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mercoledì 11 aprile 2018

La periferia di Papa Francesco

Negli anni sessanta l’America latina sembrava essere avviata verso processi di secolarizzazione, fino ad allora la Chiesa Cattolica aveva sempre flirtato col potere, e dove si erano registrate rotture – come a metà del XIX secolo, nel periodo della de-colonizzazione – erano venute dalla politica anti-clericale di molti governi del sub-continente. Ma da quel decennio fatidico qualcosa è cambiato, da un lato la Chiesa Cattolica rompe con le élites conservatrici sue tradizionali alleate facendosi addirittura sponsor dell’innovazione sociale, dall’altro subisce l’invasione dei Protestanti nordamericani resa possibile dalle nuove norme sulla libertà religiosa già attive da inizio secolo ma solo ora realmente sfruttate. La competizione religiosa ha portato nella Chiesa cattolica più autonomia: quando c’è poco da proteggere i protettori non servono. Non c’era infatti più nulla da “rendere a Cesare”, non esiste più un diritto alla decima (o all’8 per mille), non c’era più una torta da spartirsi tra Cesare e Dio ora che gli Dei erano tanti.
In passato la Chiesa Cattolica aveva fornito ai conquistatori un’ideologia capace di pacificare gli indigeni, e per questo servizio reso aveva avuto garanzia di monopolio sulle anime. Ma ora le anime vanno strappate una ad una ai pentecostali e senza una buona dose di populismo empatico, senza una critica serrata ai governi in carica e una retorica della povertà (le anime dei poveri sono le uniche disponibili) è difficile farsi sentire dalla gente. Da questa periferia del mondo giunge a noi un tipo singolare come Papa Francesco.
AMAZON.COM
Nowhere has the relationship between state and church been more volatile in recent decades than in Latin America. Anthony Gill's controversial book not only explains why Catholic leaders in some countries came to oppose dictatorial rule but, equally important, why many did not. Using historical a...

2 DA FINIRE

Storia Sudamerica: Chiesa sempre vicina al govrno

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Latin America until the 1960s appeared to confirm the predictions of secularization theory.
Note:PIÙ MODERNI MENO RELIGIOSI

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The Catholic episcopacy continued its policy of accommodating the political elite
Note:FINO AGLI ANNI SESSANTA....LA POLITICA CAMBIA LA CC RESTA E BENEDICE

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it was typically government officials that initiated hostility, not the bishops or clergy.
Note:NELL OTTOCENTO

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the predictions of secularization theory have proven inaccurate, to say the least (Stark and Bainbridge 1985; Finke and Stark 1992; Warner 1993; Casanova 1994).
Note:LA RECENTE CRISI STATO CHIESA IN LA È INTERESSANTE X VARI MOTIVI

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growth in Protestantism since 1930 and the subsequent revitalization of the Catholic Church
Note:SECONDO FENOMENO

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Furthermore, the Catholic Church, at least in several countries, is now a source of innovation and social change,
Note:MODERNISMO

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it is now the Catholic Church that has challenged governmental authority.
Note:CHI HA INIZIATO

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the implementation of laws guaranteeing religious freedom in the late 1800s opened the gates to a surge in competition
Note:L EVENTO CHIAVE

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in the 1930s.
Note:ARRIVANO I PROT

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Church-State Relations in Historical Context
Note:Ttttttttt

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four general phases
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the colonial era,
Note:PRIMA

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(1493 to early 1 800s),
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close relations between church and state;
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Independence
Note:SECONDO

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(early to late 1800s),
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hostility between Church and state
Note:STATO ANTICLERICALE

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neo-Christendom (late 1800s to 1950s),
Note:TERZO

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tried regaining the privileges lost
Note:LA CHIESA IN RIMONTA

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progressive Church (1960s to present),
Note:QUARTA

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a break with traditional political allies.
Note:INIZIA LA CHIESA

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Church under democracy (mid-1980s
Note:QUINTA FASE

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a return to Catholic conservatism and greater accommodation
Note:RIFLUSSO

