HL Chapter 1 A Band of Adventurers Defeats a Kingdom

Chapter 1 A Band of Adventurers Defeats a Kingdom
Note:1@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Russia primo caso....la vittoria dei cosacchi sui tartari...diamond...coperazione....mosca pareto....iraq

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Ermak’s Conquering Cossacks
Note:TtttttttttttttIL COSACCO CHE CONQUISTÒ LA SIBERIA

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Ermak Timofeev,
Note:L EROE

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Cossacks were deep in the hostile territory on the far side of the Urals, surrounded by savage hordes on every side.
Note:CORAGGIO DA VENDERE

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1558,
Note:QUANDO

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Tsar Ivan IV granted to Jacob and Gregory Stroganov a huge territory in the wild Upper Kama region
Note:COSA DIEDE INIZIO ALL AVVENTURA...GLI STROGONOV ERANO UNA SPECIE DI COMMERCIANTI AVVENTURIERI

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The land was sparsely inhabited by indigenous tribes of various Finno-Ugric peoples who, although resentful of the invasion, were unable to offer effective resistance. A more serious threat came from the Tatars inhabiting the steppe and forest-steppe regions beyond the Urals.
Note:IL XICOLO

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Turko-Mongolic steppe nomads.
Note:TARTARI

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The Tatars massacred the Russians (and the native allies of the Russians), captured many of their women and children, and then retired with this booty across the mountains.
Note:GIÀ IN PASSATO

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The Cossacks were rough-and-ready Russian frontiersmen inhabiting the lawless steppe regions between the borders of the Russian state and the territories controlled by the Crimean, Kazan, and Astrakhan Tatars.
Note:DI CHI SI AVVALSERO I COMMERCIANTI AVVENTURIERI

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their ranks consisted mainly of runaway peasants, impoverished noble servitors, and other fugitives from central Russia,
Note:Ccccccccc

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Being Christian Orthodox in religion, the Cossacks usually warred against the tsar’s enemies, and often entered government service. However, the Cossacks valued freedom above all else,
Note:Cccccccc

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many Cossack bands made their living by brigandage.
Note:Cccccccc

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The Stroganovs sent a letter to the Cossacks, offering the company a chance to defend the eastern frontier of Christendom against the “heathens” and, at the same time, earn the tsar’s pardon.
Note:MOLTI DEI COSACCHI ERANO CONDANNATI A MORTE

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the intrepid warriors reached the land of Siberia and attacked many Tatar and native settlements down the Tura River. They valiantly made their way to the Tavda River and captured Tatar prisoners at its mouth.
Note:L IMPRESA DEL 9 SETT 1582

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“The evil Tsar Kuchum sent his son [actually, nephew] Mahmet-Kul with a great multitude of warriors and ordered them to stand bravely against the invading Russians.
Note:RISPOSTA TARTARA

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“When the Cossacks reached the domain of Karacha, a second battle took place against this councillor of Tsar [Kuchum]. They captured his domain and plundered his honey and other property and loaded it into their boats.
Note:ASSALTO FINALE

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“When Tsar Kuchum saw his warriors overwhelmed, he retired with some survivors and camped on the top of a hill called Chuvash.
Note:Ccccccc

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The Cossacks saw an immense gathering of the heathen at their abatis and were in great consternation.
Note:DISPARITÀ NUMERICA

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‘Should we retreat, or stand together as one?’
Note:DUBBI

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victory does not come from having a great mass of warriors, but from the help of God on high.
Note:LA CONVINZIONE

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They all shouted an oath in one voice. ‘We are ready to die for the holy church of God.
Note:RINFRANCATI

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“They set out from their camp to go to battle on October 23,
Note:IL GRAN GIORNO

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“The Cossacks advanced against the heathens as one man and proved their bravery and ferocity before the dishonored and godless heathen.
Note:COME ANDÒ

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“Tsar Kuchum, who was encamped on the hill, saw the defeat of his Tatars and the wounding and flight of his son Mahmet-Kul.
Note:Cccccccccc

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Brave Ermak and his men came to Sibir, later called Tobolsk, on October 26, the feast day of the Holy Martyr Demetrios of Salonika. They gave thanks to God for having given them victory over the godless and cursed heathens, and rejoiced mightily.
Note:Ccccccc

