Visualizzazione post con etichetta jerry muller tiranny of the metrics. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta jerry muller tiranny of the metrics. Mostra tutti i post

giovedì 5 dicembre 2019

CONTARE I CORPI

Gli economisti predicano che gli incentivi pesano, e questo è in buona parte vero. Ma la pretesa della meritocrazia va oltre, pensa che gli incentivi siano quantificabili. E questo è decisamente meno vero. Le statistiche fuorvianti sono la premessa a cattive organizzazioni, e tutte le statistiche sono fuorvianti se non vengono saggiamente interpretate.
Vogliamo controllare tutto e cadiamo nell' "illusione del controllo". Durante la guerra del Vietnam, il segretario alla Difesa Robert McNamara fece affidamento su misure quantitative, incluso il famigerato "conteggio dei corpi". I corpi dei Viet-cong segnalando ai comandi il "progresso" delle operazioni militari. Poi si è scoperto che questi erano indicatori sbagliati, ma la guerra era ormai perduta.
Purtroppo, gli indicatori meritocratici sono quasi sempre sbagliati. Dirlo non offende il meritevole, offende il meritocratico, una cosa ben diversa.
In città furoreggiava una scuola elementare in cui i punteggi medi dei test erano i più alti del comprensorio. Si erano addirittura alzati i prezzi delle case di quel quartiere! Si è scoperto che il risultato veniva ottenuto dagli amministratori della scuola dicendo agli studenti più deboli di rimanere a casa il giorno del test. Il provveditorato pubblicizzando i punteggi dei test pensava di incoraggiare una sana competizione tra le scuole, pensava cioè di promuovere la "meritocrazia". E guai a chi si opponeva.
I problemi con i target quantitativi sono ben noti. Il primo è ciò che Muller chiama "deviazione dagli obiettivi". In una situazione complessa, come la guerra del Vietnam, ci sono molti obiettivi intermedi da raggiungere. Puntare l'attenzione solo su quelli "quantificabili" azzera l'attenzione sugli altri, che magari sono anche più importanti. Contare i cadaveri dei viet-cong è facile ma misurare quanto fanno i soldati per conquistare i cuori e le menti della popolazione locale molto meno. Se dalla macchinetta conta-cadaveri dipende la tua carriera di soldato, le energie per farsi ben volere dagli indigeni vengono dirottate sulla mitragliatrice.
L'altro problema è quello che Muller chiama "corruzione", qui l'obiettivo numerico viene raggiunto imbrogliando. L'esempio della "scuola modello" parla chiaro.
Sia la "deviazione" che la "corruzione" hanno avuto un ruolo importante nella crisi finanziaria del 2008. La "deviazione" è cominciata fissando come obbiettivo misurabile il numero di mutui concessi affinché si rendesse il bene "casa" più accessibile (un desiderio della politica). Ma questo ha distolto l'attenzione sulla valutazione di affidabilità del mutuatario. La "corruzione" si è resa visibile nel modo in cui le banche hanno aggirato le incasinatissime norme sulla consistenza patrimoniale imposte dall' autorità di regolamentazione con le solite risibili formulette.
La "meritocrazia" non ha grande spazio nel privato. In effetti, la maggior parte delle aziende non fa affidamento solo sulle formule per stabilire i compensi. Di solito viene data ai supervisori la libertà di giudizio nel fissare i bonus e gli adeguamenti salariali dei dipendenti. Questo perché le formule non possono catturare tutti gli obiettivi incorporati nella complessa vita aziendale. I supervisori più vicini al dipendente sono in una posizione migliore per valutare vari fattori, soprattutto i contributi difficili da quantificare. E anche quando si lega in parte il compenso a una formula, si armeggia su quella formule di anno in anno. Più a lungo si persiste con la medesima formula, più modi verranno escogitati per aggirare il sistema.
L'organizzazione scolastica americana - quella che più ha puntato sui test - si è comportata come se le scuole avessero un controllo completo sull'apprendimento degli studenti, e che quindi la loro opera si riflettesse nei punteggi dei test, ma la ricerca suggerisce il contrario. I politici americani hanno agito sotto la classica "illusione del controllo". A mio parere gli insegnanti non dovrebbero essere responsabili nei confronti di un ufficio statistico centralizzato, meglio sarebbe invece che siano valutati da colleghi, superiori e genitori. In particolare questi ultimi, ovvero i clienti. Se lascio mio figlio nelle mani di un cattivo insegnante, sono il primo a pagarne le conseguenze (se invece un sistema burocratico non riesce a rimuovere un cattivo insegnante, il progettista del sistema non subisce conseguenze). Obiezione fondata: ai genitori interessa più il voto della preparazione! Vero, ma questo è un problema che riguarda la funzione della scuola - i dubbi che abbia una reale funzione formativa sono legittimi - non la meritocrazia.
Gli esseri umani sono individui autonomi difficili da controllare con una macchinetta. I manager di successo lo comprendono e imparano a convivere con le limitazioni implicite alla loro condizione di boss. Sanno che non possono misurare le prestazioni dei sotto posto con precisione o progettare un sistema di incentivi perfetto. Invece di attenersi rigidamente ai sistemi formali, i dirigenti di successo danno l'esempio e incoraggiano i subordinati a esercitare la loro autonomia e il loro giudizio. Ma per i lavoratori dello stato l'autonomia di giudizio diventa più facilmente arbitrio e favoritismo, per questo lì la propensione all'utilizzo delle formule per determinare i compensi è tanto diffusa. Non essendoci rimedi sarebbe meglio limitare i compiti da affidare a organizzazioni del genere. Considerato che questa alternativa è un po' troppo radicale, forse il criterio dell'anzianità resta quello che fa meno danni.
Sfortunatamente, i politici che mostrano sicurezza e dominio della situazione vengono premiati dall'elettore e gli economisti che attraggono maggiormente questi politici sono quelli che brandiscono con sicumera le formulette verso cui questo libro lancia l'allarme. Un allarme che per me sembra inutile visto che il vero nemico, ovvero cio' che viene chiamata "illusione di controllo", è un realtà lo stendardo principe di chi si presenta alle elezioni.
#Amazon