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Colonial Period: Christendom (1493 to Early 1800s)
Note:Le decime: la Chiesa si appoggia allo stato

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A letter written by Queen Isabella of Spain to the governor of Hispaniola in 1503 indicates how economic and spiritual conquest were part and parcel of one another:
Note:UN LEGAME STRETTO FIN DA SUBITO

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Christianity provided colonial rulers with an ideology capable of pacifying the indigenous population
Note:LA FUNZIONE

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protected access to a new source of souls.
Note:LA GARANZIA DELLO STATO

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Church paid a significantly higher price by giving up most of its institutional autonomy.
Note:IL PREZZO

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el patronato real
Note:L ACCORDO STATO CHIESA

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selection of all persons for ecclesiastical office
Note:PREROGATIVA DELLA CORONA...PRIMA

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right to collect all ecclesiastical tithes
Note:SECONDA

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why the pope would ever surrender autonomous control
Note:LA VERA DOMANDA

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Vatican simply lacked the resources needed to undertake a massive missionizing effort overseas.
Note:IN CONDIZIONI DI DEBOLEZZA

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bishops and religious orders took their missionizing task quite seriously
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defending them against ill treatment by the secular colonizers,
Note:SFORZI X GUADAGNARE LA FIDUCIA DEI SELVAGGI

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convince the Spanish crown to enact legislation easing exploitative conditions.
Note:IL PICCO DELLA DIFESA...1550

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Leyes Nuevas (New Laws)
Note:CONFLITTO TORA CAMPANILE

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defenders of the native populations were bishops Bartolome de las Casas (Chiapas), Juan de Zumarraga (Mexico City), Vasco de Quiroga (Michoacan), and Antonio de Valdivieso (Nicaragua).
Note:I DIFENSORI

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Protection from enslavement and abuse was an attractive incentive for Amerindians during colonial times.
Note:INCENTIVI ALLA CONVERSIONE

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settlers had an incentive to keep as much as they could of the wealth they created (or stole) for themselves.
Note:LA MONARCHIA VUOLE LIMITARE GLI ABUSI DEI VICERÈ E SI SERVE DELLA CHIESA CPME POTERE AUTONOMO

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Viceroys andgovernors were rotated frequently
Note:PRIMO SISTEMA

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Regular judicial reviews
Note:SECONDO

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random audits
Note:TERZO

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The Church was also an indispensable part of the crown's strategy to control the colonists.
Note:MA SOPRATTUTTO QUARTO

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"the Inquisition came to be used more and more for political ends.
Note:X ES CENSURARE LIBRI LIBERALI NELLE AMERICHE

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its control over religious education.
Note:UN ASPETTO DI AUTONOMIA DELLA CC...EDUCA I PRETI...TUTTI

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the pool of nominees was rather small and the Vatican closely supervised the education of potential candidates
Note:ANXHE SE LA NOMINA DEI VESCOVI ERA MONARCGICA...

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lifetime tenure for bishops
Note:L EDUCAZIONE SI FA SENTIRE NEL LUNGO.PERIODO

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the episcopal power of excommunication represented a sizable deterrent for those afraid of burning in hell.
Note:ALTRA FORMA DI AUTONOMIA

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continually sought to renegotiate the terms of the patronato to their advantage.
Note:DURANTE TUTTO IL XIODO

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The Jesuits, in particular, were aggressive proselytizers setting up their own reducciones-settlements
Note:PIÙ PROSELITISMO.. PIÙ SIRITTI AGLI INDIGENI

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expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759
Note:UN CONFLITTO FAMOSO

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the jealousy of civil authorities
Note:VERSO I GESUITI

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Jesuits refused to pay tithes on their large land holdings and capitalistic enterprises thus diminishing the shares of King and Pope"
Note:MOTIVO DELLO SCONTRO

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Church being as glad to be rid of them as the civil authorities,
Note:LO SGOMBERO DEI G.NN INNESCÒ CONFLITTI CON IL VATICANO

