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giovedì 12 settembre 2019

QUEST'UOMO + CORRUZIONE + hl The Joyful Contrarianism of Gordon Tullock Michael Munger

https://feedly.com/i/entry//cnXVr/5HNe2pDqTI3udBeVx4AbJSW9TNhacAl8h6Dc=_16d21ca88e0:41dfa45:235c00fd

LA CORRUZIONE FUNZIONA ABBASTANZA BENE. NON TOCCATELA SE NON SAPETE COME SOSTITUIRLA.

Immaginate un burocrate che intenda accelerare delle pratiche, viste le sue forze limitate potrebbe procedere arbitrariamente ma invece decida di agire sulla base delle bustarelle che gli vengono sottoposte dagli interessati. Questo comportamento tutelerà il bene collettivo? In buona parte sì poiché a spuntarla saranno le imprese più efficienti anziché il mero caso o la simpatia personale. Questo a patto che tutte partecipino all'asta delle bustarelle, ovvero a patto che la corruzione sia sufficientemente tollerata da non intimorire nessuno.

Alla fine i sistemi che funzionano meglio sono quelli che tollerano la corruzione, oppure quelli che la debellano del tutto. I problemi sorgono quando si è in una posizione a metà tra questi estremi.

Si noti che il lato sexy della corruzione è anche il suo lato più preoccupante: quanto più la corruzione è efficiente, tanto più diventa difficile debellarla. Il motivo è chiaro: ci guadagnano tutti o quasi.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00619.x

