Storia Sudamerica: Chiesa sempre vicina al govrno
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Latin America until the 1960s appeared to confirm the predictions of secularization theory.
Note:PIÙ MODERNI MENO RELIGIOSI
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The Catholic episcopacy continued its policy of accommodating the political elite
Note:FINO AGLI ANNI SESSANTA....LA POLITICA CAMBIA LA CC RESTA E BENEDICE
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it was typically government officials that initiated hostility, not the bishops or clergy.
Note:NELL OTTOCENTO
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the predictions of secularization theory have proven inaccurate, to say the least (Stark and Bainbridge 1985; Finke and Stark 1992; Warner 1993; Casanova 1994).
Note:LA RECENTE CRISI STATO CHIESA IN LA È INTERESSANTE X VARI MOTIVI
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growth in Protestantism since 1930 and the subsequent revitalization of the Catholic Church
Note:SECONDO FENOMENO
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Furthermore, the Catholic Church, at least in several countries, is now a source of innovation and social change,
Note:MODERNISMO
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it is now the Catholic Church that has challenged governmental authority.
Note:CHI HA INIZIATO
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the implementation of laws guaranteeing religious freedom in the late 1800s opened the gates to a surge in competition
Note:L EVENTO CHIAVE
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in the 1930s.
Note:ARRIVANO I PROT
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Church-State Relations in Historical Context
Note:Ttttttttt
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four general phases
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the colonial era,
Note:PRIMA
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(1493 to early 1 800s),
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close relations between church and state;
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Independence
Note:SECONDO
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(early to late 1800s),
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hostility between Church and state
Note:STATO ANTICLERICALE
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neo-Christendom (late 1800s to 1950s),
Note:TERZO
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tried regaining the privileges lost
Note:LA CHIESA IN RIMONTA
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progressive Church (1960s to present),
Note:QUARTA
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a break with traditional political allies.
Note:INIZIA LA CHIESA
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Church under democracy (mid-1980s
Note:QUINTA FASE
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a return to Catholic conservatism and greater accommodation
Note:RIFLUSSO
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Colonial Period: Christendom (1493 to Early 1800s)
Note:Le decime: la Chiesa si appoggia allo stato
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A letter written by Queen Isabella of Spain to the governor of Hispaniola in 1503 indicates how economic and spiritual conquest were part and parcel of one another:
Note:UN LEGAME STRETTO FIN DA SUBITO
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Christianity provided colonial rulers with an ideology capable of pacifying the indigenous population
Note:LA FUNZIONE
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protected access to a new source of souls.
Note:LA GARANZIA DELLO STATO
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Church paid a significantly higher price by giving up most of its institutional autonomy.
Note:IL PREZZO
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el patronato real
Note:L ACCORDO STATO CHIESA
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selection of all persons for ecclesiastical office
Note:PREROGATIVA DELLA CORONA...PRIMA
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right to collect all ecclesiastical tithes
Note:SECONDA
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why the pope would ever surrender autonomous control
Note:LA VERA DOMANDA
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Vatican simply lacked the resources needed to undertake a massive missionizing effort overseas.
Note:IN CONDIZIONI DI DEBOLEZZA
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bishops and religious orders took their missionizing task quite seriously
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defending them against ill treatment by the secular colonizers,
Note:SFORZI X GUADAGNARE LA FIDUCIA DEI SELVAGGI
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convince the Spanish crown to enact legislation easing exploitative conditions.
Note:IL PICCO DELLA DIFESA...1550
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Leyes Nuevas (New Laws)
Note:CONFLITTO TORA CAMPANILE
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defenders of the native populations were bishops Bartolome de las Casas (Chiapas), Juan de Zumarraga (Mexico City), Vasco de Quiroga (Michoacan), and Antonio de Valdivieso (Nicaragua).
Note:I DIFENSORI
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Protection from enslavement and abuse was an attractive incentive for Amerindians during colonial times.
Note:INCENTIVI ALLA CONVERSIONE
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settlers had an incentive to keep as much as they could of the wealth they created (or stole) for themselves.
Note:LA MONARCHIA VUOLE LIMITARE GLI ABUSI DEI VICERÈ E SI SERVE DELLA CHIESA CPME POTERE AUTONOMO
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Viceroys andgovernors were rotated frequently
Note:PRIMO SISTEMA
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Regular judicial reviews
Note:SECONDO
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random audits
Note:TERZO
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The Church was also an indispensable part of the crown's strategy to control the colonists.
Note:MA SOPRATTUTTO QUARTO
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"the Inquisition came to be used more and more for political ends.
Note:X ES CENSURARE LIBRI LIBERALI NELLE AMERICHE
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its control over religious education.
Note:UN ASPETTO DI AUTONOMIA DELLA CC...EDUCA I PRETI...TUTTI
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the pool of nominees was rather small and the Vatican closely supervised the education of potential candidates
Note:ANXHE SE LA NOMINA DEI VESCOVI ERA MONARCGICA...
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lifetime tenure for bishops
Note:L EDUCAZIONE SI FA SENTIRE NEL LUNGO.PERIODO
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the episcopal power of excommunication represented a sizable deterrent for those afraid of burning in hell.
Note:ALTRA FORMA DI AUTONOMIA
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continually sought to renegotiate the terms of the patronato to their advantage.
