Visualizzazione post con etichetta principio di precauzione. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta principio di precauzione. Mostra tutti i post

venerdì 6 aprile 2018

LA PRUDENZA OSSESSIVA COMPULSIVA

LA PRUDENZA OSSESSIVA COMPULSIVA

L'ossessione per la prudenza è un atteggiamento antiumano. Questa considerazione vale per il bambino al parco giochi come per il politico di fronte alla minaccia del riscaldamento globale del pianeta.
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sabato 13 maggio 2017

Contro il principio di precauzione

La libertà di innovare è cruciale per l’uomo, e uno dei suoi grandi nemici è il principio di precauzione.
Bisogna pensare ad un approccio alternativo, Max More,  nell'ambito dell' "Extropy Institute’s Vital Progress Summit I" (2004 ) propone il  PROACTIONARY PRINCIPLE.
Sarebbe bene  informare i nostri processi decisionali a principi scientifici anzichè a reazioni emotive. I costi delle opportunità svanite a causa di uno stop, per esempio, dovrebbero essere conteggiati a pieno titolo osservando le corrette proporzioni probabilistiche.
Inoltre, la priorità andrebbe data alla libertà di innovare e imparare.
A questi fini è stato elaborato il "Principio Pro-attivo". Ecco le sue  linee guida.
Innanzitutto, difendere l'innovazione...
... Our freedom to innovate technologically is valuable to humanity. The burden of proof therefore belongs to those who propose restrictive measures...
Poi l'obiettività...
... Use a decision process that is objective, structured, and explicit. Evaluate risks and generate forecasts according to available science, not emotionally shaped perception... fully disclose the forecasting procedure... selecting disinterested experts... devil’s advocate procedure...
Mantenere uno sguardo d'insieme...
... Consider all reasonable alternative actions, including no action. Estimate the opportunities lost by abandoning a technology, and take into account the costs and risks of substituting other credible options... consider not only concentrated and immediate effects, but also widely distributed...
Mantenere il dibattito aperto a tutti i contributi...
... Take into account the interests of all potentially affected parties, and keep the process open to input from those parties...
Semplicità...
... Use methods that are no more complex than necessary...
Privilegiare soluzioni trial and error per migliorare la conoscenza...
... Give precedence to ameliorating known...
Trattare in modo simmetrico le opzioni in campo...
... Treat technological risks on the same basis as natural risks; avoid underweighting natural risks and overweighting human-technological...
Commisurare le restrizioni ai rischi: il proibizionismo costituisce la ratio estrema...
... If measures to limit technological advance do appear justified, ensure that the extent of those measures is proportionate to the extent of the probable effects...
Fissare le priorità secondo quattro criteri...
... (a) Give priority to risks to human and other intelligent life over risks to other species; (b) give non-lethal threats to human health priority over threats limited to the environment (within reasonable limits); (c) give priority to immediate threats over distant threats; (d) prefer the measure with the highest expectation value by giving priority to more certain over less certain threats, and to irreversible or persistent impacts over transient impacts...
Infine, creare un processo di continua revisione delle scelte prese.
Finora il principio seguito è stato quello di precauzione che si è dimostrato però penalizzante per il progresso tecnologico.
problemi che l'uomo deve affrontare sono molti  e il principio di precauzione può fare molti danni...
... to feed billions more people over the coming decades, to counter natural threats from pathogens to environmental changes, and to alleviate human suffering from disease, damage, and the ravages of aging...
La formulazione del principio di precauzione resta generica...
... Variations exist between influential formulations, such as those involved in the North-Sea conferences from 1984 to 1995, as well as those expressed in the Rio Declaration of 1992 and the UN Framework Climate Convention of 1992. All versions do have in common three elements: The possibility of harm to humans or the environment, resulting from a technology or activity; scientific uncertainty regarding cause-effect relationships; and the justifiability of taking precautionary measures...
Nella “Wingspread Declaration” (1999) il principio di precauzione era fissato in questi termini:
… “When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not established scientifically…
Stando le cose in questi termini è chi agisce a dover provare l’assenza di effetti collaterali dannosi. Ecco un’altra formulazione:
… We should permit no new technology to be developed and no new productive activity to take place unless we can scientifically prove that no harm to health or environment will result…
In una versione debole si parla di “danni gravi e irreversibili” mentre la versione forte parla semplicemente di “danno possibile”.
Alcune versioni, per esempio quella di Rio 1992, viene inclusa la cosiddetta clausola “cost-effectiveness”…
… “Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures.”…
Stando al principio di precauzione lo stop arriva anche quando i nessi causali tra i vari fenomeni sono ignoti, basta il “danno possibile”…
… precautionary measures are justified and required “if any possibility” of harm exists… A less drastic claim says that precautionary measures are justified even if the cause-effect relationship has not been fully established…
