HL 4 The Influence of Benefits on Claimant Reproduction

4 The Influence of Benefits on Claimant Reproduction
Note:4@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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welfare state can proliferate the employment-resistant personality
Note:L IPOTESI DEL CA 1

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welfare claimants on average have more children
Note:TESI DA VERIFICARE

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the optimal strategy is to produce as many offspring as possible but put little effort into their care.
Note:QUANDO REGNA L ABBONDANZA

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produce fewer offspring but care for them conscientiously
Note:QUANDO REGNA LA SCARSITÀ

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Fisher (1930) and Dobzhansky (1950)
Note:GLI AUTORI DELA DOPPIA STRATEGIA

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MacArthur and Wilson (1967)
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insect species tend to be closer to the r selection
Note:UN CO DI STRATEGIA DELL ABBONDANZA

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vertebrate species tend to be closer to the K selection
Note:ES STRATEG DELLA SCARSITÀ

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a welfare state eliminates competition for vital resources

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WELFARE E STRATEGIA DELL ABBONDANZA

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studies that suggest the employment-resistant personality profile is associated with a preference for r selection, regardless of whether there is a welfare
Note:ALTRO LINK TRA WELFARE E STRATEGIE RIPRODUTTIVE

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there is a link between the employment-resistant personality profile and rapid, irresponsible reproduction,
Note:DESIDERI A BREVE

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the welfare state will increase the number of children born into disadvantaged households
Note:LA RISULTANTE

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being born into a disadvantaged household raises the risk of developing the employment-resistant personality profile (Heckman et al., 2013),
Note:E IL CERCHIO SI CHIUDE

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the most economically successful citizens typically raised twice as many children as citizens of average economic success
Note:FONTE GREG CLARCK GB PRIMA DEL 1800

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employment-resistant personality characteristics have gradually gained the evolutionary upper hand
Note:CON LAVVENTO DEL WELFARE

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as financial benefits per child increase, so does the number of children born to claimants,
Note:CONTRO LO STEREOTIPO POVERTÀ=>FIGLI#########

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increases in the generosity of child benefit funding in the UK over the last decade of approximately 50 per cent per child have increased the number of children born to claimants by approximately 15 per cent
Note:ES INGLESE

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is the employment-resistant personality rather than poverty that leads to the reproductive strategy of having many children
Note:CONFERMATO DA TONGE 1975

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A farewell to alms
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imagine that your country is populated entirely by individuals with the employment-resistant personality profile but you need treatment for cancer. Who are you going to turn to?
Note:ESPERIMENTO MENTALE

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skilled jobs and thousands of others like them are vital for the effective running of the modern world.
Note:SKILLED JOB

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we can estimate that there are about 100,000 people living in the UK (1 in 600 of the population) with personality profiles that are sufficiently antisocial to cause severe adjustment
Note:LE PROP OGGI

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1,000,000 people living in the UK (1 in 60 of the population) who are sufficiently antisocial to have some adjustment problems.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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70 per cent of the population are solid citizens,
Note:Cccccccccccccc

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Britain became unusually stable in political and economic terms from approximately AD 1100, much earlier than had previously been suspected.
Note:LE TESI DI CLARK.....LA STABILITÀ SOCIALE NN È LA BASE DELLA RIVOLUZIONE..XCHÈ QS STABILITÀ INIZIA BEN PRIMA...ALMENO ROSPETTO ALL EUROPA

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gradual, evolutionary change in the personality profile of the population towards greater cooperation and diligence
Note:LA LUNGA STABILITÀ SOCIALE

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conscientiousness and agreeableness).
Note:Cccccccccccccc

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stability and peace of Britain from about 1100 significantly increased the economic pay-offs for cooperative, diligent and pro-social behaviour.
Note:CONSEG DELLA PACE

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Clark found that economic success that highly conscientious and agreeable British people experienced between about 1100 and 1800 translated into greater reproductive success:
Note:RICCHEZZA=>PROLIFICITÀ