Note:DURANTE TUTTO IL XIODO
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The Jesuits, in particular, were aggressive proselytizers setting up their own reducciones-settlements
Note:PIÙ PROSELITISMO.. PIÙ SIRITTI AGLI INDIGENI
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expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759
Note:UN CONFLITTO FAMOSO
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the jealousy of civil authorities
Note:VERSO I GESUITI
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Jesuits refused to pay tithes on their large land holdings and capitalistic enterprises thus diminishing the shares of King and Pope"
Note:MOTIVO DELLO SCONTRO
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Church being as glad to be rid of them as the civil authorities,
Note:LO SGOMBERO DEI G.NN INNESCÒ CONFLITTI CON IL VATICANO
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Independence and the Breakdown of Christendom
Note:I benefici dell' esproprio dei beni ecclesiastici:1 somma unatantum (ricavi)2 rendita (tasse sui redditi)X' i conservatori erano spesso alleati della chiesa? Perchè il sequestro dei registri rendeva il fisco + eficientettttttttttttttttttt
Note | Location: 377
Esigenze di bilancio portano agli espropriEspropri: 1 somma immdiatamente disponibile 2 flusso di tasse negli anni
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determining the sociopolitical status of the institutional Church-became
Note:UNA BELLA QESTIONE X GLI INDIPENDENTISTI
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prelates instead chose to focus on "high politics" to either restore or preserve colonial privileges (sans patronato).
Note:LA MOSSA DELLA CHIESA
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sympathies of the bishops lay with the royalist forces
Note | Location: 385
X L ASSOC DA SEMPRE FORTE
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Emancipation offered no guarantees about the financial security of the Church.
Note:UNA PREOCCUP ANCHE ECONOMIC
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a leadership vacuum in the Church at the time.
Note:ALTRA RAGIONE APPOGGIO AI REALISTI
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France's occupation of Spain
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO DI CONFUSIONE
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Pope Pius VII imprisoned by Napoleon from 1810 to 1814,
Note:ALTRA DEBOLEZZA DELLA CH
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parish priests generally supported the patriot cause
Note:DIVERSAMENTE RISPETTO AI VESCOVI
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national governments would be more likely to draw bishops from a local pool
Note:PRETI INDIGENI E CALCOLO
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padres Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Jose Maria Morelos in Mexico).
Note:I CAPPELLANI DEI RIBELLI
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After 1815,
Note:PARTE L INDI
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most vocal in their support for the royal cause feared for their lives and fled theAmericas
Note:FUGONE DEI REALISTI
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opportunistic behavior of the bishops who remained.
Note:VARIANTE
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to coopt, or be coopted by, potential enemies.
Note:LA STRATEGIA DELKA CHIESA
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early surrender and accommodation
Note:NO SCONTRO FRONTALE
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support for the rebellion remained tepid,
Note:TUTTO SOMMATO
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political strategy remained elite based, allying them with the most conservative social sector-the
Note:CHIESA ED ELITE
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Church's extensive landholdings.
Note:IL PUNTO COMUNE
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Society remained essentially unchanged for the majority of the population
Note:DISCRETO SUCCESSO
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anticlerical ideas,
Note:UNA NUOVA MODA PRESSO LE ELITES
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intensive lobbying efforts
Note:LA VIA LOBBYSTICQA
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the primary source of tension became the status of the patronato.
Note:PUNTO CRUCIALE
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When it became apparent that all forces-Conservative and Liberal-wanted to exert control over the Church, the episcopacy opted for the Conservatives.
Note:L OPZIONE
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The situation changed with the success of Liberal parties in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Note:NUOVA ERA
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Church became a prime target
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Liberal governments wanted to break the power of the Conservatives.
Note:COLPIRE LA CH PER COLPIRE LA DESTRA
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Perhaps more important, Liberal actions against the Church also served to strengthen the financial status of the state.
Note:PECUNIA
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bankruptcy and default
Note | Location: 441
MOLTI PAESI A METÀ 800
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extensive landed estates owned by the Church
Note:FACEVANO GOLA
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Under clerical ownership, fertile land often went fallow
Note:MAGGESE
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expropriating these lands
Note:MOSSA
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secularizing cemeteries and marriages, each of which was associated with user fees.
Note:ESPROPRIO ISTITUZIONALE
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Expropriating the power to keep records on births, deaths, and property
Note:ESPROPRIO DEI REGISTRI
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capacity to tax the population.'
Note:SCHEDE E TASSAZIONE
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build an efficient bureaucratic
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scholars frequently overlooked these material incentives
Note:TRASCURATEZZA
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ideological battles
Note:C ERA DELL ALTRO
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modernizing Latin American society along the lines of the United States
Note:PROGETTO IN CONTRASTO CON IL CATTOLICESIMO
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influence of the ultramontane Pope Pius IX (1846-78),10
Note:SILLABO
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ideas of the English Enlightenment and French Revolution.
Note:IL NEMICO
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In the end, the modernizing forces typically won.
Note:CAPITOLAZIONE
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reducing financial support
Note:MISURE
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removing its constitutional status
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expropriating
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secularizing education,
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freedom of worship.
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expansion of economic relations with Protestant North America
Note:ELEMENTO DI APERTURA
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Protestant missionaries began to devote serious attention to proselytizing.
Note:SOLO MOLTO DOPO...ORA APERTURA FORMALE
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supporting the Conservative
Note:RISPOSTA DELLA CH
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only fueled the fires of anticlericalism,
Note:REAZIONE
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accepted and accommodated Liberal rule,
Note:ESITO...LA CH ACCETTA
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Conservatives were unwilling to reverse many Liberal reforms
Note:D ALTRONDE
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Church generally received a greater degree of control over its internal affairs:
Note:IN CAMBIO
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some
Da finire