Quest'uomo, in nome della guida prudente, propose in commissione sicurezza di collocare al centro del volante uno stiletto con la punta rivolta verso l'autista.
The Joyful Contrarianism of Gordon Tullock
Michael Munger
Citation (APA): Munger, M. (2019). The Joyful Contrarianism of Gordon Tullock [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
The Joyful Contrarianism of Gordon Tullock By Michael Munger
Nota - Posizione 3
@@@@corruzione...mercato evoluzione...irrazionalità...populismo
Nota - Posizione 3
@@@@corruzione...mercato evoluzione...irrazionalità...populismo
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 5
put bayonets in steering wheels, praises political corruption as "working out rather well," and thinks that competition can be harmful and should be discouraged?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 17
Safety Regulations
Nota - Posizione 17
Tttttttt
Nota - Posizione 17
Tttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 17
Should governments mandate more safety in products?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
weigh reduced injuries— the "human toll"— against increased cost,
Nota - Posizione 18
LA BILANCIA
Nota - Posizione 18
LA BILANCIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
The idea that perfect safety is morally undesirable,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 24
the only way to make cars completely safe is to park them and throw away the keys. Driving is dangerous.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 25
Tullock's contribution
Nota - Posizione 25
Tttttt
Nota - Posizione 25
Tttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 27
The state can only mandate the safety of the car. Ultimately, the driver's behavior determines the risk of driving.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 28
the "Peltzman Effect,"
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 30
the government "subsidizes" accidents by mandating airbags,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 31
Safer cars mean more injuries.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 32
Tullock's famous counterproposal was to place a long, sharp dagger firmly in the center of the steering column.
Nota - Posizione 32
LA PROPOSTA
Nota - Posizione 32
LA PROPOSTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 35
The risk of injury is jointly determined by the behavior of all the people who are driving in a particular area.
Nota - Posizione 36
QUEL CHE STA SOTTO LA PROVOCAZIONE
Nota - Posizione 36
QUEL CHE STA SOTTO LA PROVOCAZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 37
safety "improvements" subsidize risk-taking,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 39
Safety regulations have negative externalities.
Nota - Posizione 39
LA TROVAYA... E QUI AVEVA RAGIONE
Nota - Posizione 39
LA TROVAYA... E QUI AVEVA RAGIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 40
According to the American Automobile Association, there have been substantial increases in driver aggressiveness since 2000,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 44
This problem is borne out in the real "national sport" of America, NASCAR. Starting in 1988, the racing entity imposed "restrictor plates" as a safety measure, limiting the airflow into an engine
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 47
But two refereed journal articles, one in the Southern Economic Journal in 2004 by J.B. O'Roark and W.C. Wood, and one in 2010 in Public Choice by A.T. Pope and R.D. Tollison, concluded that safety improvements had increased the number of crashes
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 57
NASCAR fans come for the racin', but they stay for the wreckin'. Using a "safety" rationale— particularly one that really does reduce injuries slightly— as a means of increasing the number of wrecks makes a lot of economic sense.
Nota - Posizione 58
NN SONO STUPIDI
Nota - Posizione 58
NN SONO STUPIDI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 58
If the authorities really wanted to prevent accidents, NASCAR would put big daggers in steering columns, not little tapered spacers in carburetors.
Nota - Posizione 60
Ttttttt
Nota - Posizione 60
Ttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 60
Corruption
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 61
comparing (a) the honest services and choices of a public official with (b) actions "corrupted" by considerations that are not legitimate.
Nota - Posizione 62
LA COMPARAZIONE INFONDATA
Nota - Posizione 62
LA COMPARAZIONE INFONDATA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 65
Suppose, though, you are an entrepreneur in a developing nation and you have a good idea for a new company. It normally takes six months to have a telephone or internet line set up, because the state monopoly utility company is notoriously inefficient. But if you pay lagay (" speed money" in Tagalog), or if you khilana para (" feed him" in Hindi), a happily willing, competent work crew will be there tomorrow. Who will actually cough up the cash? Whoever values the service most.
Nota - Posizione 69
IL CASO DI CORRUZIONE EFFICIENTE
Nota - Posizione 69
IL CASO DI CORRUZIONE EFFICIENTE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 69
In a system with bad rules or limited state capacity, tacit endorsement of corruption improves the working of the system. The more inefficient the system, the greater the efficiency increase in the near term,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 75
those with control over the resources and thus access to the rents will start competing— very likely by offering bribes of their own— to maintain their lucrative positions.
Nota - Posizione 76
IL VERO DANNO DELLA CORRUZIONE È CHE SE TUTTO VA BENE SI FORMA UN EQ CHE IMPEDISCE PASSI VERSO L EFGICIENZA
Nota - Posizione 76
IL VERO DANNO DELLA CORRUZIONE È CHE SE TUTTO VA BENE SI FORMA UN EQ CHE IMPEDISCE PASSI VERSO L EFGICIENZA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 86
The purchase of government jobs usually is thought to be corrupt, but in some cases, it has worked out quite well."
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 89
All we need to do is suggest that developing nations cultivate corrupt systems and voilà! Problem solved.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 91
In China, he said, officials write laws with the explicit expectation of selling "permits"
Nota - Posizione 91
VENDITA DELLE INDULGENZE
Nota - Posizione 91
VENDITA DELLE INDULGENZE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 113
For Tullock, the really interesting question is not why so many governments are corrupt. Instead, the puzzle is how any government manages to solve this problem and avoid corruption.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 116
