Visualizzazione post con etichetta diego gambetta codes of underworlds. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta diego gambetta codes of underworlds. Mostra tutti i post

mercoledì 12 dicembre 2018

A CHE SERVE IL NOMIGNOLO?

A CHE SERVE IL NOMIGNOLO?

Quando sarete al cospetto di Michele Greco non chiamatelo mai “Papa”, potreste ritrovarvi incaprettati in men che non si dica. Presso i mafiosi il nomignolo nasconde sempre una certa presa per il culo, la cosa serve a rendere chiaro che viene dato e non scelto (è la differenza fondamentale con i “nomi di battaglia”). In siciliano soprannome si dice 'nciuri, ovvero “offesa”.

Alcuni soprannomi venuti fuori al maxi processo di Palermo:

“u'Dutturi” (il dottore – uno specialista nel tagliare la droga).

“L'Ingegnere” (l’addetto alle radio).

“Il Senatore” (chi aveva conoscenze politiche).

“U'Tratturi” (il trattore – noto per i massacri compiuti).

Soprannomi "fintamente” positivi: “Re della Kalsa” (mandamento), “Principe di Villagrazia”, “Principe della Cocaina,” “Papa”, “Generale”, “Cavaliere”, ”Pinuzzu Garibaldi,” “L'Agnelli del Contrabbando” e “Onassissino” (piccolo Onassis).

“Il cornuto di Buffalo”.

“Il gioielliere” (un pescivendolo con prezzi salatissimi).

“Filippo” (un contrabbandiere che ha preso il nome dal guardiacoste sempre alle sue calcagna).

Soprannomi derivati dal fisico: “u'Beddu” (il bello), “Il Grosso”, “u'Riccio”, “Turchiceddu” (il piccolo turco, per la carnagione scura), “u'Buttigghiuni” (il bottiglione), “Faccia di Pala” (faccione).

“Pietro u'Zappuni” (per i dentoni frontali).

“Il vampiro” (per l’aspetto spettrale).

“Scillone” (il pendolo, per il modo d’incedere).

“Mussu di Ficurindia” (per la forma allargata della bocca).

“Pinzetta” (per l’abitudine di spuntarsi le sopracciglia).

“Alfio Lupara”

Derivati dal carattere: “u'Tranquillu” (quieto), “u'Guappo”, Abbruciamontagna” (brucia montagne, per il suo temperamento), “u'Cori Granni” (per la generosità), “u'Facchinu” (per la maleducazione), “Parrapicca” (di poche parole), “Piluseddu” (villoso), “Farfagnedda” (balbuziente), e “Tempesta”.

Derivati da animali: “Il Cane”, “Il Lupo”, “Capretto” (ragazzino), “Pecora Bianca” (per la chioma imbiancata), “Cavadduzzu” (cavallino), “Conigghiu” (coniglio), “Musca”, “Farfalla”, e “Salamandra”.

Derivati dagli hobby: “Turi Karaté”, “Scarpapulita”, “Pupo”, “Cacciatore”, “Studente” (un eterno fuori corso), e “u'Masculiddu” (maschietto).

Derivati dalla verdura: “Milinciana” (melanzana, per l’aspetto scuro e raccolto) and “Cipudda” (cipolla).

“Scagghidda” (scaletta).

“Pinnaredda” (pennetta).

“Puntina”.

“Il Bruto” (stupratore di minori).

“Ninu u'Babbu” (Nino the pazzo).

“Fifu Tistuni” (testone).

“Saru u'Bau” (l’orco).

“Calo Tabarano” (il depresso).

“Piddu Chiacchiera” (nick dato a Giuseppe Madonia per la sua mania di esagerare i racconto).

”Il Corto” (Riina).

“u'Viddanu” (il rozzo: Bernardo Provenzano).

“Mozzarella” (Marino Mannoia).

“Taninu Babbuneddu” (per il cranio grosso).

“Ciccio Occhialino”

Dati ai killer (notare la scarsa minacciosità): “Scarpuzzedda” [scarpetta], “u'Picciriddu” [il ragazzino], “Anatreddu” [anatroccolo], “Il Ragioniere”.

”Ciaschiteddu” (uccellino).

“Siddiati” (brontolone).

”Tignusu” (il pelato).

Ma perché si danno i soprannomi? Ci sono tante teorie: per consentire l’identificazione ai mafiosi (in Sicilia l’omonimia è diffusa), per depistare gli inquirenti, per stimolare la competizione, per prendere in giro, per creare intimità…

La mia preferita: per ricordare al soggetto i suoi difetti, ma soprattutto che la gente lo guarda e lo giudica. E’ la stessa funzione del pettegolezzo: una specie di sanzione informale data dal basso in grado anche di gestire le tensioni tra potenti e umili.

Poi serve anche come test: in Italia e non solo ci si saluta spesso con forme offensive (“tel chi il sacco di merda”, “come va vecchio figlio di puttana”, “va chi c’è, quel cornuto di Turiddu…”, “Oh, vecchio bastardo, come te la passi?…”). E’ un modo per stabilire intimità ma anche per capire se possiamo permettercela. Il passaggio dall’intimità al formalismo è un segno funesto. Esempio: se vi rivolgete a Riina chiamandolo “Curtu” e lui vi risponde serio serio con il Vossia, siete un uomo morto.