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But, according to Clark, there weren’t enough occupational niches at the top of society for all of the offspring of the economic elite,
Note:I MIGLIORI CARATTERI ANCHE TRA LE CLASSI BASSE

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downward mobility, with, for example, the offspring of wealthy landowners becoming farmers,
Note:IL FENOMENO DECISIVO

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Eventually, by around the year 1800, Clark claims that this process triggered an economic and technological leap
Note:LA CONSEG ULTIMA

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Personality and reproduction in the modern era

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we should find that, following the advent of the welfare state from the mid-twentieth century, there is an increasing tendency for the employment-resistant personality profile to be associated with relatively high rates of reproduction.
Note:SE LA TEORIA DI CUI SOPRA È FONDAYA

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We should therefore see evidence that relatively low levels of childhood self-control are associated with having relatively large numbers of children and that this tendency should become more pronounced in later cohorts as the welfare state becomes ever more entrenched in the culture of the nation.
Note:PROXY

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a doubling, in just 12 years, of the strength of the association between low scores on childhood self-control and having large numbers of children as an adult.
Note:STUDIO NCDS

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as the welfare state has become more entrenched in Britain, there has been a strengthening of the tendency for employment-resistant individuals to have large numbers of children.
Note:CONFORME AI DATI

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five studies have measured associations between number of offspring and personality
Note:ANCHE SE LA DISCIPLINA È AGLI ALBORI

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finding that conscientiousness-domain scores were negatively correlated with reproduction.
Note:SEDMBRA CHIARO

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we require a study that measured the change in associations between personality and reproduction in different birth cohorts spanning pre-welfare state eras up to modern times.
Note:MA LA CORRELAZIONE NN È CAUSAZIONE

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another study by Jokela (2012) provides just such an analysis.
Note:SIAMO FORTUNATI

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the negative association seen in modern studies emerged with increasing strength up to the final cohort
Note:COL WELFARE L ASSOCIAZIONE SI RINFORZA

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Welfare and reproduction
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This contrasts with pre-welfare eras when people who were economically unsuccessful – and thus presumably less conscientious and agreeable – tended to raise fewer children than average citizens (Clark, 2007).
Note:LA SITUAZIONE DI OGGI ROVESCIA IL TREND

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problem families tended to waste it on such needless items as expensive toys, luxury chocolates, cigarettes and alcohol, a spending pattern that typically left their children poorly fed, poorly clothed and in unheated houses.
Note:FAMIGLIE BISOGMISE TENDONO AD ESSERE SPRDECONE

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Conclusion
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I NEO-MATHUSIANI

Trigger warning: astenersi persone sensibili e disprassiche, la lettura potrebbe procurare turbamenti, irritazioni ed eczemi.

I NEO-MATHUSIANI

Ho passato la mia vita di lettore a gongolare per l’epocale sconfitta di Malthus, ma con i neo-malthusiani la storia cambia, occorre ricominciare da capo. Sfogliavo in treno alcuni di questi autori (non faccio nomi), sono piuttosto sgradevoli nel loro cinismo ma l'impianto di fondo tiene, soprattutto quando criticano il welfare state moderno.

Tanto per schematizzare il pensiero neo-malthusiano, ammettiamo che la popolazione possa essere distinta in due macro categorie: “imbranati” e “brillanti”, con questi ultimi più adatti nel procacciare risorse per sé e per la loro prole.

Ora, stando alla logica evoluzionista esistono due strategie riproduttive: massimizzare i figli (S1) e massimizzare i nipoti (S2). In S1 dirigiamo il grosso delle nostre energie nel fare figli (… come conigli), in S2 nel loro mantenimento affinché possano a loro volta fare figli. Tutti fanno entrambe le cose, sia chiaro, ma c’è chi punta più sulla prima fase e chi più sulla seconda. E’ chiaro che farai meno figli se poi devi impegnarti nel mantenerli come si deve, è altrettanto chiaro che ne farai molti se più o meno consapevolmente hai già deciso di trascurarli e lasciarli al loro destino.

