delitto d onore

Finalmente mi hanno spiegato per benino il delitto d'onore.

Non l'ho mai capito molto bene. Gli ovuli femminili sono la cosa più preziosa che una comunità possiede, sono estremamente rari e di grande valore. Bisogna montare loro una guardia perenne e punire chi li dissipa. Al controllo sono tenuti gli uomini ma anche le donne, che li circondano con il loro corpo. Bene, se questa è la cornice io capisco tutto, capisco le guerre che si fanno per loro e anche il maltrattamento delle donne poco ligie a questa missione. Quello che non capivo è l'ammazzamento. Come mai le donne erano allo stesso tempo poco considerate e considerate infinitamente desiderabili? Oserei dire che quanto più diventano insostituibili, tanto più subiscono. D'altronde, considerate un dollaro di Paperon 'de Paperoni, la sua è una vita di merda: 24 ore su 24 immerso nel buio della cassaforte. Il libro che mi ha introdotto a questi misteri parla di alcune tribù dell'etnia pashtun in Afghanistan dove le donne - mogli e figlie - si possono anche vendere al mercato, il che rende esplicita la loro quotazione. A volte le donne vengono uccise per mostrare a tutti (altre donne e possibili sposi/acquirenti) la qualità del controllo esercitato dalla famiglia. Ma non è finita qui. Esempio, si racconta che un uomo del posto abbia ucciso sua figlia quando lei si è rifiutata di accettare un fidanzamento pianificato. In quel caso specifico, sebbene l'azione drastica del padre fosse conforme agli ideali di comportamento onorevole, altri membri della tribù consideravano l'uomo uno sciocco perché era troppo povero per permettersi un gesto del genere. Peggio mi sento se fosse stata la moglie: gli uomini hanno bisogno di una moglie per la sopravvivenza dei figli e per il funzionamento della famiglia. Uccidere una madre fedifraga è molto imprudente, a meno che tu non si sia abbastanza ricco da poterla sostituire. In questo modo, i delitti d'onore sono una sorta di consumo di lusso. Uno status symbol. Un uomo che uccide una donna della famiglia dimostra che puo' permettersi di incutere terrore nei suoi familiari di sesso femminile. ma come tutti i consumi di lusso è impressionante finché puoi permettertelo, altrimenti offri uno spettacolo penoso. Molto cringe. In un mondo del genere, sono le donne di basso livello sociale a godere della massima libertà poiché nessuno potrà mai usare la loro morte come simbolo di alcunché. Inoltre, se scelgono di fuggire con altri uomini, la famiglia puo' fare ben poco visto che accoppare l'unica gallina dalle uova d'oro è fuori discussione. Ma poi, anche se la vittima fosse lui, chi vorrebbe attirare su di sé l'inimicizia e la vendetta della sua famiglia? E chi vuole perdere il prezzo della sposa pagato a suo tempo per la moglie infedele? Ecco perché, nella popolazione più umile, le donne fanno quello che vogliono e gli uomini corrono a destra e a manca per tenere nascosto l'adulterio della moglie. Una vergogna di cui nessuno parla non è una vergogna. https://woodfromeden.substack.com/p/making-sense-of-honor-culture

EIGHT Dismemberement and price list

EIGHT Dismemberement and price list
Note:8@@@@@@@@@@@@

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The oath of a twelve-hundred man is worth the oaths of 6 ceorls (churls);
Note:TRASFORMAZIONE

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the number-based status
Note:NUMERO

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enlivened by reminding what the numbers stood for?
Note:ARIDITÀ DEL NUMERO

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the provision was meant to assert the nonnegotiability of the price.
Note:VALORE NN NEGOZ

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a thegn's oath, in a lawsuit, is worth six times the oath of a churl.
Note:IN TRIBUNALE

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Having a high wergeld did not, however, always work to your benefit.
Note:NN SEMPRE UN BENE

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it could also be the price you had to pay to redeem yourself from punishment,
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A perfect example cones from Hain- murabi's laws, which provided that a commoner had to pay less for being cured by a physician
Note:COSTO DEL MEDICO