E’ evidente quanto un approccio del genere risulti ostile ad ogni forma di progresso tecnologico e ad ogni avanzamento della conoscenza: il prinicipio di precauzione puo’ di fatto essere invocato contro l’introduzione di qualsiasi tecnologia innovativa. Qualche esempio…
… Alar, a chemical for regulating growth in apples, was withdrawn from distribution in 1989 following misinformed public clamor regarding its alleged carcinogenicity. Dr. Elizabeth Whelan has noted how the principle has been used to ban “a health-enhancing chemical like chlorine” because of doubtful “adverse effects on wildlife— or its effect in high dose laboratory animal experiments.”… precautionary principle is… favorite tool of those who oppose medical applications of biotechnology…agricultural biotechnology… genetically modified crops…
OGM e biotecnologie mediche offrono un potenziale dirompente per affrontare le nuove sfide, per migliorare la salute del pianeta, per sfamare la popolazione indigente. Non possiamo accantonarle in nome di un principio astratto quanto vago.
Il principio di precauzione ha il torto di considerare solo lo scenario peggiore
… Any release of chemicals into the environment might initiate a chain of events leading to a disaster. Genetically modified organisms might cause unanticipated, serious, and irreversible problems…
Il principio di precauzione ignora i rischi naturali, i problemi concreti che l’umanità deve affrontare: la natura puo’ essere anche matrigna, bisogna ammetterlo. Un atteggiamento di precauzione andrebbe preso anche contro i rischi naturali e non solo contro i rischi dell’attività umana…
… Nature itself brings with it a risk of harms such as infection, hunger, famine, and environmental disruption. We should apply our limited resources first to major risks that we know are real, not merely hypothetical… Users of the principle routinely ignore the potential benefits of technology, in effect favoring nature over humanity. The principle does not account for the fact that the risks created by technological stagnation are at least as real as those of technological advancement. As biochemist Bruce Ames of UCLA has demonstrated, almost all of our exposure to dangerous chemicals comes in the form of natural chemicals. Yet fear and attention are primarily directed toward synthetic chemicals…
Il principio di precauzione conta sull’esistenza di una burocrazia infallibile incapace di abusi…
… Consider, for instance, the consistent correlation between the health of a nation’s citizens and their standard of living. Widespread application of the precautionary principle, by hampering economic activity, will tend to reduce living standards and thereby worsen health…
Al contrario, noi sappiamo che ogni volta che entra in campo la regolamentazione governativa, entra in campo il controllore e quindi  il noto bias del controllore. Un esempio per capire…
… If the FDA licenses a drug that turns out to have disastrous side effects, the result is a front page story and the end of the career of whoever made the decision. If it refuses to license a useful drug, the result is to keep a cure rate from rising--say from 92% to 93%. The total cost may be very large, but it is not very visible… So far as I know nobody has yet done a comparable study attempting to estimate the net effect, in either dollars or lives, of FDA regulations restricting the introduction of potentially dangerous drugs…
Inoltre, il principio di precauzione fa gravare l’onere della prova su chi agisce: una mossa che viola platealmente le libertà civili più elementari…
… The content— even the very name— of the precautionary principle positions environmental activists and Luddites as friends and protectors of the common person. The innovators are made to prove safety, having already been portrayed as indifferent to the common good and interested only in profiting… For example, the Environmental Working Group opposed the use of pesticides, speculating about possible carcinogenic effects of trace amounts of their residues… Activists get away with the burden of proof trick by managing perceptions of risk instead of examining the real risks…
Infine, nessuno di noi applica il principio di precauzione per gestire le sue attività; così come nessuna comunità lo applica per gestire la convivenza
… Common law holds us liable for injuries we cause, our liability being proportionate with the degree of foreseeable risk. By contrast, the precautionary principle dismisses liability and acts like a preliminary injunction— but without the involvement of a court, without the burden of proof, and without taking responsibility for harm caused by the injunction…
La storia ci dice che se il principio di precauzione fosse stato attuato in passato l’umanità avrebbe prolungato a lungo le sue sofferenze: la vita sarebbe stata breve, crudele e misera…
… No chlorination and no pathogen-free water; no electricity generation or transmission; no X-rays; no travel beyond the range of walking…
Nessuno di noi avrebbe mai scelto di vivere in un mondo governato dal principio di precauzione.
Il principio pro-attivo è più simile ai principi che già adottiamo per la nostra vita e per la convivenza. Sposa il compromesso, non si radicalizza nella proibizione ma cerca compensazione e rimedi. Crede nel progresso e lo favorisce.
Soprattutto crede nella conoscenza: la sperimentazione, anche quando fallisce, migliora comunque il nostro sapere…
… Let a thousand flowers bloom!…