The U.S. Internal Revenue Code is replete with relatively high income tax rates, at least on paper. But as each industry or investment group pays its "bribe" to Congress by organizing voting support, making campaign contributions, and the like, the actual rates to which it is subject are reduced, often sharply, via esoteric subsidies, tax credits, or deductions.
Nota - Posizione 118
INDULGENZE
Nota - Posizione 118
INDULGENZE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 118
In the early 16th century, Martin Luther recognized this kind of corruption in the Catholic Church.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 124
Our understanding of the temptations of corruption, especially in developing nations— he called it "the transitional gains trap"
Nota - Posizione 126
Ttttttttttt
Nota - Posizione 126
Ttttttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 126
Bio-Economics
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 135
the "coherence" produced by evolution is not the same as efficiency, equity, or any other admirable property. One of the most coherent, and persistent, arrangements of matter on Earth are the insects called "cockroaches." No one would claim they are good. They just are.
Nota - Posizione 137
SCARAFAGGIO ED EVOLUZIONE EFFICIENTE
Nota - Posizione 137
SCARAFAGGIO ED EVOLUZIONE EFFICIENTE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 137
institutional structures of domination and control may be persistent features of political economies that survive. But that tells us nothing about whether these features are desirable.
Nota - Posizione 139
SE UNA COSA DURA È BUONA?
Nota - Posizione 139
SE UNA COSA DURA È BUONA?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 139
for nonhuman species, markets are not available as an institutional context for interaction. That would appear to imply that biology and economics are separate,
Nota - Posizione 140
MERCATO E EVOLUZIONE
Nota - Posizione 140
MERCATO E EVOLUZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 141
Tullock thought that was wrong.
Nota - Posizione 142
LE ISTITUZIONI NN SONO MAI IDEALI...
Nota - Posizione 142
LE ISTITUZIONI NN SONO MAI IDEALI...
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 155
Tullock's point was that evolution selected for behavior that is clever "as if" the creatures were clever, even though they were not.
Nota - Posizione 156
CREATURE IN GAMBA
Nota - Posizione 156
CREATURE IN GAMBA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 162
Tullock thought that creatures which have developed highly specialized, precisely adapted behaviors may be more fragile, in the sense that they may have limited ability to adjust even to small changes in the environment.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 173
another paper, called "The Edge of the Jungle"
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 175
It turns out smaller lions often engage in threatening behavior toward larger lions in an attempt to secure food.
Nota - Posizione 176
BLEFFARE
Nota - Posizione 176
BLEFFARE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 177
If the larger lion "calls the bluff," engaging in the fight is likely to end badly for the smaller lion.
Nota - Posizione 178
Cccccc
Nota - Posizione 178
Cccccc
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 178
What, then, leads smaller lions (sometimes) to not back down?
Nota - Posizione 178
ENIGMA
Nota - Posizione 178
ENIGMA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 179
"Individuals make threatening noises about things that they want for rational calculations. The actual serious fighting… however, requires temporarily behaving in what is an irrational way.
Nota - Posizione 180
RAZONALI O NO?
Nota - Posizione 180
RAZONALI O NO?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 181
a built-in, hereditary reaction pattern such that you will, on occasion, behave irrationally may be quite rational in the long run."
Nota - Posizione 182
STRATEGIA DEL FOLLE
Nota - Posizione 182
STRATEGIA DEL FOLLE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 182
"Hard-wired" emotional responses can allow animals to engage in behavior that is evolutionarily advantageous but difficult to sustain under a regime of purely "rational" decision making in any particular situation.
Nota - Posizione 184
TIPICO DELLA PSIC EV
Nota - Posizione 184
TIPICO DELLA PSIC EV
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 184
if the larger animal thinks I might go crazy and fight anyway, he'll leave me alone.
Nota - Posizione 185
SPIEHA
Nota - Posizione 185
SPIEHA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 186
This kind of argument was also developed by Friedrich Hayek,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 189
Within groups, selfish individuals beat altruistic individuals, but groups of altruists beat groups of selfish individuals.
Nota - Posizione 190
WILSON...CPMPETIZIONE TRA GRUPPI
Nota - Posizione 190
WILSON...CPMPETIZIONE TRA GRUPPI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 190
individual selection promoted sin, while group selection promoted virtue."
Nota - Posizione 190
Ccccc
Nota - Posizione 190
Ccccc
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 191
Emotions allow us to suspend our rationality and act in the interests of the group.
Nota - Posizione 191
A CHE SERVONO LE EMOZIONI?
Nota - Posizione 191
A CHE SERVONO LE EMOZIONI?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 193
someone who tries to cut in line will likely experience shame— a
Nota - Posizione 194
COSA CI FA RISPETTARE LE NORME ANCHE SENZA POLIZIA
Nota - Posizione 194
COSA CI FA RISPETTARE LE NORME ANCHE SENZA POLIZIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 205
This capacity for human social cooperation is what makes civilization possible, but it is also a psychological hook that demagogues can use to catch mass populations.
Nota - Posizione 206
DEMAGOGIA
Nota - Posizione 206
DEMAGOGIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 206
his particular genius lay in his ability to make men willing to die for little pieces of ribbon.
Nota - Posizione 207
NAPOEONE
Nota - Posizione 207
NAPOEONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 208
'And Then What?'
Nota - Posizione 208
Ttttttttt
Nota - Posizione 208
Ttttttttt
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 216
He walked up and stared at me sideways through thick glasses, wheezing: "You don't make sense." Here we go. "Why don't I make sense, Gordon?" "Because you have long hair. So you must be a leftist. But you are carrying an umbrella. So you must be a conservative. You don't make sense."
Nota - Posizione 218
SEI SENZA SENSO...
Nota - Posizione 218
SEI SENZA SENSO...