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Slave
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Monetizing human worth makes us nervous,
Note:MONETIZZARE

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touch on our beliefs about fundamental human dignity and value,
Note:DIGNITÀ

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Talking about humans as money or property is not, we feel, consistent with certain pieties we have regarding the proper way to talk about the immeasurable
Note:INCOMMENSURABILE

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A free man in Alfred's kingdom risked being captured in war and sold across the sea. That is what Vikings pretty much did
Note:ESSERE VENDUTI

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Selling humans was a lucrative business

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Wergeld was a price with a higher "value"; it was the price of free people.
Note:IL TALIONE E GLI SCHIAVI

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An Icelandic law shows free people's value measured in terms of slave value

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TRASFORMAZ

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a betrothal was not legal unless the woman was actually worth the brideprice
Note:PREZZO DELLA MOGLIE

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ill health,

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failings or defects.""

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it might be necessary to think of the free as virtual slaves, so as better to get at their true worth.14
Note:CONTINUITÀ TRA SCHIAVISMO E LIBERTÀ

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in some respects the talion is an idea that is risky for hierarchical societies to generalize too widely.
Note:IL TALIONE MINACCIA LA GERARCHIA

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it was an eye for an eye in Hammurabi among awilus, but not between an awilu and a commoner
Note:COMPARTIMENTI STAGNI

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The
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Imagine that you are going to write down the first laws for your society. Would you devote roughly half of the ninety you pen to what follows?"
Note:COSTITUZIONE

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grabbing of hair

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baring of a hone

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If notching jor cutting] of a hone

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If the outer covering of the skull is broken,

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If a shoulder is lamed,

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If either ear cannot hear,

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If the ear is struck off,

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If an ear is pierced,

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If an ear is gashed,

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If an eye is out,

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If the mouth or the eye is disfigured,

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If the nose is pierced,

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If it [the piercing] is on one cheek,

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For the four front teeth,

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If speech is damaged,

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If the collarbone is broken,

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He who stabs through an arm

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If an arm is broken,

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If (one/ strikes off f a thumb,

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If a person destroys the generative "limb"

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Why such a schedule? What does it mean?

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the prices of body parts,

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what sense can we make of the relative valuation?
Note:PERCHÈ LE PARTI?

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The schedule of prices for personal injury just presented follows upon sections devoted to compensation amounts for theft,
Note:SEGUE IL FURTO

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The primal form of a law may not take the form "thou shalt not," but has instead the form "for X pay Y,"
Note:NO PROIBIZIONISMO

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Once the personal-injury section concludes with toenails the laws move on to marriage,
Note:DALL UNGHIA DEI PIEDI AL MATRIMONIO

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The code concludes with servants and slaves, whose being commoditized does not surprise us.
Note:SCHIAVI E SERVI

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run not just head to toe but head to toenails. Even some of the apparent deviations make sense.
Note:DAI CAPELLI ALL UNGHIA DEL PIEDE

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top-to-bottom ordering

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the cost to the thief was the value of the stolen property multiplied by a multiple geared to the status of its owner;
Note:FURTO E STATUS

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The free thief who steals from a priest pays ninefold the value;
Note:FURTO AI PRETI

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He can't even pay with his body, for it is not his
Note:COME RIPAGA LO SCHIAVO?

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One suspects that most all these multiples are the stuff of hierarchical ideology or fantasy,
Note:IL MULTIPLO

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two substantive principles at work that help determine the price of the damage: one is utilitarian
Note:UTILITARISMO

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The other principle of valuation is about "looks" and thus directly about honor and shame.
Note:APPARENZA REPUTAZIONE

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To have one's front teeth knocked out

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in which about ten people go at it pretty good. Some lose a few incisors; some get their ears bit off, an eye gets poked out here, an arm broken there, a scalp lacerated, and a lot of cuts and bruises. In honor societies such occurrences are fraught with all kinds of disruptive possibility. There is the legal morass: every injured party, or the kin of any who got killed, has a claim for the harm he suffered and liability for what he inflicted.
Note:RISSA... POSSIBILE DERIVA DISTRUTTIVA