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A band of a few hundred intrepid European adventurers defeats hordes of natives, conquers a kingdom, and captures an enormous booty.
Note:RIASSUNTO DELLA VICENDA

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parallel between Ermak’s Cossacks and Cortés’ or Pizarro’s conquistadors in the New World is striking
Note:ANALOGIA

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Spaniards had guns, germs, and steel,
Note:L SPIEGA DI JARED DIAMOND DI FRONTE ALL IMPRESA DI CORTE

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This explanation makes sense for the Spanish conquest of America, but it does not help us to understand the Russian conquest of Siberia.
Note:SPIEGAZIONE INCOMPLETA

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both sides had been exposed to the same germs and steel for centuries.
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why were the Russians able to equip themselves with guns, and the Tatars not?
Note:L ENIGMA

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A racist explanation, stressing the difference between the Europeans and non-Europeans, is unsatisfactory
Note:I TURCHI ERANO PIENI DI PISTOLE

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In any case, the role of firearms in the decisive battle of Sibir was quite minimal.
Note:E POI.....

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Handheld guns started becoming truly effective only after the seventeenth century,
Note:CccccccccL AVVENTO DEL MOSCHETTO A PIETRA FOCAIA

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The mystery deepens when we consider what happened in eastern Europe three centuries before Ermak. In 1236,
Note:MISTERO S INFITTISCE

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The Mongol subjugation of eastern Europe began with the destruction of the realm of the Volga Bulgars. Starting in 1237, and for the next three years, the Mongols systematically conquered practically all of Russia.
Note:UN MANIPOLO

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the Russians were unable to unite against the Mongol threat. This inability to work together is most graphically illustrated by the tale of two brothers,
Note:IL DIFETTO

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Fragmentation of Russia into dozens of tiny principalities
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The Mongols, by contrast, excelled at teamwork.
Note:Ccccccc

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the ability of the Mongols to crush all their opponents was not due to any technical advantage in weaponry, nor to their numbers.
Note:TUTTI D ACCORDO

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The Mongol army was a well-oiled social mechanism, capable of discipline and internal cohesion to the degree unknown in Europe since the Roman times.
Note:L ARMA SEGRETA

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One of the favorite tricks used by the Mongols was the fake retreat, luring the unwary enemy into ambush and annihilation.
Note:OCCORRE GRANDE SINCRONIA

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William McNeill noted that “the Mongols were capable of moving in widely dispersed columns over all sorts of terrain, while maintaining communication between the separate columns so as to assure concentration of all forces at the decisive time and place.
Note:ABILITÀ RICONOSCIUTE

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As the ambassador from the French court William of Rubruck reported, “In the whole world, there are no more obedient subjects than the Tatars, neither among lay people nor among the monks;
Note:UBBIDIENZA

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Wars, quarrels, the infliction of bodily harm, and manslaughter do not occur among them, and there are no large-scale thieves or robbers among them.”
Note:CIVILTÀ GUERRIERA

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Cooperation is a “nice” word, and the Mongols of Chinggis Khan were most definitely not nice people. They slaughtered literally millions of men, women, and children, and enslaved millions of survivors. They turned dozens of wealthy and beautiful cities into ruins and piled pyramids of hundreds of thousands of skulls
Note:QLQN RESTERÀ SORPRESO

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cooperation, or more generally the capacity for collective action, is a key factor in the rise of empires.
Note:CONCETTO CHIAVE

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oriental despotism, if it means the absolute power of one individual over the whole society, is a sociological nonsense.
Note:UN NONSENSE IMPREVISTO

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tyrants could rule only because they had the support of a certain group of people—the palace guard, the aristocracy, perhaps the top bureaucrats. Only groups can oppress other groups and whole societies,
Note:TEOREMA

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conditions us to think that the only legitimate source of social power is “we the people.” As a corollary, we tend to assume that nondemocratic societies are held together by force alone.
Note:L ILLUSIONE OTTICA

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In addition to force, the regime relied on cooperation from certain other groups: the core support came from Saddam’s clan, with the wider power base provided by the Sunni Arabs of Iraq.
Note:L AMARA ESPERIENZA IN IRAQ

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We now know empirically that Saddam’s regime was not based solely on force, because many members of the groups that supported him when he was in power are still willing to sacrifice their lives attacking his captors (even after Saddam himself has become powerless).
Note:Ccccccccc