HL CHAPTER 9 Nicknames

CHAPTER 9 Nicknames
Note:9@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Page: 230
I knew guys that had been hanging out together for five or ten years and did not know each other's last names.
Note:IL NOME NN DICE NULLA A QS RAGAZZI

Yellow highlight | Page: 230
nicknaming is practiced virtually worldwide.
Note:UNIVERSALITÀ

Yellow highlight | Page: 230
there is no causal connection between one's proper name and one's character's traits.
Note:PURTROPPO

Yellow highlight | Page: 230
one known as Peter could just as easily have been known as Paul.
Note:Ccccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 231
Adolf does not have the same connotations as Peter, not since the 1930s that is.
Note:PLA SORTE DI ALCUNI NOMI

Yellow highlight | Page: 231
Neither Attila nor Judah
Note:ORMAI POCO ISATI

Yellow highlight | Page: 231
a profession, a behavioral quirk, or a bodily feature for instance.
Note:IL RIFERIMENTO DEL SOPRANNOME

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
The Importance of Being Ernest.
Note:NOME OMEN

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
in police files criminals are commonly identified not just by their birth-certificate name
Note:PROVA DELL IMPIRTANZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
using different names with different people is not useless.
Note:UNA TECNICA

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
the need to preserve secrecy
Note:ALTRA MOLLA X I NICK

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
THE ATTRIBUTION OF NICKNAMES
Note:Ttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
Among the defendants, 31.6 per cent are mentioned in the files as having more than one name, including many nicknames.
Note:AL MAXIPROCESSO

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
There is no record of any other profession in contemporary Italy in which so many individuals bear a nickname.
Note:RECORD

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
Several of these additional names correspond to the name of the father of the person the speaker meant to identify.
Note:IL PADRE

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
they can be their bearer's creation in a way in which nicknames cannot.
Note:CODE NAME 1

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
Code names are bestowed mainly for the purpose of veiling the true identity
Note:2

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
given by or with the agreement or at least the knowledge of the bearer.
Note:3

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
nicknames—”North,” “South,” “East” and “West”
Note:SOPRANNOMI X UNA SOLA OPERAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
“they called me Coriolano”—Salvatore Contorno, a mafioso who turned state's evidence, said—”have I ever been able to figure out when they gave it to me?”
Note:IL NICK PRESCINDE DALLA VOLONTÀ DEL CARCERATO

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
There is however no easy way for the bearer to prevent others from using it behind his back,
Note:TE LO TIENI...ESSENZIALE

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
Nicknames are a collective property
Note:BENE COMUNE

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
“Stop calling me Bruto!” is an injunction with little hope of success; it may even backfire,
Note:Cccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
resisting only creates fun for others at their own expense.”
Note:CONTROPRODUCENTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
Code names tend to be neutral,
Note:ALTRA DIFFERENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
Noms de guerre too are chosen by their bearers, but they tend to be positive,
Note:ALTRO TAROCCO...NOME DE PLUME

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
The monikers of Russian mobsters, which are chosen by the bearers (see below), are far more positive than those of mafiosi.
Note:RUSSIA E SICILIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
“L'Ingegnere” (Engineer) acquired his name “because
Note:CHI SI OCCUPA DELLE RADIO X LA RAPINA

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
“u'Dutturi” (Doctor) had a golden touch refining heroin.
Note:ALTRO SPECIALISTA

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
“Il Senatore” (Senator) never stood for election but “was involved with politicians,
Note:ANCORA

Yellow highlight | Page: 234
“U'Tratturi” (Tractor) refers to its bearer's skill “in murdering people….
Note:ANCORA

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
“Re della Kalsa” (King of Kalsa), “Principe di Villagrazia” (Prince of Villagrazia), “Principe della Cocaina,” “Papa” (Pope), “Generale” (General), and “Cavaliere” (Knight)—including some derived from famous individuals—”Pinuzzu Garibaldi,” “L'Agnelli del Contrabbando” (Agnelli of Smuggling), and “Onassissino” (little Onassis)—are so grand as to be mocking.
Note:ALTRI NICK POSITIVI

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
mockery rather than admiration,
Note:IL SENTIMENTO LATENTE AFFICHÈ SIA ATTENDIBILE

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
word 'nciuri, Sicilian for nickname, means abuse.
Note:ETIMOLOGIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
cornuto di Buffalo” (Cuckold of Buffalo) and “u'Scemu” (Fool).
Note:INSULTI GIRATI IN NICK

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
“Gioielliere” (Jeweler) was a fishmonger whose merchandise was said to be as expensive as diamonds.
Note:ES DI SCHERNO

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
Alfio Ferlito “was scornfully nicknamed Filippo by Mangion Francesco.”
Note:UN CONTRABBANDIERE CHIAMETO COME IL GUARDACOSTE CHE GLI DÀ SEMPRE LA CACCIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
“u'Beddu” (Handsome), “Il Grosso” (Fat), “u'Riccio” (Curly Haired), “Turchiceddu” (Little Turk, because of the dark color of his skin), “u'Buttigghiuni” (Large Bottle), “Faccia di Pala” (Shovel Face, “because of the wide shape of his face”). There
Note:IL CORPO

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
“Pietro u'Zappuni” owed his nickname to his “two horsey front teeth”
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
Vampiro,” who was tall, slim, and spooky.
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
“Scillone” (Pendulum) because “he swings when he walks.”
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
“Mussu di Ficurindia” (Prickly Pear Mouth) because of the shape of his mouth.
Note:Ccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 235
“Pinzetta” (Tweezers) because of his habit of plucking his eyebrows and cheeks.”
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 236
“u'Tranquillu” (Quiet), “u'Guappo” (Braggart), “Abbruciamontagna” (Burn Mountain, because of his hot temper), “u'Cori Granni” (Big Heart), “u'Facchinu” (Ill-bred), “Parrapicca” (Few Words), “Piluseddu” (Hairy, also Stingy), “Farfagnedda” (Stammer), and “Tempesta” (Storm, “because for him it's always stormy”).
Note:CARATTERE

Yellow highlight | Page: 236
“Il Cane” (Dog), “Il Lupo” (Wolf), “Capretto” (Kid), “Pecora Bianca” (White Sheep, because of his white curly hair), “Cavadduzzu” (Little Horse), “Conigghiu” (Rabbit), “Musca” (Fly), “Farfalla” (Butterfly), and “Salamandra” (Salamander).
Note:DA ANIMALI

Yellow highlight | Page: 236
“Milinciana” (Eggplant) and “Cipudda” (Onion).
Note:VERDURA

Yellow highlight | Page: 236
“Alfio Lupara” (Sawed-off Shotgun)
Note:DA COSE

Yellow highlight | Page: 236
“Scagghidda” (Little Scale), “Pinnaredda” (Little Feather), “Puntina” (Little Nail). We also found a couple of punbased aliases: Francesco Di Noto becomes “Franco Noto” (Renowned), and Gaetano Galatolo becomes “Tanu Alatu” (Winged).
Note:cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 236
“Turi Karaté” (Turi Karate), “Scarpapulita” (Clean Shoe), “Pupo” (Dapper), “Cacciatore” (Hunter), “Studente” (“because he went to University,” though never graduated),30 and “u'Masculiddu” (Little Male).
Note:DA HOBBY