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The more numerous and messier the claims, the more likely it was that the whole incident would he submitted to arbitrators who would dictate a settlement. Instead of ten or more suits, they would all he joined in a single arbitration.
Note:ARBITRO

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The sagas show people in the heat of a battle actually keeping a running account of the damage they were inflicting, deducting the damage they were suffering.
Note:CONTABILITÀ NELLE RISSE

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There was a poetry to such awards, an art to balancing who against whom, whose what against whose what.
Note:ARTE CONTABILE

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A-:thelberht's schedules might have served more as an aid to arbitrators,
Note:AIUTO AGLI ARBITRI

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But maybe the schedules were not really meant to be used. Felix Liebermann, the great editor of the Anglo-Saxon laws, considered these body-part schedules "wohl nur juristische Theorie," a lawyerly fantasy of precision and order.;
Note:SOLO TEORIA?

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The Icelanders had no schedule of body-part prices and yet were masterful at balancing injuries
Note:ISLANDESI

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perhaps this was a way of introducing clarity
Note:CHIAREZZA

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Prices could look stable in the blood-and-body-parts market,

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DOMANDA E OFFERTA NN PESANO

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I remember offers of dismemberment insurance that were given to us as grade-school children that we were to take home to our parents. These listed what our parents would get in dollars if we lost an eye or a leg on the playground.
Note:ASSICURAZIONI MODERNE

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Flipping
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Consider the hand, which unlike the foot in §69 is not dealt with as a whole, but as the sum of the thumb and fingers:
Note:LA MANO E LE SUE DITA.... MINIERA D INF

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The opposable thumb
Note:CIÒ CHE CI RENDE UMANI

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Montaigne devotes an essay to the thumb,

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Not until I broke my little finger pretty near off trying to tackle my then ten-year-old son
Note:IMPORTANZA DEL MIGNOLO

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I realize the functional value of the little finger. Muchof the gripping force of the hand depends on it,
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The job the index finger does can be assumed by the middle finger
Note:SOSTITUTI

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The ring finger cannot, however, substitute for the baby finger.
Note:INSOST

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The little finger, because it is the little finger after all, can play a symbolic role too.
Note:SIMBOLISMO DEL MIGNOLO

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"truncetur minimus digitus in signum," have their little finger truncated as a sign. No need to destroy nearly all their economic value
Note:SCHIAVI PRESI A RUBARE

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the middle finger? Why so low? Could it be that it was a taboo finger back then too?
Note:LO SCARSO VALORE DEL MEDIO

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routinely available for nonreproductive sexual work and not much else,
Note:SESSO NN RIPRODITTOVO

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a. indexh. impudicusc. anularisd. auricularis
Note:DENOMINAZIONE

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The middle finger is priced the lowest because it is a dirty finger. It is a finger of insult. It can curse.
Note:SPORCO

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Note:PENE

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Note:NO MESSA

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Note:CLASSIFICA

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Note:FETICISMO DELLA DONNA

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Note:PIEDI E OCCHI

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Note:PERCHÈ COSÌ TANTO?

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MEMORIA E FERITE@@@@@@@@@@

Le radici non cristiane dell'europa

THE TALION – EYE FOR AN EYE BY WILLIAM IAN MILLER

The image of the scales suggests it needn't be all that hard to figure out; the instrument will provide an answer. It is merely a mechanical operation. But what are we to weigh against what?

Note:LA GIUSTIZIA È UNA BILANCIA

*** ANDARE A PARI***

Consider our own use of what it means to get even: if you get even by bringing the pan on the left hack up to its neutral position, by one account you are back to where you started, hack to zero;

Note:ANDARE A ZERO

if the debt is of honor, the wrongdoer enjoyed a certain amount of time indulging in the pleasures of looking down on you and of gloating at your humiliation;

Note:MISURARE L' ONORE

Fair compensation requires this: you had me down, and now it is my turn to have you down, to witness and delight in your humiliation as you delighted in mine.