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oppression and cooperation are not mutually exclusive
Note:CONFERMATA LA LEGGE

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Even more importantly, in the sixteenth century various Tatar principalities were unable to unite in their struggle against resurgent Russia.
Note:NEL 1500 I TARTARI ERANO OLTO DIFFERENTI TRA LORO...ENTROPIA

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The Golden Horde, as Batu’s realm became known to historians, maintained its unity for 200 years, except for a period of civil war during the late fourteenth century. In the middle of the fifteenth century, it fragmented into a number of independent principalities: the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea, and Sibir, and the Nogay Horde.
Note:LA SORTE DELL ORDA D ORO

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and continued to be wracked by civil wars into the sixteenth century.
Note:Cccccccccc

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At the same time that the Golden Horde was fragmenting, the Russian lands were slowly but inexorably “gathered,” as the Russian chronicles put it, under the leadership of Moscow.
Note:D ALTRA PARTE

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During the second winter, however, the Cossacks ran out of supplies and began suffering from scurvy and starvation. Then disaster struck in the summer of 1584: At night, the Tatars attacked the camp where Ermak and his comrades slept.
Note:COLPO DI SCENA

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The Russians were forced to retreat across the Urals to the Stroganov lands, and Kuchum reoccupied Sibir. Unfortunately for the Tatars, their ultimate defeat was only postponed. Two years later, the Russians entered Siberia again.
Note:FINALE

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THE OVERARCHING QUESTION OF THIS BOOK is why do large empires rise and fall?
Note:RICORDIAMOLO

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In the thirteenth century, Russia, fragmented into a multitude of bickering principalities, had no chance against the Mongol steamroller. In the sixteenth century, it was the turn of the Russian monolith to roll over the squabbling Tatar khanates.
ORA ABBIAMO UNA RISPOSTA...SOCIL COESION

LA MINORANZA ASIMMETRICA

Riccardo Mariani

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LA MINORANZA ASIMMETRICA

La regola della “minoranza asimmetrica”: i vegetariani non mangiano carte mentre i carnivori mangiano verdura, chi utilizza il cambio automatico non utilizza quello manuale mentre chi utilizza quello manuale non ha problemi con l’automatico, l’ habitué di McDonald’s non va al ristorante mentre chi va al ristorante va anche da McDonald’s, molti innamorati della pizza non mangerebbero altro ma chi ha un menù vario ama anche la pizza, chi consuma bio evita gli OGM ma chi consuma OGM non evita bio. Gli allergici alle noccioline possono mangiare solo quelle trattate, i non allergici mangiano tranquillamente anche quelle trattate. Chi mangia kosher evita il non-kosher ma non vale il contrario. Chi vota Lega voterà sempre Lega ma chi non la vota d’abitudine non ha problemi a votarla di tanto in tanto. Una femminista doc non si arrenderà mai alle diseguaglianze sostanziali, una persona a cui basta l’eguaglianza nei diritti è comunque toccata dalla diseguaglianza sostanziale. Gli omosessuali non transigono sui comportamenti sessisti, chi invece li tollera resta comunque sensibile alle motivazioni degli omosessuali.

E’ grazie alla legge della minoranza asimmetrica che spesso gli intransigenti prendono il comando della società: i ristoranti vegetariani hanno un successo sproporzionato rispetto alla quota di vegetariani presenti. Lo stesso dicasi per le auto con il cambio automatico, per McDonald’s, per la pizza, per i prodotti bio, per i prodotti riservati agli allergici, per i prodotti kosher, per i partiti estremisti, per le femministe, per gli omosessuali…

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Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life

From the New York Times bestselling author of The Black Swan, a bold new work that challenges many of our long-held beliefs about risk and reward, politics and religion, finance and personal responsibility In his most provocative and practical book yet,…

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Potere e libertà di Alessandro Passerin d'Entreves