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Independence and the Breakdown of Christendom
Note:I benefici dell' esproprio dei beni ecclesiastici:1 somma unatantum (ricavi)2 rendita (tasse sui redditi)X' i conservatori erano spesso alleati della chiesa? Perchè il sequestro dei registri rendeva il fisco + eficientettttttttttttttttttt

Note | Location: 377
Esigenze di bilancio portano agli espropriEspropri: 1 somma immdiatamente disponibile 2 flusso di tasse negli anni

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determining the sociopolitical status of the institutional Church-became
Note:UNA BELLA QESTIONE X GLI INDIPENDENTISTI

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prelates instead chose to focus on "high politics" to either restore or preserve colonial privileges (sans patronato).
Note:LA MOSSA DELLA CHIESA

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sympathies of the bishops lay with the royalist forces
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X L ASSOC DA SEMPRE FORTE

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Emancipation offered no guarantees about the financial security of the Church.
Note:UNA PREOCCUP ANCHE ECONOMIC

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a leadership vacuum in the Church at the time.
Note:ALTRA RAGIONE APPOGGIO AI REALISTI

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France's occupation of Spain
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO DI CONFUSIONE

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Pope Pius VII imprisoned by Napoleon from 1810 to 1814,
Note:ALTRA DEBOLEZZA DELLA CH

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parish priests generally supported the patriot cause
Note:DIVERSAMENTE RISPETTO AI VESCOVI

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national governments would be more likely to draw bishops from a local pool
Note:PRETI INDIGENI E CALCOLO

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padres Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Jose Maria Morelos in Mexico).
Note:I CAPPELLANI DEI RIBELLI

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After 1815,
Note:PARTE L INDI

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most vocal in their support for the royal cause feared for their lives and fled theAmericas
Note:FUGONE DEI REALISTI

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opportunistic behavior of the bishops who remained.
Note:VARIANTE

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to coopt, or be coopted by, potential enemies.
Note:LA STRATEGIA DELKA CHIESA

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early surrender and accommodation
Note:NO SCONTRO FRONTALE

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support for the rebellion remained tepid,
Note:TUTTO SOMMATO

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political strategy remained elite based, allying them with the most conservative social sector-the
Note:CHIESA ED ELITE

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Church's extensive landholdings.
Note:IL PUNTO COMUNE

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Society remained essentially unchanged for the majority of the population
Note:DISCRETO SUCCESSO

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anticlerical ideas,
Note:UNA NUOVA MODA PRESSO LE ELITES

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intensive lobbying efforts
Note:LA VIA LOBBYSTICQA

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the primary source of tension became the status of the patronato.
Note:PUNTO CRUCIALE

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When it became apparent that all forces-Conservative and Liberal-wanted to exert control over the Church, the episcopacy opted for the Conservatives.
Note:L OPZIONE

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The situation changed with the success of Liberal parties in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Note:NUOVA ERA

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Church became a prime target
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Liberal governments wanted to break the power of the Conservatives.
Note:COLPIRE LA CH PER COLPIRE LA DESTRA

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Perhaps more important, Liberal actions against the Church also served to strengthen the financial status of the state.
Note:PECUNIA

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bankruptcy and default
Note | Location: 441
MOLTI PAESI A METÀ 800

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extensive landed estates owned by the Church
Note:FACEVANO GOLA

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Under clerical ownership, fertile land often went fallow
Note:MAGGESE

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expropriating these lands
Note:MOSSA

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secularizing cemeteries and marriages, each of which was associated with user fees.
Note:ESPROPRIO ISTITUZIONALE

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Expropriating the power to keep records on births, deaths, and property
Note:ESPROPRIO DEI REGISTRI

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capacity to tax the population.'
Note:SCHEDE E TASSAZIONE

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build an efficient bureaucratic
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scholars frequently overlooked these material incentives
Note:TRASCURATEZZA

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ideological battles
Note:C ERA DELL ALTRO

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modernizing Latin American society along the lines of the United States
Note:PROGETTO IN CONTRASTO CON IL CATTOLICESIMO

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influence of the ultramontane Pope Pius IX (1846-78),10
Note:SILLABO

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ideas of the English Enlightenment and French Revolution.
Note:IL NEMICO