Note:IL GIUSTO COMPENSO

I should get not only my ox hack, but also the rental value of the ox for the time you had it.

Note:COMPENSARE CAPITALE E RENDITA

the notion of getting even is understood to embody a hostile intention to make the other feel your pain, to get him down, if not to obliterate him.

Note:PARIFICARE I DOLORI

It is merely squaring the account… Pieties as old, even older than Socrates' - along the lines of two wrongs do not make a right - beg the question, for the second "wrong" of recompense is not a wrong but merely what justice demands.

Note:L' ERRORE DI CHI DICE "DUE MALI NON FANNO UN BENE"

Edgar Allan Poe puts the idea nicely: "What can be more soothing, at once to a man's Pride and to his Conscience, than the conviction that, in taking vengeance on his enemies for injustice done him, he has simply to do them justice in return?"'

Note:LA VENDETTA RILASSA

And if the incident is but one round in a continuing hostile relationship, what then?

Note:IL PROBLEMA DELLA CATENA DI VENDETTE

Antitalionic arguments were available and regularly made. One did not have to wait for Christianity to appear on the scene to make them... all kinds of reasons why forgiveness and forgetfulness were good ideas.

Note:ARGOMENTI CONTRO IL TALIONE. PERDONO E MISERICORDIA

Thucydides records an instance, and the sagas are full of them.; They were also readily made by third parties pressing the interests of the wider community in peace.

Note:TEUCIDIDE E LE SAGHE

That said, it was still the case that in talionic cultures the demands of payback were the default position, the initial presumption, and the matter to be addressed.

Note:MA LA NOSTRA RESTA UNA CULTURA DEL TALIONE NON DELLA MISERICORDIA

The worry about how hard it is to come up with equivalences is at the core of primitive systems of justice, and it is hardly something we have adequately resolved today.

Note:L'EQUIVALENZA IMPOSSIBILE

dispute endlessly which measure of damages will best capture the real damage so as to make the victim "whole." Though we do not officially make criminal punition compensatory, we have not rid ourselves of the idea that it too is a payment, a discharge of something owed by the criminal,

Note:UN PROBLEMA ATTUALE. CONCEZIONE RETRIBUTIVA DELLA PENA

We thus worry about proportionality within a grid of punishments, which mostly comes down to assigning various numbers of years to different offenses depending on their badness, years thus providing the means and measure of payment, rather than eyes, teeth, lives, or money.4

LA PROPORZIONALITÀ AL CENTRO

Consider the law of the talion, the law of retaliation, of tit for tat, whose classic formulation is the biblical eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth.

Note:IL TALIONE. VIENE DA LÌ IL NOSTRO SENSO DI GIUSTIZIA

We take the talion as a classic statement of irrational revenge, as an emblem of a society so blind to good sense as to prefer two one-eyed people to one.'

Note:EPPURE OGGI IL TALIONE È DISPREZZATO

The embarrassment of some people drives them to attempt to rescueGod's word from charges of cruelty and vulgarity by arguing that in its historical and cultural setting the talion was a limitation on revenge and bloodfeud... it also sets a bottom limit - no less than one eye or one life, either. No letting your cowardice, that is, incline you to he forgiving.

Note:SCOPO DEL TALIONE: LIMITARE LA VENDETTA

Others have argued that the biblical formulation of the talion was a rejection of the vicarious liability - hitting X for the wrongs that Y did - that accompanied the earliest formulation of the talion in the Mesopotamian laws, where, for instance, if one were to injure the son of man, it was the injurer's son who was the object of expiation.

Note:TALIONE PRELUDIO ALLA RESPONSABILITÀ PERSONALE

Leviticus and Deuteronomy are clear that this is the case, but Exodus is rather less so, for we still have God insisting in the chapter before the Exodus talion that He is "a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me" (Ex. zo.5).