Guardiamo per un attimo agli individui: chi opterà per S1? Gli “imbranati”, mi sembra logico: sarebbe uno spreco investire troppo sui loro punti deboli. E chi opterà invece su S2? I “brillanti”, mi sembra logico: è oculato investire sui loro punti di forza.

Guardiamo ora all’ambiente in cui sono immersi gli individui: quando si opterà per S1? Nei periodi di abbondanza, mi sembra logico: inutile investire troppo nel procacciarsi risorse facilmente accessibili a tutti. E quando si opterà per S2? In tempi di vacche magre: inutile fare tanti figli se sai già che non sopravvivranno.

Ora capite perché i neo-malthusiani criticano tanto il welfare state? La cosa non potrebbe essere più chiara: il welfare crea abbondanza per gli “imbranati”, S1 diventa la strategia vincente e ben presto gli “imbranati” avranno il sopravvento, ma una comunità di "imbranati" è destinata al declino. I dati sembrano confermare: con l’avvento del welfare moderno la parte “peggiore” della popolazione fa più figli.

Voglia di lavorare saltami addosso

Chi campa di welfare è uno scroccone che vuole fare il mantenuto o una povera vittima del neo-liberismo schiacciasassi? E’ la domanda che si pone Adam Perkins in “The Welfare Trait: How State Benefits Affect Personality”:

… we sometimes see welfare claimants stereotyped as genetically hardwired to be unconscientious and disagreeable, shunning work for a life of idleness courtesy of the public purse… Conversely, welfare claimants may be portrayed as the helpless victims of capitalism, mere leaves blown around by the powerful winds of the global trading…

Di certo gli opportunisti pullulano cosicchè si innesca il tipico  processo “welfare crea welfare” in una valanga che cresce ad ogni rotolata. In questa considerazione non c’è nulla di originale:

… almost 20 years ago, the eminent Swedish economist Assar Lindbeck warned that ‘the supply of benefits creates its own demand…

Secondo Perkins il problema dell’azzardo morale e delle false pensioni d’invalidità è il minore dei mali. Quello che lo preoccupa è il degrado morale, il welfare sembra minare la personalità di chi vi ricorre. C’è ormai una corposa letteratura sull’erosione etica causata dal welfare:

… the Nobel Prize-winning economist James Heckman summarised this literature as follows: Participation in generous welfare states leads to erosion of the work ethic and withdrawal from participation in the social compact. There is evidence of cohort drift in welfare participation. Those cohorts who have lived a greater fraction of their lives under the generosity of the welfare state come to accept its benefits and game the system at higher rates…

Lo pseudo-altruismo welferista rischia di essere auto-distruttivo:

… The biological literature also urges caution: in his seminal 1976 book The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins described the welfare state as perhaps the greatest example of altruism in the animal kingdom but warned of its self-destructive potential…

Il neo-malthusiano Perkins è particolarmente allarmato dai “bambini del welfare”:

A welfare state that increases the number of children born into disadvantaged households therefore risks increasing the number of citizens who develop an aggressive, antisocial and rule-breaking personality profile due to being exposed to disadvantage during childhood… childhood disadvantage has been shown in randomised controlled experiments – the gold standard of scientific proof – to promote the formation of an aggressive, antisocial and rule-breaking personality profile that impairs occupational and social adjustment during adulthood…

Chi campa di sussidi non si limita a zavorrare la società ma danneggia anche la prole, ovvero le generazioni future:

… the employment-resistant personality profile doesn’t just impair workplace performance – it also increases the frequency of behaviour that is likely to impair the life chances of the next generation (for example, teenage parenthood). This is a crucial finding because it suggests that individuals with employment-resistant personality characteristics not only suffer impaired life outcomes, but also transmit that difficulty to their children…

Ed ecco dove il welfare fa la differenza: la prole dei “mantenuti patologici” cresce notevolmente laddove il welfare è più generoso e scriteriato:

…we shall see that the number of children born to welfare claimants tracks the generosity of benefits, with increases in the generosity of welfare benefits being followed by deliberate increases in their rate of reproduction via altered contraception usage….