mercoledì 3 ottobre 2018

CHAPTER 3 Predictions

CHAPTER 3 Predictions
Note:3@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 804
Never make predictions, especially about the future.”
Note:CHI HA PARLATO COSÌ? DIFFICILE DIRLO

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“inventions have long since reached their limit, and I see no hope for future development.”
Note:SEXTUS JULIUS FRONTINUS NEL 100 dC

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“there is a world market for maybe five computers.”
Note:PRESIDENTE IBM NEL 1946

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no more than ten years away from having a nuclear-powered vacuum cleaner.
Note:NEL 1955 ALEX LEWYT

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tongue-in-cheek,
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1 Pigs in a Box
Note:Nttttttt

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At the far end of the box—several pig’s lengths away—is a bowl that fills with food whenever the lever is pressed. Which pig do you predict will eat better?
Note:PUZZLE DEI DUE MAIALI UNO GROSSO E UNO PICCOLO...CHI AZIONERÀ LA LEVA?

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the little pig has absolutely no incentive to press the lever, having quickly learned that if he does, the big pig will steal all the food.
Note:RIAPOSTA

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2 Boys or Girls?
Note:ttttttttttttt

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most parents prefer sons to daughters. Do you expect to get more requests for boys or for girls?
Note:HAI APERTO UN AGENZIA DI ADOZIONI

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even when they have a strong preference for boys, tend to have a lot of other strong preferences—including a strong preference for healthy, well-behaved children.
Note:GUESS...RAGAZZE

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They’re kids with health problems, kids with behavior problems, kids whose parents can’t raise them, and (given what the problem tells us about parental preferences in this time and place) girls.
Note:CHI VIENE OFFEERTO IN ADOZIONE DI SOLITO?

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As long as parents prefer boys, they’ll tend to cut their sons more slack than they cut their daughters. Therefore (on average, of course), boys have to be really bad to get thrown into the adoption
Note:LA LOGICA

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whether parents in general prefer boys or girls.
Note:ALTRO ARGOMENTO...SI RIEVOCA L ARTICOLO DEL 2003

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parents of boys are less likely to divorce
Note:PRIMO DATO

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parents of girls are more likely to try for another child
Note:SECONDO DATO

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Unmarried couples, upon learning the sex of their unborn child, are more likely to marry if the child is a boy.
Note:TERZO DATO

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adoption agencies get more requests for girls—and
Note:L BIEZIONE DI MOLTI...COME ABBIAMO VISTO PROVA IL CONTRARIO

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3 Kids at School
Note:TtttttttttttCORRELAZIONE CAUSAZIONE

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children from four-child families do significantly worse in school than children from three-child families.
Note:SUPONIAMO CHE...

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You already have three children and have just discovered that you’re pregnant with a fourth.
Note:COSA PREVEDI SUL PROFITTO DEI TUOI FIGLI?

