HL 2. ARE BUSINESSES MORE FRAUDULENT THAN THE REST OF US?

2. ARE BUSINESSES MORE FRAUDULENT THAN THE REST OF US?
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a lot of people just don’t trust business.
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put profit ahead of acting ethically.
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Volkswagen’s blatant circumvention
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and Wells Fargo employees creating phony accounts

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Wells Fargo employees creating phony accounts
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ALTRO CASO

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It is widely understood that the profit motive can lead people to take bad actions,
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We must first acknowledge the bad news—namely, that entire sectors of our corporate economy are based primarily on ripping off consumers.
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PENIS ENLARGEMENT

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customers for these items spend their money to buy false hope,

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spend their money to buy false hope,
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FALSE SPERANZE

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Many dentists insist you get X-rays every year,
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IN CASO

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Doctors get kickbacks for overprescribing antidepressants
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ALTRO CASO

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I would start with the assumption that the sellers are trying to rip me off.
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33 percent of packaged fish in the supermarket was inaccurately labeled regarding type or origin.
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Another study showed that between 15 and 75 percent of the salmon claimed as wild actually was farmed;
Note:ALTRO CASO

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The propensity of business to commit fraud is essentially just an extension of the propensity of people to commit fraud.
Note:TESI

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To paraphrase Cassius from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our corporations, but in ourselves.”
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Businesses often limit fraud by creating institutional structures to constrain the worst sides of their managers
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digital communication has raised the price of corporate dishonesty,
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You’re more likely to be ripped off by your local TV repairman, your local doctor, or maybe even your cousin than you are likely to be cheated by McDonald’s or Walmart.
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Big businesses have more to lose from fraud,
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HOW FRAUDULENT IS BUSINESS IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE?
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internet dating profiles.
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53 percent of people admitted to having lied in their online dating profiles.

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If you think of love, romance, and sex as especially important matters—
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60 percent of adults will lie at least once within the course of a ten-minute conversation,
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And that is only what people admitted to.
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And how good should we feel about customer applications? What percentage of mortgage applications contain lies or half-truths?
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How many resumes present an accurate picture?
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at least 40 percent of resumes contained outright falsehoods.
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According to one estimate, retailers lost $32 billion to shoplifting and employee theft in 2014, and often it is the consumer who ultimately pays the bill,
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In 2014, 4.7 percent of American workers failed to pass their workplace drug tests,
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Personally, I would be hard-pressed to find a big business that lies to me as much as—presumably—my friends, family, and closest associates do.
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The books that are most likely to be stolen from libraries are books on ethics, especially those that are likely to be read by faculty and advanced students in moral philosophy.
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Nietzsche are among the most likely to be snatched,
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businesspeople are not the most dishonest group after all.
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The participants at the ethics sessions are just as likely to talk audibly while the speaker is presenting, let the door slam shut while entering or leaving a session, and leave behind clutter or garbage at the end of a session.
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Stephens-Davidowitz: Everybody Lies.
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THE TAX GAP
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to look at tax fraud.
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For the category “individual income tax,” the average tax gap for those years is $264 billion.
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the personal income gap is more than six times larger than the corporate gap.
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if we look at total revenue collected from personal income tax and from corporate income tax for 2010, the ratio is about 4.7 to 1.
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CEOS IN LABORATORY GAMES
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Ernst Fehr and John A. List,
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set up what is called a “trust game” and compared the performance of CEOs to non-CEOs.
Note:I CEO SONO PIÙ AFFIDABILI E MOSTRANO PIÙ FIDUCIA

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CROSS-CULTURAL GAME THEORY
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how people from different cultures behave in economic games based on the choice to cooperate or not.
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Joseph Henrich,