Yellow highlight | Page: 236
“Il Bruto” (The Brute),
Note:A PROCESSO X STUPRO DI MINORI

Yellow highlight | Page: 236
only a quarter of the mafia bosses involved in the trial are reported as having an additional name.
Note:NN UN ESCLUSIVA DEI BOSS

Yellow highlight | Page: 237
“Ninu u'Babbu” (Nino the Fool), “Fifu Tistuni” (Thick Head), “Saru u'Bau” (Ogre), and “Calo Tabarano” (Downhearted).
Note:OFFENSIVI

Yellow highlight | Page: 237
Giuseppe Madonia was nicknamed “Piddu Chiacchiera
Note:LA MANIA DI ESAGERARE I RESOCONTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 237
“Il Corto” (The Short);
Note:RIINA

Yellow highlight | Page: 237
“u'Viddanu” (The Uncouth).
Note:BERNARDO PROVENZANO

Yellow highlight | Page: 237
Stefano Giaconia “stuck upon me the name Mozzarella,”
Note:PRESA IN GIRO...MARINO MANNOIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 238
THE USE OF NICKNAMES
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 238
society continuously reminds itself of what it considers good and bad behavioural traits.”
Note:PRIMA TEORIA...FUNZIONE DEI NICK....RICORDARTI COME TI VEDONO E TI GIUDICANO PER I TUOI DIFETTI...CONTENERE I BIAS

Yellow highlight | Page: 238
nicknames fuel aggression and competition.
Note:TEORIA 2

Yellow highlight | Page: 238
Some deem them to provide a sense of community,
Note:3 TEORIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 238
it seems far-fetched
Note:STIRACCHIATO

Yellow highlight | Page: 238
above a certain threshold of use the survival of a nickname (or of any name for that matter) requires no special explanation: people use it simply because it is used.
Note:INNESCO...SOGLIA CRITICA

Yellow highlight | Page: 239
Favoring Identification
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 239
The hypothesis I want to pursue is that nicknames are useful in circumstances in which, had they not been available, code names would have had to be coined.
Note:LA TESI....SOSTITUTO X L AVATAR

Yellow highlight | Page: 239
Nicknames can help to differentiate individuals
Note:IL NOME PROPRIO È TROPPO COMUNE

Yellow highlight | Page: 239
In Sicily the frequency of individuals bearing the same first name is high
Note:ES

Yellow highlight | Page: 240
At the same time, among mafiosi the pressure for accurate identification is higher
Note:INOLTRE

Yellow highlight | Page: 240
Mistaken identities can be a cause of conflict and even cost people's lives.
Note:IDENTIFICAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 240
Carlo Teresi, the oldest of three cousins all named Carlo, was nicknamed “Numero Uno”
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Page: 240
in the families of a cluster of small towns in the province of Agrigento, both rural areas for which we have very good information, nicknames are much rarer than they are among mafiosi in Palermo or Catania.
Note:TREND OPPOSTO A QUELLO COMUNE

Yellow highlight | Page: 240
in the American Cosa Nostra, which is an entirely urban phenomenon, the use of nicknames is even more common than in its Sicilian counterpart.
Note:ALTRO TREND A CONFERMA

Yellow highlight | Page: 240
Hampering Identification
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 240
they also have an even keener interest in preventing being identified by the authorities or rival mafiosi.
Note:ESIGENZA COMPLEMENTARE DEI MAFIOSI

Yellow highlight | Page: 241
Taking advantage of the different name by which he was known to the other bandits and his covillagers, he walked free.
Note:GIUSEPPE SCIORTINO ACCUSATO A PORTELLA DELLA GINESYRA

Yellow highlight | Page: 241
”he saved himself from being identified by saying that he was called Giacomo and not Giuseppe.”
Note:LA DIFESA DI GAMBINO

Yellow highlight | Page: 241
“Jachinu u'Spurpatu”
Note:ESEMPI DI NICK...LO SCHELETRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 241
“Taninu Babbuneddu
Note:TESTAGROSSA

Yellow highlight | Page: 241
Cipudda
Note:CIPOLLA

Yellow highlight | Page: 241
“Ciccio Occhialino”
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 241
In order to disclaim actions carried out under one's nickname, one can retreat to one's birth-certificate name.
Note:ALTRO MODO IN CUI AIUTA IL ACUTA CK

Yellow highlight | Page: 241
Shifting from one name to another makes it possible to rely on a second identity
Note:SHIFTING

Yellow highlight | Page: 242
an indirect test of whether nicknames survive better when keeping one's identity secret is a greater concern.
Note:TEST DI SOORAVVIVENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 242
The highest frequency, however, is found among hit men: among them, two out of three bore a nickname.
Note:TRA I KILLER IL RECORD...IN EFFETTI L ESIGENZA DI COPERTURA È PIÙ ALTA

Yellow highlight | Page: 242
“Scarpuzzedda” [Little Shoe], “u'Picciriddu” [the Kid], “Anatreddu” [Duckling], “Il Ragioniere” [The Accountant]).
Note:NICK POCO MINACCIOSI

Yellow highlight | Page: 242
the more a mafioso needs to avoid identification and to lead a secretive life, the more likely a nickname sticks to him.
Note:LEGGE

Yellow highlight | Page: 243
Unintended Consequences
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 243
Carlo Teresi, known as Numero Uno, a mafioso we already met, wished he had no nickname when he found himself in court:64 “The Teresis are as many as drops in the sea,”
Note:MEGLIO NN AVER MAI AVUTO UN NICK

Yellow highlight | Page: 243
“Numero Uno” nickname helped the mobsters to identify the right Carlo Teresi, but it ultimately helped prosecutors to do the same thing.
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 243
Tommaso Buscetta revealed that Francesco Maiorana was a member of the mafia,
Note:CE N ERANO DUE...NESSUN ARRESTO