Il “mantenuto patologico” 1) non è un buon genitore e 2) lascia in eredità un patrimonio genetico a dir poco problematico:

… we shall see that the disadvantage suffered by children of welfare claimants is not only a matter of financial irresponsibility but also a matter of parental style: despite having more free time, welfare claimants tend to speak to their children significantly less often than employed parents… the transmission of personality characteristics from parent to child cannot be explained by environmental factors alone… we shall see evidence that the missing link in the transmission of personality characteristics from parent to child is genetic…

Il welfare esteso è dunque una fonte di degrado caratteriale e di criminalità:

… I summarise evidence that is circumstantial but nevertheless consistent with the notion that the welfare state is changing the developmental trajectory of the personality profile of the population towards greater employment-resistance. For example, we shall see that the introduction of the welfare state amongst the nations of the Western world has been followed by a substantial decrease in work motivation and an upsurge in criminal…

Ci sono tre conclusioni possibili:

… 1.  The welfare state should be retained without change. 2.  The welfare state should be abolished. 3.  The welfare state should be amended to take account of personality…

L’autore propende per la terza. Che a me sembra decisamente utopica, d’altronde penso che nel libro la si privilegi all’unico scopo di far accettare tesi per molti indigeribili.

Con Adam Perkins siamo nell’alveo di David Murray: l’altruismo coercitivo degrada le personalità di chi riceve e crea risentimenti in chi deve aiutare inmodo coercitivo. Un filone che ha un messaggio centrale chiaro: il welfare collasserà non per gli abusi a cui va soggetto ma quando ci accorgeremo che non migliora affatto chi viene aiutato. Ma la predizione di un simile collasso mi lascia perplesso visto che il welfare serve più al prestigio (e alla buona coscienza) di chi “aiuta” (e al rent-seeking di chi fa da tramite) che al benessere reale dell’ “aiutato”. In questo senso il fatto che non funzioni è del tutto secondario.

 

1 What Is Personality and Why Does the Welfare State

1 What Is Personality and Why Does the Welfare StateRead more at location 137

Note: 1@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Edit

almost 20 years ago, the eminent Swedish economist Assar Lindbeck warned that ‘the supply of benefits creates its own demand. Indeed, moral hazard and cheating are, in my judgement, the weak spot of the welfare state’ (Lindbeck,Read more at location 145

Note: WELFARE E AZZARDO MORALE Edit

the Nobel Prize-winning economist James Heckman summarised this literature as follows: Participation in generous welfare states leads to erosion of the work ethic and withdrawal from participation in the social compact. There is evidence of cohort drift in welfare participation. Those cohorts who have lived a greater fraction of their lives under the generosity of the welfare state come to accept its benefits and game the system at higher rates.Read more at location 148

Note: WORK ETHIC EMARGINSZIONE Edit

The biological literature also urges caution: in his seminal 1976 book The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins described the welfare state as perhaps the greatest example of altruism in the animal kingdom but warned of its self-destructive potential.Read more at location 153

Note: AUTODISTRUTTIVO Edit

childhood disadvantage has been shown in randomised controlled experiments – the gold standard of scientific proof – to promote the formation of an aggressive, antisocial and rule-breaking personality profile that impairs occupational and social adjustment during adulthood (Heckman, Pinto & Savelyev, 2013). A welfare state that increases the number of children born into disadvantaged households therefore risks increasing the number of citizens who develop an aggressive, antisocial and rule-breaking personality profile due to being exposed to disadvantage during childhood.Read more at location 163

Note: BAMBINI DISADATTATI Edit

In Chapter 3 – ‘The Lifelong Impact of Personality’ – we address this issue by examining studies that record personality characteristics in childhood and then trace their effects on adult life, whilst controlling for the effect of other important variables such as intelligence and parental socio-economic status (SES).Read more at location 181