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GURU

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the ultimatum game.
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conclusion is that well-developed market societies have the strongest norms for fairness and sharing,
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people from the more commercialized societies are much more willing to cooperate
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Frenchman Montesquieu, and others who were observing the rise of commercial society
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the most effective way to boost profits in a business is to have employees who believe in working toward something other than pure profit maximization.
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If you deliberately set out to be happy, you’ll probably end up less happy than if you focus on concrete achievements and building human connections. If you try to relax, or try too hard to fall asleep, or try too hard to fall in love, you may find those ends harder to accomplish.
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optimization is done indirectly,
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When business puts some social goals ahead of profit, at least for some particular decisions, business itself is often the biggest beneficiary.
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corporate culture is a major driver of corporate success
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corporate culture as the ultimate source of competitive advantage
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DOES TRUST RISE WITH WEALTH?
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There is yet further evidence that wealthier, more business-oriented nations are more likely to induce higher levels of trust.
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Paul J. Zak and Stephen Knack,
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which nations’ citizens demonstrate the most trust, using questionnaire answers from the World Values Survey.
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study shows a clear relationship between levels of trust and per capita income.
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Norway, Sweden, South Korea, and much of the Anglo-American world are relatively high-trust
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difficult to disentangle cause and effect.
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Most likely, both effects operate in a mutually reinforcing fashion,
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NONPROFITS VS. FOR-PROFITS
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If you think profits induce corruption, you might then conclude that nonprofits should be especially trustworthy.
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for-profits and nonprofits, at least if we are comparing enterprises in the same basic economic sector, usually operate in pretty similar ways
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charities typically are funded by wealth earned through business and donated by businesspeople.
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dishonesty and fraud are rife at nonprofits.
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many nonprofits manipulate metrics so that the resources devoted to fundraising or to overhead appear lower than they really are.
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Plenty of charities and nonprofits don’t actually change or improve the world or deliver any useful product at all,

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SECONDO...EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM

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If we look at hospitals, we see that for-profits and nonprofits just aren’t that different,
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after one set of hospitals switched to for-profit status, their mortality rates did not change,
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There is one area where the for-profits appear to be considerably more fraudulent than the nonprofits, and that is higher education.
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OUR OWN UNDERSTANDING OF BUSINESS LACKS BALANCE
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British physician and science writer Ben Goldacre’s well-known book Bad Pharma.
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Pharmaceutical companies often promote drugs that in specific situations are unlikely to help; they bribe doctors, either explicitly or implicitly, to overprescribe medications; they keep trial results secret when they should not;
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Not Nearly as Good as It Could Be Pharma: How Corruption Is Diminishing One of Our Great Benefactors.
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Frank Lichtenberg
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drug companies are saving human lives at remarkably low cost—roughly $12,900 per year of life gained.
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two-thirds of the life expectancy boost for elderly Americans over the period 1996–2003 was due to prescription drugs
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Just ask the HIV-positive people who were preparing to die in the early 1990s when a new class of drugs allowed those receiving timely treatment a life expectancy close to the average for all people.
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researchers Nathan Brooks and Katarina Fritzon, rates of psychopathy among business leaders may range from 4 to 20 percent compared with a possible estimate of about 1 percent for the population as a whole.
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leader can be put into the diagnostic category of psychopath without being harmful or dangerous in any way. It suffices, for instance, for a business leader to show signs of “grandiosity, glibness, and entitlement.”
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THE GOOD NEWS
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with the rise of the internet and social media they have had an increasing incentive to behave honestly.
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high reputational penalties.
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As for professional services, the spread of information previously only available to experts has made it harder for dentists to push unneeded treatments. If you Google “Do I really need that root canal?”
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ask whether government has become more honest in recent times.
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Approval ratings for Congress have been at all-time lows, often below 10 percent.
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Overall, I see that the trustworthiness of mainstream business is going up and that of government is going down.
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IL PROBLEMA CON LE ONLUS

Riccardo Mariani

14 min · 

IL PROBLEMA CON LE ONLUS

Esistono organizzazioni no-profit ma non esistono persone no-profit.

A scopo di lucro

La parola stessa “lucro” suscita diffidenza. Evoca forse avidità e grettezza.

L’espressione “non a scopo di lucro” invece ci rassicura. Sentiamo le trombe dell’ “arrivano i nostri”, che noi interpretiamo come “arrivano i buoni”.

Non sono solo sensazioni: sono leggi e decreti. Alle associazioni “senza scopo di lucro” vengono concessi privilegi sensibili per il solo fatto di dirsi ed essere tali.

Il guadagno è lo sterco del diavolo.

Non conta chi fa meglio, conta la motivazione per cui si agisce.

Se un’organizzazione profit fa meglio di una no-profit verrà “punita” a prescindere.

Esempio: se con lo stesso budget una profit salva 100 vite e una no profit ne salva 90, la seconda viene premiata più della prima.

Vi sembra normale? No. Eppure viviamo in questo mondo. Non conta chi fa bene, conta chi usa le parole giuste, quelle che meno ci inquietano.