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In the end, the modernizing forces typically won.
Note:CAPITOLAZIONE

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reducing financial support
Note:MISURE

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removing its constitutional status
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expropriating
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secularizing education,
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freedom of worship.
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expansion of economic relations with Protestant North America
Note:ELEMENTO DI APERTURA

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Protestant missionaries began to devote serious attention to proselytizing.
Note:SOLO MOLTO DOPO...ORA APERTURA FORMALE

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supporting the Conservative
Note:RISPOSTA DELLA CH

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only fueled the fires of anticlericalism,
Note:REAZIONE

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accepted and accommodated Liberal rule,
Note:ESITO...LA CH ACCETTA

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Conservatives were unwilling to reverse many Liberal reforms
Note:D ALTRONDE

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Church generally received a greater degree of control over its internal affairs:
Note:IN CAMBIO

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some
Da finire

venerdì 6 aprile 2018

CAP 1

Libera chiesa in libero stato è utopia. Meglio libera concorrenza tra religioni in libero stato

Note | Location: 43
Per la religione la neutralità politica (dare a Cesare quel che è suo) è pressochè impossibileChiesa e stato, cooperare o confliggere?Ipotesi teradizionale (teo liberazione) e ipotesi innovativa (concorrenza)Metodo: teoria + storia1@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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Conflict between church and state is nothing new.
Note:BUSINESS AS USUAL

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draws its fundamental authority from a different source-religion
Note:RAGIONI

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two realms
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makes separation difficult to obtain in practice.
Note:OPERAZIONE IMPOSSIBILE

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citizens frequently rely upon trusted public figures
Note:AUTORITÀ EFFETTIVA

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Even under "normal" political situations containing considerable uncertainty and imperfect information (e.g., voting),
Note:ANCHE NELLE STABILI DEMOCR

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significantly influence the public's perception of any given policy,
Note:IL SANTONE

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public may interpret their silence as implying acceptance
Note:ANCHE IL SILENZIO

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whether the individual choice be neutrality or activism, the result is equally political:
Note:DAN LEVINE

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For this reason, "rendering unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's" is not resolved easily for many religious elite.
Note:ROVELLO

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the civil rights movement of the 1960s
Note:UN ESEMPIO DI COMMISTIONE

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even more pronounced in Latin America-the
Note:L INTRECCIO TRA I DUE REGNI

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Iran-religious authority served to justify political regimes.
Note:DA DAVIDE ALL IRAN DI OGGI

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religious institutions would maintain a fair degree of autonomy
Note:DI SOLITO...ALMENO ALL APPARENZA

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legitimation of a regime would be traded for financial assistance or other special privileges.
Note:DO UT DES

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The teachings of Jewish prophets and early Christian communities challenged Roman hegemony
Note:SCONTRO

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Taiping Rebellion in China;
Note:ALTRO SCONTRO

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Ayatollah Khomeini orchestrated the collapse of a secular dictator
Note:ALTRO ES

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Christian base communities throughout Latin America frustrated the attempts of military regimes
Note:ALTRO ES

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how and why religious leaders choose strategies of cooperation or conflict with secular authorities is an important topic
Note:IL TEMA

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as society modernized, religion would fade eventually into the background,
Note:LA TESI CHE HA MARGINALIZZATO QS STUDI

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Religion wreaked savage revenge on the "inevitable" march of secularization.
Note:RITORNO IMPREVISTO

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Why do religious authorities, at any given time, choose to oppose
Note:LA DOMANDA

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Since the late 1960s, Latin America has become a major focus for the study of these questions,
Note:LABORATORIO

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Traditionally, Catholic Church officials forged tight links with the antidemocratic elite
Note:COLLABORAZIONISMO

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However, beginning with Brazil in the late 1960s, several national episcopacies began actively opposing
Note:BRASILE TARDI SESSANTA

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the most recent wave of Church-state conflictwas initiated by the clergy.
Note:CASO UNICA

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"preferential option for the poor"
Note:TEOLOGIA

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(roughly 1964-89).
Note:IL XIODO CRUCIALE