Note: EFFETTI XDURANTI Edit

A key conclusion in Chapter 3 is that the employment-resistant personality profile doesn’t just impair workplace performance – it also increases the frequency of behaviour that is likely to impair the life chances of the next generation (for example, teenage parenthood). This is a crucial finding because it suggests that individuals with employment-resistant personality characteristics not only suffer impaired life outcomes, but also transmit that difficulty to their childrenRead more at location 186

Note: I DANNI Edit

In Chapter 4 – ‘The Influence of Benefits on Claimant Reproduction’ – we shall see that the number of children born to welfare claimants tracks the generosity of benefits, with increases in the generosity of welfare benefits being followed by deliberate increases in their rate of reproduction via altered contraception usage.Read more at location 191

Note: I MANTENUTI SI RIPRODUCONO Edit

In Chapter 5 – ‘Childhood Disadvantage and Employment-Resistance’ – we shall see that the disadvantage suffered by children of welfare claimants is not only a matter of financial irresponsibility but also a matter of parental style: despite having more free time, welfare claimants tend to speak to their children significantly less often than employed parents do.Read more at location 198

Note: IL MANTENUTO NN È UN BUON GENITORE Edit

the transmission of personality characteristics from parent to child cannot be explained by environmental factors alone. In Chapter 6 – ‘Genetic Influences on Personality’ – we shall see evidence that the missing link in the transmission of personality characteristics from parent to child is genetic,Read more at location 205

Note: GENETICA Edit

personality traits in populations of non-human animals can be significantly altered by selective breeding.Read more at location 208

Note: SELEZIONE ANIMALE Edit

In Chapter 7 – ‘Personality as a Product of Nature and Nurture’ – we examine research aimed at comparing genetic and environmental influences on human personality and see evidence that the more closely related two people are, the more similar their personalities tend to be.Read more at location 214

Note: MORE CLOSE Edit

Chapters 5–7 show that, because human personality is a product of nature and nurture (and their interplay), the children of employment-resistant welfare claimants are not only disadvantaged through a greater likelihood of being neglected, but also by a higher risk of inheriting the genes for the employment-resistant personality profile, compared to children born to adults with a pro-employment personality profile.Read more at location 219

Note: IL DOPPIO SVANTAGGIO DEL FIGLIO DEL MANTENUTO Edit

In Chapter 8 – ‘A Model of How the Welfare State Leads to Personality Mis-Development’ – I build on these foundations by using a statistical model to obtain a quantitative estimate of the scale of welfare-induced personality mis-development.Read more at location 225

Note: CALCOLARE LA DISTORSIONE Edit

In Chapter 9 – ‘Further Evidence for Welfare-Induced Personality Mis-Development’ – I summarise evidence that is circumstantial but nevertheless consistent with the notion that the welfare state is changing the developmental trajectory of the personality profile of the population towards greater employment-resistance. For example, we shall see that the introduction of the welfare state amongst the nations of the Western world has been followed by a substantial decrease in work motivation and an upsurge in criminal violence.Read more at location 230

Note: WELFARE E CRIMINI Edit

As a supplement for this book, I have created an online personality questionnaire that you can use to measure your own personality.Read more at location 262

Note: TEST Edit

This questionnaire divides the domain of personality into five dimensions, which is the current industry standard model of personality, often known as the ‘Big Five’ (for example, Digman, 1990; Costa & McCrae, 1992; Goldberg, 1993).Read more at location 264

Note: BIG 5 Edit

Extraversion reflects engagement with the external world, especially engagement with people. Individuals who score high on this trait (often labelled as extraverts) typically enjoy being with people, are usually full of energy and experience frequent positive emotions.Read more at location 269

Note: ESTROVERSIONE Edit

Individuals who score low in the lower range on extraversion (often labelled as introverts) typically have a rich internal life and need less stimulation form the external world than more extraverted individuals do.Read more at location 274