Potere e libertà di Alessandro Passerin d'Entreves

• intro
• Perchè e quando obbedire? Il tema dell obbligazione politica rifiutata dal giuspositivismo avalutativo come troppo carica di valori
• il diritto nn puo' nn avere una base morale. mito dell'avalutatività
• anche l'utilitarismo è un'etica
• lo stato nn si regge sulla pura forza. legalità e legittimità
• l'eredità intellettuale dell allievo miglio
• cap1 perchè obbedire?
• giuspos: domanda insensata per un filosofo del diritto
• giuspos: conta il come nn il xchè. conta l empiria: gli uomini obbediscono, punto. il problema semmai è come farli obbedire.
• value clarification: depuramento dai valori. contro: il vero chiarimento è chiarire i propri valori
• il probl del valore è un probl irrazionale: perchè devo obbedire all'arbitro?
• l attacco del marxismo: problemi di sovrastruttura
• berlin: l'argomento del linguaggio: diritto, libertà, giustizia saranno sempre termini carichi di valore
• arg. della tradizione: tutta la tradizione del diritto è priva di senso? dal critone in poi.
• il giusnat abbassi la mira: non prove ma ragioni.
• il giudice che applica una legge che non condivide. obbligo morale di secondo grado.
• argomento della legittimità: bisogna distinguerla dalla legalità
• la compliance è decisiva.
• cap2 a chi obbedire?
• aristotele: allo stato organizz. finale perfetta
• cristiani: a dio. il quadro alterato.
• mito dell avalutatività e mito dell'empirismo assoluto
• il profitto del più forte come norma suprema. realismo:machiavelli mosca pareto
• autorità potenza: da sempre significato diverso
• bandito (pura forza9 saggio (pura compliance) poliziotto (intermedio)
• kelsen: stato e diritto si identificano. guardiamo agli stati che funzionano per capire cosa funziona.
• giuspos: una norma è valida se emanata con sovranità. ma qs non significa dovere di obbedienza.
• validità: dal ragionamento morale al mito dell avalutatività
• lo scrutinio interiore dello stato
• la filosofia politica nn puo' che essere filosofia morale
• hobbes, l arcipositivista: è preferibile uno stato allo stato di natura? il ns risponde eccome
• cap3 legalità e legittimità
• tiranno: chi esercita un potere infondato
• tesi: non si puo' separare la legalità dalla legittimità
• weber: legittimità carismatica tradizionale razionale
• weber: razionale implica legalità. quindi per lui legittimità e legalità qui si identificano.
• la legalità è una descrizione. neutralità dei valori
• continente: la legge come atto deliberato
• continente: la scienza giuridica è formalismo
• continente: la giustizia è conformità all ordinamento
• kelsen: stato=diritto. ma allora ogni stato è uno stato di diritto. forza=giustizia. si giustifica il fatto compiuto
• ma allora il diritto naturale è la sola forma di legittimità che resta
• rule of law non è legalità
• giusnat: il diritto nn è volontà ma un modo di sentire e di agire
• cap5 libertà politica
• è possibile definire la libertà politica in modo scientifico?
• paradosso: nn ha senso discutere in modo avalutativo se la democrazia rende più liberi della dittatura.
• analiticamente la lib politica si identifica con la lib sociale
• cap7 manzoni e beccaria
• condanna della tortura. perchè? perché lede la dignità umana.
• e i giudici che nei periodi precedenti l'hanno applicata come vanno giudicati? qui manzoni e beccaria si dividono. beccaria vede le conseguenze manzoni il principio. vuole salvare la morale
• manzoni tortura e colonna infame
• manzoni: rafforzare l uomo non la legge
• manzoni: un cristiano non potrà mai addurre a sua difesa che gli è stato ordinato
• cap8 mosca
• radici dell antidemocrazia. le ciacie sulla libertà
• contesto: la delusione post unitaria
• la salvezza: una buona èlite
•  cap11 laicità
• liberalismo e laicità non sono la stessa cosa
• la laicità non è fenom universale ma det. storicamente e geograficamente: i paesi latini
• la parola è forgiata dalla chiesa cattolica
• storia: i molti meriti della laicità (per un liberale)
• manzoni: il principio di libertà religiosa affonda nei vangeli (la laicità è un orpello)
• difetti della laicità: stato/dio. una metafisica dello stato
• croce: due fedi due religioni: una benefica, la laicità, l' altra venefica è sorpassata.
• lo stato totalitario del 900 smonta le illusioni
• acton: proprio lo scontro tra laici e religiosi ha regalato molte libertà agli anglosassoni. per qs che la libertà religiosa è preferita alla religione laica

continua