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many bishops, clergy, and lay activists suffered at the hands of the state (see Lernoux 1980).
Note:MARTIRI

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Oscar Romero in 1979
Note:ES

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Church, actively endorsed military regimes (as in Argentina) or remained silent (as in Uruguay, Bolivia, and Honduras).
Note:CASI DIFFORMI

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In other countries, such as Paraguay, the right of the regime to exist was never seriously questioned
Note:UN CASO A METÀ

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The Question at Hand
Note:ttttttttttt

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Why did some national Catholic episcopacies in Latin America actively oppose dictatorial rule, while others did not?
Note:LA DOMANDA CHIAVE

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Christian base communities
Note:NN CI SONO SOLO I VESCOVI

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I define "opposition" as sustained public denunciations of the regime by a majority of the bishops within the country.
Note:QUANDO LA CC SI OPPONE

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national bishops' conferences since the mid-1950s as a vehicle for enunciating Church policy
Note:LO STRUMENTO

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we are looking for the Church's "center of gravity"
Note:IL NOCCIOLO

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maintained over a substantial period
Note:ALTRO REQUISITO X PARLARE D CONDANA

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Even the most antidemocratic bishops must occasionally question blatant disregard for human rights.
Note:NN CONSIDRATI

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silence is more akin to a "wait-and-see"
Note:NEL PRIMO ANNO

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strong community values, such as trust, are a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for democratic stability
Note:RUOLO DELLA CHIESA X LA DEMO

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Religious organizations serve as one primary source for generating such values.
Note:Ccccccccc

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research addresses itself to the consequences of the Church's new orientation toward serving the poor, there has been ample speculation about the causes for this change.
Note:STUDI SUI FINI E SULLE CAUSE

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awareness on the part of the Church of the increasing "structural" poverty
Note:PRIMA CAUSA...INDUSTRIALIZZAZIONE

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awakening to the rise in repression associated
Note:SECONDA...REAZIONE ALLE REPRESSIONI

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reform within the international Church.
Note:TERZO...ONDA LUNGA VATICANO II

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manifestations-the 1968 Medellin Conference, the 1979 Puebla Conference, and the advent of liberation theology.
Note:CAUSA PRIVILEGIATA...IL VII

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This hypothesis concerns the effects religious competition
Note:LA NUOVA IPOTESI AVANZATA

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Protestants, Spiritist movements, and Marxist organizations.
Note:I COMPETITORI IN AMERICA LATINA

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competition increases the importance of obtaining active followers among nominal Catholics. Such Catholics are found predominantly among the rural and urban poor,
Note:BACINO DI UTENZA

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Where the Church faces greater competition for members, bishops will be under pressure to defend the interests of the poor,
Note:TESI

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Not doing so would lead to a greater loss of poor parishioners to competing groups
Note:NON FALO...

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Wherecompetition is weak or nonexistent, bishops can continue an alliance
Note:ALTRIMENTI

Note | Location: 257
Storia Sudamerica: Chiesa sempre vicina al govrnoSorprese degli ultimi anni dal S.: 1. smentita la teoria della secolarizzazione 2. la Chiesa diviene sempre + innovativaLa Chiesa si è sempre affidata allo Stato x la raccolta delle decime ma ha pagato con una xdita di autonomi

giovedì 5 aprile 2018

Il comandamento impossibile

Il comandamento di "Dare a Cesare quel che è di Cesare" si è rivelato di attuazione impossibile da parte dell' autorità religiosa: qualsiasi silenzio di fronte a una legge dello stato si traduce in una sorta di accettazione, e quindi di posizione politica.
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Nowhere has the relationship between state and church been more volatile in recent decades than in Latin America. Anthony Gill's controversial book not only explains…
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l'opzione preferenziale per i poveri

Nella storia delle missioni cattoliche in America Latina i migliori nella difesa dei poveri sono stati i più aggressivi nel proselitismo. I gesuiti, per esempio.
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Nowhere has the relationship between state and church been more volatile in recent decades than in Latin America. Anthony Gill's controversial book not only explains…
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