Yellow highlight | Page: 244
there were eight Prestifilippos
Note:ALTRO CASINO DI CONTORNO

Yellow highlight | Page: 244
Ciaschiteddu [small bird]
Note:ALTRO SOPRANNOME X IL FISICO ATLETICO

Yellow highlight | Page: 244
the same moniker may occur more than once and cause confusion,
Note:MAFIOSI FUORI INNOCENTI DENTRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 244
Siddiati” (Grumpys).
Note:SOPRA

Yellow highlight | Page: 244
Tignusu (Hairless)
Note:ANCORA

Yellow highlight | Page: 244
Why Not All Criminals Use Aliases
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 244
far from a universal phenomenon.
Note:SOLO UN TERZO

Yellow highlight | Page: 245
The mobsters say “this guy there…,” “that old fellow, who's older than us…,” “that nephew, the fat one…,” “the Moustache…,” “the tall one…,” “the short one…,” “that cousin from where the children are…,” “the uncle from over there….”
Note:ALTRO MODO X MASCHERARE...NN USARE PROPRIO I NOMI

Yellow highlight | Page: 245
identify uniquely a person without naming names.
Yellow highlight | Page: 245
The mentor discusses names with the novice, and they agree on one.
Note:NOMI DI BATTAGLIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 245
“At his crowning, the officiating vor [ends] the ceremony
Note:INCORONAZIONE...NUOVA VITA

Yellow highlight | Page: 245
Monks and nuns bear two names,
Note:TRADIZIONE CATTOLICA

Yellow highlight | Page: 246
the Russian and the Neapolitan groups lack the rich community ties that other mafia groups enjoy.
Note:DIFFERENZA CON LA MAFIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 246
The Neapolitan gangs are many and fragmented, while the Russian vory form a national network and operate at great distances
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 246
OTHER MOTIVES FOR THE USE OF NICKNAMES
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 246
icknames in the Mediterranean area are a form of verbal aggression,
Note:ALTRA TEORIA....INVIDIA AL CENTRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 246
manifestations of aggressive, controlling impulses, as partially unconscious attempts to gain dominance over others by attacking their sense of self-identity,
Note:IN ALTRI TERMINI

Yellow highlight | Page: 246
mocking others.
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 246
presence of derogative nicknames in cultures in which macho values or envy are not especially relevant.
Note:DUBBI SULLA TEORIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 246
in other groups in which envy and amour propre are present—academia for instance—nicknames are not common;
Note:ANCORA DUBBI

Yellow highlight | Page: 247
we find not only mocking but also appreciative or neutral nicknames,
Note:ALTRI DUBBI

Yellow highlight | Page: 247
The greater proportion of derogative or jocular over positive nicknames could simply be due to the fact that they provide more fun, much as negative gossip, which is also predominant over positive gossip, does.
Note:PIACERE DEL GOSSIP

Yellow highlight | Page: 247
listener searches not for truths but for plausible, juicy stories, the linguistic brilliance and humorous content of nicknames must be part of their success.
Note:cccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 247
Think for instance of the nicknames that pupils routinely assign to their teachers. The fun and the relief that nicknames provide
Note:GESTISCE LE TENSIONI

Yellow highlight | Page: 247
high risk of making these tensions explicit
Note:XCHÈ ALLENTARE LA TENSIONE?

Yellow highlight | Page: 247
nicknames are found mostly among groups of men and mostly among men engaged in team activities.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO

Yellow highlight | Page: 247
the presence of shared risk would encourage the use of nicknames.
Note:TRA I MINATORI

Yellow highlight | Page: 247
provide a facetious easing of the tension connected to risky actions
Note:RELAX?

Yellow highlight | Page: 248
It is not uncommon to greet male friends with terms of abuse—this is frequently witnessed in Southern Italy.
Note:VECCHIO FIGLIO DI PUTTANA....CONFIDENZA INTIMITÀ

Yellow highlight | Page: 248
they do so when they meet rather than when they part.
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 248
“look who's here, u Curtu, ya old bastard, how're ya?”
Note:ESEMPI

Yellow highlight | Page: 248
the ritual tests the solidity of friendship,
Note:TEST

Yellow highlight | Page: 248
We have evidence that mafiosi become worried if someone who previously addressed them in a familiar way suddenly resorts to formality.
Note:UNA SVOLTA PREOCCUPANTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 248
although in the past he addressed me with ‘you’ now he was calling me ‘sir.’
Note:LIGGIO PRIMA DEL MASSACRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 248
Antonio Ferro from Canicatti began to call Calderone vossia (sir)
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Page: 248
Men who work in teams in risky or demanding jobs do need to be able to trust one another,
COSTRUZIONE DELLA FIDUCIA

martedì 11 dicembre 2018

L’IMPORTANZA DI CHIAMARSI ERNESTO

L’IMPORTANZA DI CHIAMARSI ERNESTO

Cose imparate oggi: i cognomi erano soprannomi.
Voi non ci crederete ma è esistito un mondo in cui l’informazione scarseggiava, cosicché non andava sprecata, a partire dai nomi. Il fatto che io mi chiami “Riccardo” non dice niente a nessuno, se mi chiamassi “Pietro” non farebbe differenza. Si tratta di una palese occasione sprecata per informare. Oltretutto, “Riccardo” è un nome che mi è stato appioppato quando ancora non si conosceva il mio carattere.  Sarebbe molto più utile  se la gente mi chiamasse “lo spaccaossa”. O al limite – considerata l’ereditarietà dei caratteri personali - “Mario”, che è il nome di mio papà, lui almeno aveva già vissuto a lungo e qualcosa in più si sapeva.

Ma ancora oggi ci sono mondi dove l’informazione scarseggia ad arte: il mondo del crimine. Al maxiprocesso di Palermo il 32% degli imputati era schedato dalla polizia con un soprannome (spesso il nome del padre o del nonno). Non esiste professione che eguagli questo record. 