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once you get past two children, the larger the family, the worse the kids perform.
Note:QUESTO SEMBRA CONFERMATO...

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this correlation is not causal.
Note:D ALTRONDE

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Parents who choose to have four children are generally less educated
Note:INFATTI

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of course your own decision to have a fourth child doesn’t change you into a different sort of person.
Note:IL QUARTO IN ARRIVO NN CAMBIA NULKA!!!!

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How do we know that it’s the demographic characteristics of large families, and not the family size itself,
Note | Location: 880
DISCERNERE CORELAZIONE E CAUSA

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looked at families with four children where the last two are twins.
Note:UN METODO PER DISCERNERE

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It turns out that their children tend to perform a lot like children from three-child families,
Note:Cccccccccc

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Another clever strategy is to look at four-child families with, say, three boys followed by a girl
Note:ALTRA STRATEGIA

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lot of these families probably planned to stop at three but then took one final stab at gender diversity.
Note:Ccccccccc

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Once again, their kids perform a lot like children from three-child families.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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birth order
Note:CONTA ANCHE QUESTO

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fourth children do worse in school than third children, and therefore bring down the family average
Note:ANXHE X QS LA FAMIGLIA DA 4 FA PEGGIO A SCUOLA

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Mozart was the youngest of seven children, and Benjamin Franklin was the youngest of fifteen.
Note:È SOLO UNA STATISTICA

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4 Birth Control
Note:TtttttttttttttPELTZMAN

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If a new method of birth control is safer, cheaper, more effective, and easier to use than any existing method, what do you predict will happen to the number of unwanted pregnancies?
Note:QUESITO DI PELTZMAN

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some people will switch from abstinence to the new method, or switch from having sex once in a while to twice in a while.
Note:SWITCH

Yellow highlight | Location: 900
5 Cutting Back on Smoking
Note:TttttttttttttttDOMANDA E FFERTA

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Nosmo King is an antismoking crusader
Note:IL MILITANTE ANTIFUMO CHE BUTTA 100 SIGARETTE PENSANDO CHE VERRANNO FUMATE 100 SIGARETTE IN MENO

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takes the cigarette and throws it away,
Yellow highlight | Location: 906
once you give a cigarette to Nosmo, you run out a little sooner,
Note:QUEL CHE SUCCEDE

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The convenience store where you do your shopping runs low
Note:E POI...

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leading its supplier to run out a little sooner.
Note:E POI.....

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increase in the demand for cigarettes
Note:DI FATTO

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slightly higher price.
Note:EFFETTO SUI PREZZI

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If they produce, say, an additional 7, and if Nosmo discards 20, then the number smoked falls not by 20 but by 13.
Note:CI SARANNO MENO DI 100 SIGARETTE NN FUMATE!

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an activist group asks people to go meatless for a day or a week
Note:LA STESSA LOGICA X LE CAMPAGNE ANIMALISTE...L ABBASSAMENTO DEI PREZZI NE MINA L EFFICACIA

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the fall in demand leads to a fall in price,
Yellow highlight | Location: 915
6 Cutting Hairs
Note:TttttttttttLEGGE DI BAUMOL

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Barbers, for example, will probably be no more productive in the year 2050 than they are today.
Note:GRANDI AUMENTI DI PRODUTTIVITÀ PRODUCTIVITy N FUTURO...MA...

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wages of the average barber, relative to those of the average worker, will be higher or lower in 2050
Note | Location: 919
COSA PREVEDI?