A chi interessa se chi salva 100 vite poi  distribuisce un utile tra i soci? E a chi interessa se chi salva 90 vite poi non distribuisce nulla?

A una persona normale che vuole salvare più vite possibile dovrebbero interessare le vite salvate a parità di risorse disponibili, non altro. Questo per premiare chi fa meglio e punire chi fa peggio.

E invece la nostra legge premia e punisce solo guardando all’irrilevante.

L’economista Arnold Kling cerca di difendere il profit conto il no profit. Vediamo i punti che mette in evidenza.

***

Il profit è più sostenibile: si mantiene da sé.

Il profit è più trasparente: sappiamo dove reperisce le risorse, deve rendere conto ai soci innanzitutto.

Risultati. La povertà nel mondo è diminuita molto nell' ultimo quarto di secolo ma le ONG non hanno giocato un ruolo rilevante in questo miglioramento epocale. Tutto o quasi lo dobbiamo al settore profit.

Il no profit è essenzialmente al servizio dei donatori: sono loro a decidere a chi dare, cosa dare, quanto dare. Il mondo profit non puo’ permettersi simili arbitri, deve verificare le preferenze dei potenziali destinatari (sovranità del consumatore).

Ma perché tanti privilegi al no profit? Ipotesi: per segnalare la propria generosità. Dire “non faccio e non prendo utili” suona bene, ci rende degni di ammirazione.

Come cambiare le cose? Proposta: si diano soldi (o i buoni) ai bisognosi e si lasci concorrere i vari soggetti per servirli al meglio. In breve tempo il no profit sarà fuori gioco causa inefficienza.

Un problema tipico del no-profit: il legame patologico con la burocrazia per ottenere accreditamenti e rimborsi adeguati. In questo senso i voucher al pubblico garantiscono una salutare distanza tra  politica e no profit.

Detto questo, la logica del dono (e quindi del no profit) puo’ anche essere difesa, ecco tre punti chiave: 1) fa bene a chi lo riceve (che incassa) 2) fa bene a chi dà (che si realizza) 3) fa bene alla fiducia del gruppo (che sa su chi contare in caso di bisogno). Per sfruttare al meglio 2 e 3 favorire soprattutto il dono di prossimità.

Profit vs nonProfit

1. Il profit è più sostenibile: si mantiene da sé.
2. Il profit è più trasparente: sappiamo dove reperisce le risorse.
3. La povertà nel modo è diminuita molto nell' ultimo quarto di secolo ma le ONG non hanno giocato un ruolo rilevante.
4. Il non-profit è essenzialmente al servizio degli interessi del donatore: è lui che decide come destinare le risorse. Nel mondo profit vige il principio della sovranità del consumatore
5. Perché il non-profit? Ipotesi: per segnalare la propria generosità.
6. Alternativa: si diano soldi ai poveri e si lasci concorrere le imprese per servirli al meglio.
7. Difesa del dono: 1) fa bene a chi lo riceve (che incassa) 2) fa bene a chi dà (che si realizza) 3) fa bene alla fiducia del gruppo (che sa su chi contare in caso di bisogno). Per sfruttare al meglio 2 e 3 favorire soprattutto il dono di prossimità.
8. Il dono più benefico: favorire l' immigrazione
9. Un problema tipico del non-profit: il legame patologico con il governo
10. Tre consigli a chi dà: 1) dare direttamente ai beneficiari (taglia i costi burocratici) 2) dare a chi non se l' aspetta (taglia i costi di azzardo morale) 3) dare senza condizioni (taglia i costi del paternalismo.

Profitto

Pensate ad un ospedale che lavora per produrre profitti. La cosa a molti ripugna, e lo stesso dicasi per le scuole.

Ma perché?

A rifletterci bene non esistono motivazioni convincenti per supportare in modo ragionevole questa intuizione.

Le cose stanno un po’ come per il volontariato: perché mai impegnare se stessi in forme di volontariato quando le stesse funzioni potrebbero essere svolte in modo più adeguato – nonché più economico – da un professionista?

Per me, in questi casi, la cosa più naturale è pensare ad una particolare forma di vanità.

In alternativa potrei pensare che per molti la voglia di sacrificare se stessi ha la precedenza sull’ aiuto reale da dare al prossimo.

Altre idee?

link

Onlus e Fisco

Seminerio/Falasca. Perchè e come le agevolazioni al no-profit?