Note:LEVITICO DEUTERONOMIO ESODO. CONCEZIONI DIFFERENTI DEL DEUTERONOMIO

talion can he read as a strong statement of treating people equally,

Note:TALIONE PRODROMO DELL'EGUAGLIANZA

The Israelite society reflected in the Book of the Covenant (Ex. 20-22-z3-33), however, lacked the different juridical classes of free men of Hammurahi, recognizing, like saga Iceland, only two distinctions: slave and free.

Note:SOLO DUE DISTINZIONI: SCHIAVI E LIBERI

Those who advocate the equality reading argue that the talionic legislation - an innovation in Hammurabi's code and later adopted by the ancient Israelite codes - was an attempt to have the polity criminalize what before were private matters, and thus to make sure the wealthy could no longer buy themselves out of suffering mutilation for the harms they had inflicted.'

Note:TALIONE: LA GIUSTIZIA NON SI COMPRA. MISSIONE MPOSSIBILE

Not having sheep to pay his debts he now has his body or body parts.

Note:QUANDO SI PAGA COL CORPO ANCHE I POVERI POSSONO PAGARE

You must be wondering, but what good does your eye do me?

Note:COSA ME NE VIENE DAL SACRIFICIO DEL TUO OCCHIO?

one of the goals of tort law is to make the victim whole (recall that the root of shalom also involves the concept of restoring wholeness), but, as we will see, we do it on the cheap. Talionic cultures were invariably honor cultures,

Note:L'ONORE RIPRISTINATO. RETRIBUZIONE E ONORE VIAGGIANO INSIEME

If I can rightly take your eye, you will be scared of me. That is worth something; it makes the compensatory regime of the talion one that cannot help but keep honor firmly in its sights,

Note:E PRODUCE ANCHE DETERRENZA

Honor has an extraordinary transformative power: it can make currency of no value, a worthless dead eye, into something of great value.

Note:L'AONORE EDIFICA LA CIVILTÀ

***COMPENSARE COMPENSARE COMPENSARE***

revenge was not just an ethic but an aesthetic, the aesthetic of proportion and balance.

Note:IL LATO ESTETICO DELLA GIUSTIZIA

A man who went postal and took excessive revenge was understood to be acting not only without right but also without taste.

Note:LA VENDETTA ECCESSIVA COME MANCANZA DI GUSTO

The Norse even had a proverb to that effect: "Short is the life of the immoderate.""

Note:MODERAZIONE

The politics of disputing focused on three main issues: one, what the precise medium was to be employed to repay the obligation and in what amount; two, a corollary of the preceding, whom to hit on the other side; and three, when to pay it over.

Note:I TRE CARDINI PER GIUDICARE UNA LITE

Taking blood was no less compensatory than taking money.

Note:SANGUE E MONETA

revenge systems gave way to compensation systems, which then paved the way for state-delivered justice, amidst general rejoicing at the progress. The fact is that revenge in blood invariably coexisted with means of paying off the avenger by transfers of property

Note:VENDETTA: CARDINE DELLA COMPENSAZIONE E DELLA CIVILTÀ

The problem for early talionic culture was not the conceptual one of being too primitive to understand notions of exchange, but the practical one of how to measure value

Note:IL PROBLEMA NN È IL TALIONE MA LA MISURAZIONE DEI VALORI

Remember that the classic formulation of the talion arose before coinage was general, before there was easy and ready money that was of a given weight and purity and whose value was clear...And even after coinage came into existence - first appearing in Lydia in the sixth century B.C. - it was often in short supply.

Note::IL TALIONE PRECEDE IL CONIO

There was a presumption that blood was the noblest form of specie, or at least the most poetic.

Note:POESIA DEL SANGUE

***ARMONIA DELLA VENDETTA***

why did the ancient Hebrew legislator not prescribe, as the seventh-to eleventh-century Germanic codes would do, an eye for 50 shillings, a tooth for 6, a middle finger for 4,

Note:MONETIZZARE LA CARNE. INVENZIONE GERMANICA

Was it that the biblical lawgiver liked the cadence and elegance of such a tough-minded statement of pure equivalence, of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth?"

