later a fund manager, recalls that his advanced classes were all classes in “Minskyism.”… he preferred to tell stories of the great economists

OGNI CURA E’ IL PRELUDIO ALLA MALATTIA SUCCESSIVA

Apart from being a difficult person, Minsky had another problem: his theory wasn’t very useful… Minskyism was antithetical to such elegant model… Confidence and credit would grow hand in hand, until some event caused them to break… When? Minsky didn’t know… “He always thought a market collapse was just around the corner,” Falkenstein recalled… Falkenstein sent his old mentor a letter, telling him, “I’m going to get rich off your theory!” Minsky was tickled…

UN MODELLO PASTICCIATO E INUTILE… MA PROBABILMENTE VERO

“What this country needs to shake us up and give us a little discipline is a good bank failure…. it would be healthier if people were a bit more scared…

COSA SERVE? UNA BELLA CRISI E UN BEL PO’ DI PAURA