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barbers, even though they’ll be no more productive, will see their wages rise in tandem with everyone else’s.
Note:RISPOSTA

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higher wages on (say) the auto assembly line tend to lure barbers away from haircutting.
Note:POCA OFFERTA IN FUTURO

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rising productivity in some industries leads to higher wages in other industries
Note:LEGGE DI BAUMOL

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It takes your barber about ten minutes to provide a basic haircut. It took your grandfather’s barber about the same. In other words, your barber is no more productive than your grandfather’s. But your barber is a lot richer than your grandfather’s barber,
Note:BAUMOL SPIEGA BENE ANCHE IL PASSATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 931
I still grade essays at about exactly the same rate as my predecessors
Note:LA PRODUTTIVITÀ DEGLI NSEGNANTI NN È CRESCIUTA...AL CONTRARIO DI QUELLA DEGLI AGRICOLTORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 932
Nevertheless, I earn a lot more than they did, because a lot of potential teachers have instead become, if not farmers, then computer programmers or financial analysts,
Note:TUTTAVIA LA RICCHEZZA DI UN RIGUARDA NSEGNANTE È CRESCIUTA MOLTO

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7 The Organ Eater
Note:Tttttttttttt

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If Leopold comes into a nice inheritance, what happens to his kidney consumption?
Note:LEOPOLDO IL GOLOSONE DI INTERIORA...EFFETTO REDDITO O EFFETTO SOSTITUZIONE?

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8 The Price of Bread
Note:tttttttttttttMANZONI E ASSALTO AI FOENI

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price ceiling on wheat,
Note:EFFETTI DI UN CONTROLLO DEI PREZZI

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What happens to the price of bread?
Note:DOMANDA

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the price of wheat just fell, so farmers will supply less wheat
Note:PREZZI BASSI....TAGLIO ALLE SCORTE

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If there’s less wheat, there’s got to be less bread—which drives the price up,
Note:EFFETTO SUI PREZZI

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wheat has become harder to find.
Note:VEDI MANZONI

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They’re paying less to the farmer but spending a lot more time scrounging around trying to find a farmer who’s willing to sell to them.
Note:FORNAI E MERCATO NERO....OPPURE ESAURIMENTO SCORTE

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9 Cars and Bars
Note:TttttttttttMONOPOLIO

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In a town with just one auto mechanic but several bars, a new law requires each business to contribute $20,000 a year toward the construction and maintenance of city parks.
Note:AUMENTERANNO DI PIÙ I PREZZI DELLE RIPARAZIONI O DEI CAPUCCINI?

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There’s no reason on earth for the price of a car repair to change.
Note:IL MONOPOLIO È GIÀ AL PREZZO MASSIMO

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losing your suitcase is no reason to alter your business practices.
Note:PERDERE DEI SOLDI

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10 Tickets at the Ballpark, Take One
Note:TttttttttttttRIPETIZIONE MONOPOLI...VERSIONE RONALDO

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A famous Chicago Cubs baseball player demands a $10 million raise,
Note:AUMENTERANNO I BOGLIETTI?

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is a lot like being forced to contribute an extra $20,000 a year to park maintenance—it’s
Note:VEDI SITUAZIONE PRECEDENTE

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Ticket prices are already set to maximize profit.
Note:OVVERO

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11 Tickets at the Ballpark, Take Two
Note:TttttttttttttI DIPENDENTI DEL MONOPOLISTA

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The Chicago Cubs play at Wrigley Field, where the ushers have just demanded and received a substantial raise.
Note | Location: 1,023
E ORA CHE SI FA CON IL PREZZO?

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if your ushers get a raise, you can lessen the pain by hiring fewer ushers.
Note:Il CUSTODE NN È RONALDO

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you might prefer to sell fewer tickets, as the ushers’ primary job is to monitor the behavior of unruly fans.
Note:IL PREZZO DEI BIGLIETTI SI ALZEREBBE

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Unlike a $20,000 annual contribution to the parks department, these are costs he can reduce
Note:LA DIFFERENZA

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12 Trolls on a Bridge
Note:TtttttttttttttttDOPPIO MONOPOLIO

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If you have to pass through two tollbooths to get across a bridge, would you prefer the two booths to be owned by one troll or by two different trolls?
Note:QUESITO

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One troll is better than two.
Note:RISPOSTA