Add a note

Conscientiousness reflects the extent to which we focus on detail and manage our affairs in a self-disciplined manner. Individuals scoring high on this trait come across as careful, cautious, planning, dutiful and detail-minded.Read more at location 280

Note: COSCIENZIOSITÀ Edit

Low scorers on conscientiousness are typically impulsive and tend to skip over detail, preferring instead to focus on the bigger picture.Read more at location 285

Add a note

Agreeableness reflects individual differences in cooperation and social harmony. Individuals in the high range on agreeableness value getting along with others and generally appear easy-going, fair-minded and nice.Read more at location 290

Note: EMPATIA Edit

Individuals in the low range on agreeableness tend to put their own needs ahead of those of other people and generally come across as tough-minded, uncooperative and assertive.Read more at location 296

Add a note

Neuroticism describes the likelihood of a person experiencing negative emotions in response to everyday situations. People who score low on this trait rarely experience negative emotion and tend to be calm almost all the time.Read more at location 299

Note: NEUROTICISMO Edit

Low scorers on neuroticism tend to excel in occupations such as medicine, police work or military aviation that require the individual frequently to deal with upsetting or scary situationsRead more at location 302

Add a note

Openness to experience reflects an individual’s interest in imaginative or intellectual matters. People with high scores on openness to experience are intellectually curious, appreciative of art and sensitive to beauty.Read more at location 313

Note: CURIOSITÀ Edit

One analogy I use to help my students understand this functional difference is to compare a person to a car: that person’s level of intelligence represents the horsepower of the car’s engine whereas their personality represents the steering system of the car, determining the goals at which they direct the problem-solving power of their intelligence. This is a well-established idea. For example, in 1739, the Scottish philosopher David Hume wrote in his famous book A Treatise of Human Nature that ‘Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them’Read more at location 327

Note: RAGIONE E PASSIONE Edit

Sometimes a crucial experiment (experimentum crucis) can tip the balance towards a particular narrative.Read more at location 340

Note: SCIENZA: ESPERIMENTO CRUCIALE Edit

Other narratives, such as the principle of evolution by natural selection, or the welfare trait theory that is presented in this book, concern slow, large-scale processes that are unsuited to testing in a laboratory. In these cases, we take a bird’s eye view of the facts of the matter and attempt to decide which narrative they best support.Read more at location 347

Note: APPROCVIO ALTERNATIVO Edit

1.  The welfare state should be retained without change. 2.  The welfare state should be abolished. 3.  The welfare state should be amended to take account of personality.Read more at location 351

Note: 3 CONCLUSIONI POSSIBILI Edit

As we will see, the evidence for any of these three narratives is far from conclusive, but in my opinion, at this early stage in the scientific discussion of personality and welfare, the third narrative is the best supported.Read more at location 354

Note: TESI Edit

Awareness of previous discoveries is known as ‘mastering the literature’, which is an unglamorous but crucial part of professional science because, if we haven’t mastered the literature, we are likely to waste time trying to discover something that has already been discovered.Read more at location 366

Note: REQUISITI DELLO SCIENZIATO: DOMINARE LA LETTERATURA Edit

Peer review is the second specialist part of professional science. It is a form of academic quality control in which draft manuscripts are subjected to the scrutiny of scientists who are experts in the field in question but who were not involved in writing the manuscript being reviewed.Read more at location 372

Note: PEER REVIEW Edit

The physicist Richard Feynman warned in a similar vein in the conclusion of his report about the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 that ‘For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled.’ Applied to the present topic, the advice of great thinkers such as Russell and Feynman means that to create a successful welfare state – that looks after unemployed citizens but does not encourage the development of the employment-resistant personality profile – we would be wise to face up to the facts on personality, even if it is politically incorrect to do so.Read more at location 402

Note: VERITÀ SCOMODE Edit

I prefer instead to let the data speak for themselves whilst accepting, as George Orwell declared, that ‘no book is genuinely free from political bias’ and it would be presumptuous of me to suppose that this book is an exception to that rule.Read more at location 441

Note: POLITICAS BIAS Edit