Cose imparate oggi: LA PAURA PUZZA (proverbio carcerario)

Cose imparate oggi: LA PAURA PUZZA (proverbio carcerario)

La violenza prospera laddove ci sono molte anonime divise senza gradi: scuole, caserme, carceri sono acquari dove nuota a suo agio il pesce-bullo. La violenza non è quasi mai bruta, serve per comunicare. Cresce dove scarseggia un’informazione adeguata in grado di illuminare sulla gerarchia. Abbiamo bisogno di punti di riferimento per agire e in assenza di gradi ce li creiamo a suon di botte. La pace tra gli uomini è sempre “pace mafiosa”, dietro c’è una violenza allusa. I "beati costruttori di pace" sono in genere degli energumeni col cervello particolarmente lungimirante. La prigione è un ottimo laboratorio per studiare la violenza poiché lì, almeno in partenza, vige un egalitarismo anonimo e il controllo delle guardie è spesso superficiale. Inoltre, i criminali sono maestri nella produzione di violenza opportunamente dosata. La violenza serve per testare gli altri, per far capire chi sei e come sei disposto ad usarla. I più vittimizzati sono i più deboli: pivellini, donne e colletti bianchi. I più violenti – la cosa è contro intuitiva - sono i candidati ad essere considerati deboli: i pivellini, le donne e i colletti bianchi: sono loro a dover dimostrare qualcosa. Un boss mafioso o un delinquente abituale non deve informare nessuno su chi è e su cosa è disposto a fare.

HL CHAPTER 4 Why Prisoners Fight (and Signal)

CHAPTER 4 Why Prisoners Fight (and Signal)
Note:la violenza serve anche a comunicarela violenza spietata nn è sintomo di crudeltà ma serve a costruire reputazoonestudio della violenza tra i carcerati: il metcato nero

Note | Page: 78
4@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Page: 78
violence is dramatically more common in the underworld
Note:AMMETTIAMOLO

Yellow highlight | Page: 78
success in the underworld is often decided by violence,
Note:SUCCESSO E VIOLENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 78
communication and violence are closely connected.
Note:NEMMENO LA VIOLENZA È BRUTA

Yellow highlight | Page: 78
rational criminals can be expected to minimize violence whenever they can achieve the same results
Note:IL CRIMINALE RAZIONALE

Yellow highlight | Page: 78
Nonviolent display-acts of strength or threats are quintessentially communicative
Note:L OTTIMO

Yellow highlight | Page: 78
reveal one's true violent potential
Note:OBBIETTIVO DELLA VIOLENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 78
create a useful reputation
Note:A CGE SERVE LA VIOLENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 79
goods are allocated under prison rules or at the discretion of prison authorities. Others are distributed via informal markets created by prisoners,
Note:I BENI IN PRIGIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 79
an inmate cannot normally select the inmates with whom to associate.
Note:ALTRA CARATTERISTICA DELLA VITA CARCERARIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 79
Prisons are a near perfect natural environment for understanding how humans communicate
Note:L ESPERIMENTO XFETTO

Yellow highlight | Page: 79
“Scarcity and deprivation make inmates particularly alert to the immediate effects of their actions and to resulting payoffs,”
Note:LA COSA INTERESSANTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 80
VIOLENCE AND INFORMATION: HYPOTHESES
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 80
not enjoy fighting for the pleasure of inflicting or receiving pain. “Psychos” are an exception,
Note:PSICOPATI I

Yellow highlight | Page: 80
prefer not fighting to fighting,
Note:PREFERENZA SEGRETA

Yellow highlight | Page: 80
fighting is not undertaken lightly.
Note:CONFERMATO DA TITTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 80
not want to fight but did so because they saw no other option.
Note:REGOLA

Yellow highlight | Page: 81
research on fighting and assessment in animals.
Note:FACILITA LA COMPRENSIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 81
establish their mutual positions in the prison “hierarchy” of violence potential by communicative means.
Note:UNO... COME SI DELINEA LA GERARCHIA... SEGNALI

Yellow highlight | Page: 81
Any condition that promotes the knowledge of each other's fighting prowess
Note:COSA DIMINUISCE LA VIOLENZA?

Yellow highlight | Page: 81
tagged by a mark that accurately reveals his disposition for
Note:PRIGIONE IDEALE

Yellow highlight | Page: 81
prisoners will be more likely to challenge each other
Note:QUANDO REGNA L IGNORANZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 81
the more opaque the relative positions are, the more fighting we expect
Note:INFO E SCONTRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 82
Fighting generates information
Note:MOTIVO DI SCONTRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 82
those less versed or less experienced in using violence will have more reasons to fight
Note:PREVISIONE CONTROINTUITIVA

Yellow highlight | Page: 82
they have reasons to prove themselves to others
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 82
they themselves may not know how tough they really are.
Note:AUTOREFERENZIALITÀ

Yellow highlight | Page: 83
The better information circulates, the fewer reasons to fight there will be.
Note:MEDIA ABBIGLUAMENTO ATTIVITÀ EXTRA...

Yellow highlight | Page: 83
the number of prisoners any one prisoner will deal with while knowing nothing about their traits.
Note:VARIABILE CRUCIALE

Yellow highlight | Page: 83
high turnover of inmates
Note:VIOLENZA SU

Yellow highlight | Page: 83
prisoners are frequently reallocated
Note:IDEM

Yellow highlight | Page: 83
where internal or external turnover is higher, norms will be more precarious
Note:RIPETITA

Yellow highlight | Page: 83
once physical superiority has been established, it is not necessary to continue to attack
Note:PACE MAFIOSA

Yellow highlight | Page: 83
everyone will want to know the fighting record of everyone else.
Note:SFORZO VERSO LA PACE

Yellow highlight | Page: 84
Prisoners, we can therefore expect, will tend to encourage each other to fight,
Note:INFO SENZA RISCHIO

Yellow highlight | Page: 84
ostracizing dodgers
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 84
DISPLAYING AND OBSERVING CUES
Note:ttttttttttDA QUI SI CERCANO CONFERME ALL IPOTESI

Yellow highlight | Page: 84
Body size is only one sign and not a very good one apparently.
Note:PRIMA INFO

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
“predators and nonpredators did not differ reliably with respect to weight and height.
Note:RICERCA CANADESE