mercoledì 16 novembre 2016

THE PROACTIONARY PRINCIPLE Max More

Notebook per
THE PROACTIONARY PRINCIPLE
Max More
Citation (APA): More, M. (2016). THE PROACTIONARY PRINCIPLE [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
THE PROACTIONARY PRINCIPLE By Max More
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 6
freedom to innovate technologically is highly valuable,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 9
decision process based on science rather than collective emotional reactions.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 9
Account for the costs of restrictions and lost opportunities
Nota - Posizione 9
PARTE INTEGRANTE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
proportionate to the probability and magnitude of impacts,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 11
high priority to people’s freedom to learn, innovate,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 12
Unpacking the Proactionary Principle
Nota - Posizione 12
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 15
nine component
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 15
Freedom to innovate:
Nota - Posizione 15
1
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 16
Our freedom to innovate technologically is valuable to humanity. The burden of proof therefore belongs to those who propose restrictive measures.
Nota - Posizione 17
x BURDEN
Nota - Posizione 17
2
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 17
Objectivity:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
Use a decision process that is objective, structured, and explicit. Evaluate risks and generate forecasts according to available science, not emotionally shaped perceptions;
Nota - Posizione 19
x
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
fully disclose the forecasting procedure;
Nota - Posizione 19
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 20
selecting disinterested experts,
Nota - Posizione 21
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 21
devil’s advocate procedure
Nota - Posizione 21
c
Nota - Posizione 22
3
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
Comprehensiveness:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
Consider all reasonable alternative actions, including no action. Estimate the opportunities lost by abandoning a technology, and take into account the costs and risks of substituting other credible options.
Nota - Posizione 23
x COSTO OPPORTUNITÀ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 24
consider not only concentrated and immediate effects, but also widely distributed
Nota - Posizione 24
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 25
Openness/ Transparency:
Nota - Posizione 25
4
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 25
Take into account the interests of all potentially affected parties, and keep the process open to input from those parties.
Nota - Posizione 26
c
Nota - Posizione 26
5
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 26
Simplicity:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 27
Use methods that are no more complex than necessary
Nota - Posizione 27
x
Nota - Posizione 27
6
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 27
Triage:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 28
Give precedence to ameliorating known
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 29
Symmetrical treatment:
Nota - Posizione 29
7
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 29
Treat technological risks on the same basis as natural risks; avoid underweighting natural risks and overweighting human-technological
Nota - Posizione 30
x
Nota - Posizione 31
8
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 31
Proportionality:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 33
If measures to limit technological advance do appear justified, ensure that the extent of those measures is proportionate to the extent of the probable effects.
Nota - Posizione 34
x LA PROIBIZIONE COME CSO ESTREMO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 34
Prioritize (Prioritization):
Nota - Posizione 35
9
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 36
(a) Give priority to risks to human and other intelligent life over risks to other species; (b) give non-lethal threats to human health priority over threats limited to the environment (within reasonable limits); (c) give priority to immediate threats over distant threats; (d) prefer the measure with the highest expectation value by giving priority to more certain over less certain threats, and to irreversible or persistent impacts over transient impacts.
Nota - Posizione 39
x PRIORITÀ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 39
Renew and Refresh:
Nota - Posizione 39
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 39
Create a trigger to prompt decision makers to revisit the decision,
Nota - Posizione 40
x
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 41