AMAZON.IT
How the obsession with quantifying human performance threatens business, medicine, education, government—and the quality of our livesToday, organizations of all kinds are ruled by the belief that the path to success is quantifying human performance, publicizing the results, and dividing up...

mercoledì 21 agosto 2019

HL 1 Taste of turtle

Taste of turtle—Where
Note:1@@@@@@@@@@@LEGALITÀ...asimmetria info subdunber superdunbar...scaling conflitto d interesse....metrica

Yellow highlight | Location: 887
You who caught the turtles better eat them,
Note:L ADAGIO IN COMMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 889
a group of fishermen caught a large number of turtles. After cooking them, they found out at the communal meal that these sea animals were much less edible than they thought:
Note:ORIGINE

Yellow highlight | Location: 893
the principle that you need to eat what you feed others.
Note:IL PRINCIPIO DIETRO L ADAGIO...PARABOLA DI MERCURIO CHE FORZA IL PESCATORE AD ASSAGGIARE IL CIBO SOSPETTO CHE OFFRONO

Yellow highlight | Location: 894
A CUSTOMER IS BORN EVERY DAY
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 899
The asymmetry is when said advice applies to you but not to him—he
Note:ASIMMETRIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 911
what is presented as good for you is not really good for you but certainly good for the other party.
Note:CAPITA SEMPRE NEL MONDO DEGLI AFFARI

Yellow highlight | Location: 913
“Do you have an ax?” (meaning an inquiry whether you have a certain interest).
Note:LA DOMANDA DA FARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 914
Avoid at all costs those who call you to tout a certain product disguised with advice.
Note:QUELLI DA EVITARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 928
Salespeople are experts in the art of psychological manipulation, making the client trade, often against his own interest, all the while being happy about it and loving them and their company.
Note:ASIMMETRIA DEL VENDITORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 934
THE PRICE OF CORN IN RHODES
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 937
problem in the course of the transactions: how much should the seller reveal to the buyer?
Note:PROBLEMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 938
“Is it ethical to sell something to someone knowing the price will eventually drop?”
Note:ESEMPUO