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
posture, fitness, and demeanor,
Note | Page: 85
ALTRE FONTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
“You can read fear in a man. You can smell it.
Note:CONFERMATO DA MOLTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
a man who came out of Harlem would be pretty tough,
Note:PROVENIENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
I can tell you just by the way people conduct themselves whether you're nervous or cool or what.
Note:NERVOSISMO E POSTURA

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
inexperienced prisoners may end up fighting more
Note:NN SANNO LEGGERE NÈ I SEGNALI CCHE RICEVONO NÉ QUELLI CHE MANDANO

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
scars.
Note:IMPORTANTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
he's in excellent shape from weightlifting. And, like many inmates, he has scars:
Note:IL CARCERATO TIPO

Yellow highlight | Page: 85
The huge quantity of scars surprises me. Half the inmates in Sing Sing seem to have been stabbed
Note:CICATRICI OVUNQUE

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
Scars on the front (not the back!) of Roman soldiers' bodies were a testimony to their courage in battle and loyalty to Rome.
Note:UNA TRADIZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
Many criminals also mark themselves with tattoos,
Note:ALTRA FONTE...SVALUTATA

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
the case of yakuza members,
Note:SU TUTTO IL CORPO

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
tattoos testify to a considerable resilience to pain.
Note:PRIMA INFO

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
bearer does not frequent refined social circles;
Note:SECONDA INFO

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
signal membership in a particular gang
Note:ANCHE LE FIGURE INFORMANO

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
tattoos also show “rank, specialization, and personal accomplishments, which typically revolve around murder, drug-trafficking, and other crimes.”
Note:IL RAMO

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
a long history among individuals in military or pseudomilitary
Note:MILIZIA...LEALTÀ...NN SI TERNA INDIETRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 86
battle dates, crossed guns, flags, cannons, and pyramids of bullets.”
Note:SIMBOLERIA TIPICA

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
The crimes they are convicted
Note:ALTRA FONTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
the length of one's sentence:
Note:ALTRA INFO

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
life without parole makes an inmate more threatening
Note:ALTRA INFO

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
it removes the main incentive for the prisoner to behave well.
Note:Ccccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
reputation that a prisoner acquired during a previous prison term
Note:VITTIMA O BULLO?

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
MIMICKING TOUGHNESS
Note:ttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
the “plastic gangsters,
Note:I COSIDDETTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
if someone would fuck with me I would kill them….
Note | Page: 87
LO SGUARDO PARLA

Yellow highlight | Page: 87
walk like a real jerk
Note:NN SONO UNA FEMMINUCCIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
display the signs of toughness by those who are not tough are, however, short-lived in prison.
Note:LE BUGIE DALLE GAMBE CORTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
It's not something you could bluff
Note:SEMPRE SOTTO PRESSIONE...NN C È RESPIRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
“it is incredibly difficult to fake toughness.
Note:ALTRA TESTIMONIANZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
distinguish between, say, a genuine sociopath and a fake.”
Note:ALLA LUNGA È FACILE

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
the only way to mask fear is by truly cultivating negative emotions, such as hatred and suspicion, which can override fear.
Note:L UNICA MASCHERA CHE FUNZIONA

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
change your emotions
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
In order to survive prison, this man reconfigured his emotional space so well that when he got out of prison he found, to his apparent chagrin, that he could not revert
Note:IRREVERSIBILITÀ

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
THE INCIDENCE OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS AND THEIR MOTIVES
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 88
when enough information is available by display, prisoners do not need to fight
Note:L IPOTESI UNO SEMBRA CONFERMATA

Yellow highlight | Page: 89
verbal abuse, taunting, threats, “shouting,
Note:INIZIO DELLO SPETTRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 89
pushing or shoving, slapping, scratching, butting, punching, biting, elbowing, kneeing, kicking, knifing, shooting.”
Note:FINE DELLO SPETTRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 90
being a victim of assault was strongly correlated with being also a perpetrator.
Note:RECIPROCITÀ

Yellow highlight | Page: 90
there are groups of prisoners who do not fight but are only preyed on.
Note:BOTTOM

Yellow highlight | Page: 90
fighting increases as uncertainty about prisoners' violent prowess increases,
Note:TESTIAMO LA SECONDA IPOTESI

Yellow highlight | Page: 90
material interest “such as drugs, personal possessions, games, food, tobacco, and phone cards”
Note:IL MOTIVO PRINCIPALE DEL FIGHT

Yellow highlight | Page: 90
“non-material interests (self-respect, honour, fairness, loyalty, personal safety and privacy) were important in every incident.
Note:MA...CONNESSO...

Yellow highlight | Page: 90
establishing one's reputation
Note:OBBIETTIVO ESCUSIVO O ACCESSORIO

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
the target is willing to use violence
Note:IL SEGNALE DA MANDARE

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
the definition of a communicative act,
Note:LO SCONTRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
one who chooses to fight is possibly less likely to be victimized in future encounters.
Note:CHIARA CONSEG..IPO 2 CONFERMATA

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
AGE AND GENDER OF OFFENDERS
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
we should observe more violence among younger prisoners and women.
Note | Page: 91
SONO I SOGGETTI COM MENO INFO TO DISPLAY

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
young offenders are more likely to be involved
Note:CONFERMATO DA TUTTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
age is inversely correlated
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
consistent with this finding and provides a plausible social rather than biological explanation
Note:IL TESTOSTERONE NN RILEVA IN ESCLUSIVA

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
Young prisoners—like younger men generally—have more to prove
Note:INFATTI...CURRICULUM

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
they may also be less skilled at reading other prisoners' signals.
Note:ALTRA CAUSA

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
“Boys trying to become Men….
Note:LA PRIGIONE NE È PIENA

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
Women are significantly less violent than men in the outside world and less lethal
Note:DATI STRABILIANTI...ASSUNTO DI PARTENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 91
This holds in all times and places
Note:Cccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
in prison this universal fact is overturned: women become at least as violent and often more prone to violence than men are.
Note:SORPRESONA!!!!....RAGIONI NN BIOLOGICHE

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
rarely commit homicide,
Note:FORSE L UNICA DIFFERENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
women assault each other twice as much as men do,
Note:SECONDO UNA RICERCA

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
women are convicted of proportionally fewer violent offenses than men are and have shorter criminal histories,
Note:LA CAUSA DI FONDO