A Proactionary Alternative to the Precautionary Principle
Nota - Posizione 41
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 42
Extropy Institute’s Vital Progress Summit I in 2004.
Nota - Posizione 42
DOVE È STATO PROPOSTO IL PROACT
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 44
that principle is strongly biased against the technological progress
Nota - Posizione 45
PRINC DI PRECAUZ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 46
to feed billions more people over the coming decades, to counter natural threats from pathogens to environmental changes, and to alleviate human suffering from disease, damage, and the ravages of aging,
Nota - Posizione 47
x I PROBLEMI IN CAMPO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 58
Principle Against Progress
Nota - Posizione 59
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 60
Variations exist between influential formulations, such as those involved in the North-Sea conferences from 1984 to 1995, as well as those expressed in the Rio Declaration of 1992 and the UN Framework Climate Convention of 1992. All versions do have in common three elements: The possibility of harm to humans or the environment, resulting from a technology or activity; scientific uncertainty regarding cause-effect relationships; and the justifiability of taking precautionary measures.
Nota - Posizione 64
X LA FORMULAZIONEVAGA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 64
in The Wingspread Declaration (1999), the precautionary principle states that:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 65
“When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not established scientifically.
Nota - Posizione 67
X FORMULAZIONE PIÙ INVALSA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 67
proponent of the activity, rather than the public, should bear the burden of proof.”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 69
We should permit no new technology to be developed and no new productive activity to take place unless we can scientifically prove that no harm to health or environment will result.
Nota - Posizione 70
x ALTRA FORMULA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 71
a basic distinction between a weaker and a stronger formulation.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
threats of serious or irreversible harm or damage.
Nota - Posizione 72
DEBOLE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 73
even when the possible harm is not a serious or irreversible one.
Nota - Posizione 74
FORTE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 75
include a cost-effectiveness clause.
Nota - Posizione 75
ALTRO DISCRIMINE TRA PRI PRE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 76
“Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures.”
Nota - Posizione 77
x RIO 1992
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 78
clause concerning our knowledge of the causal relationship
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 80
precautionary measures are justified and required “if any possibility” of harm exists,
Nota - Posizione 80
POSSIBILITÀ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 81
A less drastic claim says that precautionary measures are justified even if the cause-effect relationship has not been fully established.
Nota - Posizione 82
NOT FULLY ESTSBISHED
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 83
skewed against economic and technological progress
Nota - Posizione 83
PP SEMPRE CONTRO IL PROG
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 83
easily be wielded to prevent the introduction of all kinds of new technologies.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 85
Alar, a chemical for regulating growth in apples, was withdrawn from distribution in 1989 following misinformed public clamor regarding its alleged carcinogenicity. Dr. Elizabeth Whelan has noted how the principle has been used to ban “a health-enhancing chemical like chlorine” because of doubtful “adverse effects on wildlife— or its effect in high dose laboratory animal experiments.”
Nota - Posizione 87
x ESEMPI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 88
favorite tool of those who oppose medical applications of biotechnology
Nota - Posizione 89
......
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 89
agricultural biotechnology,
Nota - Posizione 89
.....
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 89
genetically modified crops
Nota - Posizione 89
.......
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 89
GM foods and medical biotech have enormous potential for meeting global needs
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 90
improved health
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 90
adequate nutrition.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 92
What’s Wrong with the Precautionary Principle?
Nota - Posizione 92
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 99