Note:LA MONETA INQUINA L'ELEGANZA DELLE PROPORZIONI. L'ELEGANZA POETICA DELLA LEGGE

The biblical formulations are not limited to eyes and teeth. It is as if the legislator and compiler got too excited to stop, especially in Exodus: "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe."

Note:SLANCIO POETICO

Daube has argued that Jesus knew that the talion as stated was not literally applied in his time.

Note:TALIONE DA SEMPRE DISAPPLICATO NELLA SUA LETTERA

Two centuries earlier the rabbis had already interpreted the talion to mean that money compensation was what the rule required.

Note:MONETIZZAZIONE GIÀ IN ATTO DA SUBITO

In Daube's view, Jesus is thus using the talionic formulation more generally to argue against merely suing for money damages for the insult of having one's face slapped. He is urging that one endure the shame with stoic passivity. Turn the other cheek; do not seek to collect damages in a lawsuit. He was rejecting the root idea of seeking any kind of compensation, whether blood or money, for injuries of humiliation and dishonor in this world."

Note:GESÙ CONTRO LA COMPENSAZIONE

if Daube is right, it means that Jesus used the abridged talionic formulation solely because of the terrible beauty with which it states the principle of compensation, of getting even. Jesus was thus drawn to the graphic statement of the talion in the same way we are, because it has a compelling ring to it, because it perfectly states a general principle of just recompense that he is arguing should be rejected even in the softened form to which the rabbis had reduced it.

LA TERRIBILE ELEGANZA CHE ATTERRÌ GESÙ

Honor, Face, Dignity, and Victimhood

Honor, Face, Dignity, and Victimhood | askblog: "culture of dignity is now giving way to a new culture of victimhood in which people are encouraged to respond to even the slightest unintentional offense, as in an honor culture. "



'via Blog this'

Eye for an Eye by William Ian Miller - Talione e cultura dell'onore

William Ian Miller sul Talione e la cultura dell'onore.

• Rappresentazioni della giustizia: la bilancia, la benda, le mani amputate... 
• La giustizia come simmetria. Un'equilibrio da restaurare....
• Che cosa si pesa? Che cosa riequilibra la bilancia?... 
• Il torto priva e umilia, la compensazione deve risarcire e umiliare. Il colpevole deve sentire il mio dolore... 
• "Due torti nn fanno una ragione". Chi usa qs formula dimentica che la seconda violenza nn è un "torto"... 
• L'idea di perdono. In genere avanzata dai xseguitati e dai terzi che vogliono vivere in pace... 
• Perdono. Una giustificazione pratica: stoppa le vendette a catena (vale anche x l'obbligatorietà dell'azione penale)... 
• La misura del danno. Problema che affligge da sempre la giustizia. Si dice: usciamo da logiche compensatorie ma poi s'invoca la "proporzionalità"... 
• Talione. Chi la difende insiste sul limite superiore: un occhio e solo un occhio. Tuttavia pone anche un limite inferiore: almeno un occhio. Il perdono è dei codardi che minano le basi sociali rinunciando all'azione penale... 
• Talione. Per alcuni introduce la responsabilità xsonale impedendo la punizione vicaria. Peccato che nell' Esodo Dio aveva appena finito di dire che avrebbe punito x generazioni l'errore di Tizio... 
• Talione. Un omaggio al principio di eguaglianza. Sebbene si conoscano dei talioni zeppi di asimmetrie... 
• Talione: equipara ricchi e poveri. Nn è proprio così, i ricchi che pagano sfuggono alle mutilazioni sebbene ai poveri, vero, viene consegnato un titolo di credito x i torti subiti... 
• Che me ne faccio del tuo occhio? Non dimentichiamo che la cultura talionica è una cultura dell'onore e che la giustizia è chiamata a "ripristinare". Se ti prendo l'occhio gli altri sanno che posso farlo il che ha un certo valore nelle relazioni e nella costruzione della fiducia... 
• L'onore crea fiducia anche quando è difeso con la violenza (io rispetto i patti e con me si rispettano). L' onore crea così la moneta x gli scambi...
•  X gli antichi la vendetta aveva un lato estetico ed esprimeva il gusto x la proporzione e l'equilibrio. Il contrario di quell'eccesso che noi ci figuriamo. Qs appare vero anche solo x l"afflato poetico con cui viene declamato il Talione (rinunciando anche alla conversione in denaro)... 
• I scuola: la vendetta è un risarcimento e la sua pratica anticipa l'asse portante della giustizia moderna. Il sangue e la moneta sono due medium equivalenti. Ricorda che il talione si afferma quando i corsi monetari o nn esistono o sono problematici... 
• Il sangue è la moneta + nobile xchè oltre a compensare la vittima crea fiducia ovvero un bene comune... Daube su Gesù: si esprime consapevolmente contro il principio di risarcimento: nn cercarlo ma porgere l'altra guancia...