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
Lucia Zedner,
Note:RICERCATRICE SULLA VIOLENZA FEMMINILE

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
mostly social-psychological.
Note:MOTIVI DELLA VIOLENZA FEMMINILE

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
suffer more at being taken away from their families
Note:ORIGINI DELLA SOFFERENZA 1

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
greater levels of mental illness and depression
Note:2

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
seek solace in intense emotional (often lesbian) relations
Note:3

Yellow highlight | Page: 93
drug addiction is more frequent among jailed women than among jailed men,
Note:EFFETO DI SELEZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 94
TURNOVER AND PRISON REGIME
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 94
the greater the number of unknown prisoners that any one prisoner encounters, the greater is the likelihood of fighting
Note:IPOTESI TRE...A CACCIA DI CONFERME

Yellow highlight | Page: 94
prisoners in the local prison, who were “a more heterogeneous group,” “were more likely than others to use force
Note:LOCALISMI

Yellow highlight | Page: 94
Dispersal prisons contain prisoners who have longer sentences, above four years, and who are much more likely than local prison inmates to be convicted of a violent crime.
Note:MENO VIOLENTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 95
The inmates in local prisons, by contrast, have shorter jail terms
Note:I PIÙ RISSOSI

Yellow highlight | Page: 95
inmates in both the local and the remand prisons have less of a reputation
Note:LOGICO

Yellow highlight | Page: 96
“higher security levels are associated with higher levels of violence.
Note:MOLTI STUDI LO CONFERMANO

Yellow highlight | Page: 96
communicative means can fail to establish a violence “hierarchy” for lack of ways to display or see inmates' violence capital,
Note:PIÙ RIGORE...MENO COMUNICAZIONE...PIÙ VIOLENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 96
mix with other prisoners should decrease fighting because information circulates better when prisoners can meet,
Note:IL VAGABONDARE TRA LE ALI

Yellow highlight | Page: 96
“frequent changes of cells and jails produce Hobbesian interactions that are often ‘short, nasty and brutish.’”
Note:MA ATTENZIONE AI CAMBI SENZA PRE CONOSCENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 97
predatory aggression appears to peak early in the inmate's sentence, and then decline.”
Note:ALTRO DATO IMPORTANTE X LE NS IPOTESI

Yellow highlight | Page: 98
CHALLENGES, THREATS, AND FIGHTS
Note:Tttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 98
how prisoners decide to fight.
Note:CAMBIAMO ARGOMENTO

Yellow highlight | Page: 98
two prisoners fight over a physical resource
Note:IL CASO PIÙ SEMPLICE

Yellow highlight | Page: 98
other fights may break out because new entrants who fear seeming weak—those who have no violence capital to show—may choose to attack unprovoked or respond violently at the mildest provocation
Note:ALTRO CASO

Yellow highlight | Page: 98
challenge issued by a settled inmate and designed to test a new entrant's mettle.
Note:UN CASO MOLTO COMUNE

Yellow highlight | Page: 98
Sometimes the challenge is veiled under the mantle of a conflict over resources, including attempts to extract sexual favors.
Note:PRETESTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 99
prisoner, however, is often not “a serious target of rape but an object of manoeuvres designed to test his ‘manliness'
Note:PROVOCAZIONI

Yellow highlight | Page: 99
The test is manliness. The criterion is courage.
Note:IL CRITERIO

Yellow highlight | Page: 99
willingness to fight and by the capacity for doing
Note:LA SPIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 99
those who feel strong enough relative to the new entrant to risk a fight, but not so strong as to feel safe in their own position in the hierarchy;
Note:LO SFIDANTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 100
The response to provocations and insults can be in kind and still refrain from physical violence.
Note:CORAVGIO A PAROLE

Yellow highlight | Page: 100
“A verbal exchange could always lead to arguments about who got the better of the other.”
Note:IL DIFETTO DELLE PAROLE

Yellow highlight | Page: 100
Even if he expects to lose, it may still be better to risk a fight than to back down, in order to impress on the attacker and on the audience that he is not a hapless victim.
Note:SEMPRE MEGLIO COMBATTERE

Yellow highlight | Page: 100
winners and losers,
Note:FALSA DIVISIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 100
fighters and passive victims:
Note:VERA DOVISIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 100
tribulations of those who fail to respond to challenges will not be short.
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 101
“hawk,”
Note:PSICOPATICO

Yellow highlight | Page: 101
“dove,”
Note:PASSIVO

Yellow highlight | Page: 101
“bourgeois,”
Note:NORMALE

Yellow highlight | Page: 101
making threats,
Note:TERZA RISPOSTA DELLO SFIDATO

Yellow highlight | Page: 101
raise their fists, advance toward and fix their gaze on the challenger,
Note:X RENDERE CREDIBILE UNA MINACCIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 101
change their tone of voice;
Note:Cccccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 101
A tense body makes a more high-pitched sound than a relaxed one.
Note:INDIZI DI FALSIFICAZUIONE DELLA PAURA

Yellow highlight | Page: 102
By shouting, one shows that one has energy to waste and is not worried about having to spend
Note:ALTRO ESPEDIENTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 102
escalation of threats raises the risk of a fight, for it increasingly commits the contenders not to desist.
Note:COSTOSO TORNARE INDIETRO

Yellow highlight | Page: 102
The more a prisoner suspects that the challenge is a mere test, the more reasons he will have to respond
Note:ELEMENTO INQUINATE

Yellow highlight | Page: 102
if the tested prisoner knows that it is just a ritual challenge, then the challenge will not reveal
Note:Ccccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 102
The skill of the challenger lies in his ability to persuade the target that he is facing a real conflict.
Note:ANCHE LO SFIDANTE DEVE AVERE DELLE ABILITÁ

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
the more public the challenge, the greater the negative consequences on the target's reputation if he chooses not to respond
Note:ANCHE IL PUBBLICO PUÓ INQUINARE

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
FIGHTS BETWEEN PEERS
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
“real gangsters”
Note:BOSS

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
“plastic gangsters,”
Note:FALSIFICATORI

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
“bourgeois”
Note:CHI COMBATTE SOPO SE MINACVIATO

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
“nonces,”
Note:DENTRO X CRIMINI SESSUALI

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
“kids,”
Note:GIOVANI PIVELI

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
“psychos.”
Note:PSICOPATICI

Yellow highlight | Page: 103
Nonces are a favorite target
Note:X QS COLTIVANO LA REPUT DI PSYCHO

Yellow highlight | Page: 104
who is going to win,
Note:LA DOMANDA CHE SI PONE CHI È ATTORNO...SU QUALE CARRO SALTARE?