precautionary principle always assumes worst-case scenarios.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 100
Any release of chemicals into the environment might initiate a chain of events leading to a disaster. Genetically modified organisms might cause unanticipated, serious, and irreversible problems.
Nota - Posizione 100
x WC SCENARIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 103
the precautionary principle ignores background risk, distracting our attention from established dangers to health.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 104
Nature itself brings with it a risk of harms such as infection, hunger, famine, and environmental disruption. We should apply our limited resources first to major risks that we know are real, not merely hypothetical.
Nota - Posizione 105
x I RISCHI DELLA NATURA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 108
Third, adherents of the precautionary principle assume that proposed regulations and restrictions will cause no harm to health.
Nota - Posizione 109
BUROCRAZIA INFALLIBILE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 110
Consider, for instance, the consistent correlation between the health of a nation’s citizens and their standard of living. Widespread application of the precautionary principle, by hampering economic activity, will tend to reduce living standards and thereby worsen health.
Nota - Posizione 111
x
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 113
Fourth, the precautionary principle fails to treat natural and human threats on the same basis.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 113
Users of the principle routinely ignore the potential benefits of technology, in effect favoring nature over humanity. The principle does not account for the fact that the risks created by technological stagnation are at least as real as those of technological advancement. As biochemist Bruce Ames of UCLA has demonstrated, almost all of our exposure to dangerous chemicals comes in the form of natural chemicals. Yet fear and attention are primarily directed toward synthetic chemicals.
Nota - Posizione 116
x
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 119
Fifth, the precautionary principle illegitimately shifts the burden of proof
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 121
The content— even the very name— of the precautionary principle positions environmental activists and Luddites as friends and protectors of the common person. The innovators are made to prove safety, having already been portrayed as indifferent to the common good and interested only in profiting.
Nota - Posizione 122
x
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 124
For example, the Environmental Working Group opposed the use of pesticides, speculating about possible carcinogenic effects of trace amounts of their residues.
Nota - Posizione 125
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 127
Activists get away with the burden of proof trick by managing perceptions of risk instead of examining the real risks.
Nota - Posizione 127
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 130
Sixth, and finally, the precautionary principle conflicts with the more balanced approach to risk and harm derived from common law.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 131
Common law holds us liable for injuries we cause, our liability being proportionate with the degree of foreseeable risk. By contrast, the precautionary principle dismisses liability and acts like a preliminary injunction— but without the involvement of a court, without the burden of proof, and without taking responsibility for harm caused by the injunction.[
Nota - Posizione 133
x VOMMON LAW
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 135
The Essence of the Proactionary Principle
Nota - Posizione 135
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 135
If the precautionary principle had been widely applied
Nota - Posizione 136
........
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 136
Human suffering would have persisted without relief, and life would have remained poor, nasty, brutish, and short:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 137
No chlorination and no pathogen-free water; no electricity generation or transmission; no X-rays; no travel beyond the range of walking.
Nota - Posizione 138
x VITA SGRSDEVOLE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 140
Proactionary Principle allows for handling mixed effects
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 140
compensation and remediation instead of prohibition.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 142
Proactionary Principle stands for the proactive pursuit of progress.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 143
learning by acting.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 144
opportunities to learn through diverse experiments.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 147
Let a thousand flowers bloom!