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For a troll who owns a tollbooth, a $1 price increase is punished by the loss of, say, 10 customers at that booth. For a troll who owns both tollbooths, a $1 price increase is punished by the loss of 10 customers at both booths.
Note:L UNICO DETERRENTE AI PREZZI ALTI È LA PAIRA DI XDERE DEI CLIENTI

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13 Software Pricing
Note:TttttttttttttttMICROSOFT OFFICE...UN MODO X COMBATTERE I MONOPOLI È CONCENTRARLI

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would you prefer to see Microsoft broken up into two separate monopolies, one selling Windows and the other selling Office?
Note:DOMANDA PARALLELA ALLA PRECEDENTE

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One troll is still better than two.
Note:ANCORA

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The only thing preventing Microsoft from charging astronomical prices is the fear of losing customers.
Note:ANCORA

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14 Merge Ahead, Take One
Note:ttttttttttttt FUSIONI...EFFUSIONI DEM

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A monopoly tire company merges with a monopoly rubber company.
Note:AUSPICABILE?

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You should welcome the merger. One troll is still better than two.
Note:ANCORA

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Do you hear an echo? The solutions to the three preceding problems are essentially identical.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

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15 Merge Ahead, Take Two
Note:Nttttttt REGOLE GENERALI SUI MONOPOLI

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Three major computer manufacturers are seeking permission to merge into one giant company.
Note:IL CASO. SEI TRISTE O FELICE? UNA COALIZIONE DI COMPETITOR SI OPPONE

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If the merger were likely to raise prices, the smaller companies would be applauding it. When the big guys raise their prices, the little guys can follow suit.
Note:L OPPOSIZIONE DEGLI ALTRI PRODUTTORI È RASSICURANTE X IL CONSUMATORE

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As a general rule, firms welcome monopoly power even when they’re not part of the monopoly.
Note:REGOLA GENERALE

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If a coalition of well-informed consumers were vocally opposing the merger,
Note:SAREBBE DIVERSO

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vertical integration is nearly always a boon to the consumer, while horizontal integration can go either way—but
Note:REGOLA GENERALE

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16 Life in Pullman
Note:TtttttMONARCHIA

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Pullman owned all the housing and rented it to the workers. It also owned grocery stores, where the workers shopped.
Note:IL PADRONE DELLA CITTFÀ

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Pushman had many competing employers, many competing landlords, and many competing grocery stores.
Note:LA CITTÀ COMPETITIVA

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where would you expect groceries to be more expensive—in Pushman or in Pullman?
Note:LA DOMANDA

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You should expect grocery prices to be the same in both towns.
Note:RISPOSTA

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Pullman, being a profit maximizer, presumably pays its workers just enough to keep them from moving to Pushman in search of a better life.
Note:SI VOTA COI PIEDI...RICORDIAMOLO

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Even if all you care about is the university’s bottom line, losing $10,000 at the restaurant can be worth it if the alternative is to make the campus so unpleasant that you’ve got to start offering higher wages to keep people around.
Note:ILPIACEVOLE RISTORANTE DELL UNIVERSITA CHIUSO X DEFICIT

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if we accept the logic that led to the restaurant closure—that each division is to be judged by its individual profits—then the first thing we should do is close the library.
Note:CHE FACCIAMO?CHIUDIAMO ANCHE LA BIBLIOTECA?

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Pick a stock at random, tell 256 people its price is about to go up, and tell another 256 it’s about to go down. After a week, when one of your forecasts has proved accurate, take the 256 people who got the accurate forecast, divide them into two groups of 128, tell one group that some other randomly chosen stock is about to go up and tell the other that the same stock is about to go down. After another week, you’ve provided 128 people with two accurate forecasts in a row. Divide them into two groups of 64, and repeat. Pretty soon you’re down to 8 people who have heard you make six accurate forecasts in a row. Tell them that if they want your next forecast, they’ll have to pay for it.
UN METODO X FAR SOLDI