Yellow highlight | Page: 104
more likely in long-term prisons
Note:LOTTA TRA PARI

Yellow highlight | Page: 104
more serious in terms of injuries,
Note:NN È N TEST MA UNA GUERRA

Yellow highlight | Page: 104
less frequent than the pure testing game.
Note:X GLI STESSI MOTIVI

Yellow highlight | Page: 104
the individuals who will be more likely to fight violently over resources are the ones who are similar in terms of fighting strength,
Note:COME X GLI ANIMALI

Yellow highlight | Page: 104
They occurred notably over unpaid debts
Note:SCINTILLA

Yellow highlight | Page: 105
being left alone, having preferable jobs, holding more material possessions, being treated with a certain consideration by the staff, perhaps to the extent of being consulted in limited ways by managers.”
Note:I PRIVILEGI DEL BOSS....FACE

Yellow highlight | Page: 105
RITUALIZED TESTS OF TOUGHNESS
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 105
Marek Kaminski
Note:8 MESI DENTRO IN POLONIA X ANTI COMUNISMO...IL TESTIMONE MIGLIORE

Yellow highlight | Page: 105
“grypsmen,”
Note:AFFILIATI

Yellow highlight | Page: 105
a secret knowledge, consisting of an argot and shared norms and taboos.
Note:IL MARCHIO DELL AFFILIATO...70-80%

Yellow highlight | Page: 105
“suckers,”
Note:NN IN GRADO DI AFFILIARSI...20-30%

Yellow highlight | Page: 105
“fags.”
Note:FROCI 1-2%

Yellow highlight | Page: 106
Testing a newbie could be a matter of hours, and did not involve violence.
Note:COLLOCAMENTO NUOVI ARRIVATI

Yellow highlight | Page: 106
Although some inmates who ended up in the fag caste reported having been raped, in Kaminski's experience this was rarely the case.
Note:STUPRO RARO

Yellow highlight | Page: 106
A tough enough rookie or an informed one who knew the ordeal was basically a test would have known that it was to his advantage to refuse even if he was not tough.
Note:LA PROPOSTA SESSUALE

Yellow highlight | Page: 107
“Baptism” might be the next stage.
Note:DOPO IL TEST

Yellow highlight | Page: 107
a special wet towel that is supposed to break your bones and yet not leave external signs of beating.
Note:L ASCIUGAMANO BAGNATO

Yellow highlight | Page: 107
Just before the slaughter begins he is offered an option out of the ceremony
Note:L AVVISO

Yellow highlight | Page: 107
the rookie was led to believe that he was about to suffer, but this was not really so, as the “actual blows” were “symbolic.”
Note:IL TRUCCO

Yellow highlight | Page: 108
the relative weakness of administrative control that was common in Polish prisons,
Note:XCHÈ IN POLONIA SÌ E IN GB NO?

Yellow highlight | Page: 109
we find Alcatraz or similar maximum security prisons, where inmates spend most of the time in one-man cells with doors made of bars [no privacy], and, at the other end, we find Polish “barns,” with 40-50 inmates locked in an essentially private space that guards are usually afraid to enter
Note:GLI OPPOSTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 109
In the prisons where Kaminski was incarcerated, career criminals with long sentences were mixed with inmates sentenced to just a few months.
Note:IL MIX RICHIEDE PIÙ INFO

Yellow highlight | Page: 109
CONCLUSIONS
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 230
I knew guys that had been hanging out together for five or ten years and did not know each other's last names.
Note:IL NOME NN DICE NULLA A QS RAGAZZI

Yellow highlight | Page: 230
nicknaming is practiced virtually worldwide.
Note:UNIVERSALITÀ

Yellow highlight | Page: 230
there is no causal connection between one's proper name and one's character's traits.
Note:PURTROPPO

Yellow highlight | Page: 230
one known as Peter could just as easily have been known as Paul.
Note:Ccccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 231
Adolf does not have the same connotations as Peter, not since the 1930s that is.
Note:PLA SORTE DI ALCUNI NOMI

Yellow highlight | Page: 231
Neither Attila nor Judah
Note:ORMAI POCO ISATI

Yellow highlight | Page: 231
a profession, a behavioral quirk, or a bodily feature for instance.
Note:IL RIFERIMENTO DEL SOPRANNOME

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
The Importance of Being Ernest.
Note:NOME OMEN

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
in police files criminals are commonly identified not just by their birth-certificate name
Note:PROVA DELL IMPIRTANZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
using different names with different people is not useless.
Note:UNA TECNICA

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
the need to preserve secrecy
Note:ALTRA MOLLA X I NICK

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
THE ATTRIBUTION OF NICKNAMES
Note:Ttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
Among the defendants, 31.6 per cent are mentioned in the files as having more than one name, including many nicknames.
Note:AL MAXIPROCESSO

Yellow highlight | Page: 232
There is no record of any other profession in contemporary Italy in which so many individuals bear a nickname.
Note:RECORD

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
Several of these additional names correspond to the name of the father of the person the speaker meant to identify.
Note:IL PADRE

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
they can be their bearer's creation in a way in which nicknames cannot.
Note:CODE NAME 1

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
Code names are bestowed mainly for the purpose of veiling the true identity
Note:2

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
given by or with the agreement or at least the knowledge of the bearer.
Note:3

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
nicknames—”North,” “South,” “East” and “West”
Note:SOPRANNOMI X UNA SOLA OPERAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 233
“they called me Coriolano”—Salvatore Contorno, a mafioso who turned state's evidence, said—”have I ever been able to figure out when they gave it to me?”
IL NICK PRESCINDE DALLA VOLONTÀ DEL CARCERATO