continua

La cultura dell'onore

L'onore è la qualità con cui si costruisce e si diffonde la fiducia.

Lo si puo' fare in due modi:

1. Acquisendo onore rispettando i patti sottoscritti;
2. Ripristinando il proprio onore punendo chi ha tradito i patti sottoscritti con noi.

In una società dove abbondano le persone onorevoli i patti stipulati sono affidabili e noi sappiamo bene che la società prospera sul contratto.

Da quando esiste un'autorità centrale - stato - dedita a queste funzioni l'onore è andato in pensione, oggi è visto con sospetto ma dobbiamo molto a questa qualità.

HL ITALIANO Diego Gambetta: Codes of underworld

Capitolo I Criminal credentials.

1. Il mondo del crimine è ideale per studiare l'uso del linguaggio e i modi in cui si incontrano domanda e offerta. C'è chi allungherebbe volentieri una mazzetta ma rinuncia perchè non sa a chi darla. Come possiamo capire se siamo di fronte ad un criminale doc? E come far capire agli altri che siamo criminali affidabili? So o domande interessanti anche a chi non si appassiona al mo do della mala poichè la questione può essere facilmente allargata: come si crea quel bene primario   che è la fiducia in assenza dello stato?
2. i posti che si frequentano sono importanti:prigioni, bar nelle ore di lavoro e notturne, prigioni. Le periferie malfamate si trasformano rapidamente perchè i criminali ambiscono ad abitare lì così come la brava gente ambisce ad andarsene. Abitare a lungo in una zona malfamata è importante ma mai come stare in prigione. La prigione è cri inogena poichè ti insegna le tecniche, ti garantisce co oscenze ma soprattutto ti marchia come criminale affidabile.
3. commettere un reato è un segnale importante per guadagnare la fiducia della malavita. Spesso viene richiesto un omicidio iniziatico: non è una crudeltà ma una forma di giuramento. In fo do parliamo di come fabbricare quel bene che è la fiducia in assenza dello stato. Le azioni rischioso danno una buona immagine, per esempio scommettere molto: i criminali sono propensi al rischio, in caso contrario si guadagnerebbero da vivere aprendo un autolavaggio.
4. Infiltrati come donnie brasco hanno ingannato anche la mafia ma ciò non significa che la malavita sia stupida: ha subito alzato lo standard di ammissione, ora l'omicidio iniziatico o è tornato d'obbligo, un poliziotto non lo farà mai.
5. gli infiltrati hanno spesso agito al limite e specie in passato anche oltre il limite, specie se era in gioco la propria vita. Ad un  erto punto era praticamente impossibile capire da  he parte stessero  cergespie. Qui si poneun curioso dilemma per la mala: se punisce in modo troppo duro chi tradisce rischia di non scoprire mai l'infiltrato poichè costui in condizioni di pericolo farebbe di tutto. Certo che sesiarriva a fare  erte cose, ovvero u  idere, allora l'infiltrato non può più nemmeno dirsi tale, forse. Di certo  i sono diverse organizzazioni, per esempio quelle del terrorismo islamico, che vengono considerate ininfiltrabili.
6. una volta risolto il problema degli infiltrati non è però risolto il problema del tradimento: anche un  criminale incallito può tradire. E qui veniamo a quella cosa che si chiama onore.