Yellow highlight | Location: 939
Diogenes of Babylon and his student Antipater of Tarsus,
Note:CHI NE HA DIBATTUTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 942
Cicero in De Officiis.
Note:FONTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 942
Assume a man brought a large shipment of corn from Alexandria to Rhodes, at a time when corn was expensive in Rhodes because of shortage and famine. Suppose that he also knew that many boats had set sail from Alexandria on their way to Rhodes with similar merchandise. Does he have to inform the Rhodians?
Note:IL CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 945
“stuffing”—selling
Note:I GERGO L ATTO DI VENDERE SENZA INFO

Yellow highlight | Location: 946
The penalty was ostracism.
Note:SE UN TRADER LO FA A UN TRADER

Yellow highlight | Location: 946
But it was sort of permissible to do it to the anonymous market and the faceless nontraders, or those we called “the Swiss,” some random suckers far away.
Note:QUANDO È CONCESSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 947
There were people with whom we had a relational rapport, others with whom we had a transactional one.
Note:LA DIFFERENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 950
Diogenes held that the seller ought to disclose as much as civil law requires. As for Antipater, he believed that everything ought to be disclosed—beyond
Note:DIATRIBA PRESSO I CLASSICI...LEGALITÀ CONTRO ETICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 954
The ethical is always more robust than the legal. Over time, it is the legal that should converge to the ethical, never the reverse. Hence: Laws come and go; ethics stay.
Note:INTERMEZZO ETICA E LEGALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 961
counterintuitively, the more regulations, the easier it was to make money.
Note:LA MIA ESPERIENZA COME TRADER

Yellow highlight | Location: 962
EQUALITY IN UNCERTAINTY
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 964
The ancient Mediterranean and, to some extent, the modern world, seem to have converged to Antipater’s position. While we have “buyer beware” (caveat emptor) in the Anglo-Saxon West,
Note:LE POSIZIONI

Yellow highlight | Location: 977
Sharia establishes the interdict of gharar, drastic enough to be totally banned in any form of transaction.
Note:UN ESEMPIO....SOLUZIONE SHARIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 978
it means both uncertainty and deception—my personal take is that it means something beyond informational asymmetry between agents: inequality of uncertainty.
Note:UN TERMINE PARTICOLARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 990
RAV SAFRA AND THE SWISS
Note:Tttttttt LA SOLUZIONE DEL TALMUD

Yellow highlight | Location: 993
Rav Safra, a third-century Babylonian scholar who was also an active trader, was offering some goods for sale. A buyer came as he was praying in silence, tried to purchase the merchandise at an initial price, and given that the rabbi did not reply, raised the price. But Rav Safra had no intention of selling at a higher price than the initial offer, and felt that he had to honor the initial intention. Now the question: Is Rav Safra obligated to sell at the initial price, or should he take the improved one?
Note:IL PROBLEMA..TOTAL TRANSPARENCY

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,003
what if he sold to one client at the marked-up price, and to another one the exact same item for the initial price, and the two buyers happened to know one another?
Note:METODO INSOSTENIBILE SENZA SAFRA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,004
It may not be ethically required, but the most effective, shame-free policy is maximal transparency,
Note:Cccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,005
However, the story doesn’t tell us whether the purchaser was a “Swiss,” those outsiders our ethical rules don’t apply to.
Note:PICCOLO PARTICOLARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,007
Kant: theory is too theoretical for humans.
Note:ECCEZIONI SEMPRE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,013
MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS
Note:Ttttttftff

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,014
Things don’t “scale” and generalize, which is why I have trouble with intellectuals talking about abstract notions.
Note:DON'T SCALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,015
the world is not a large village.
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,016
When Athenians treat all opinions equally and discuss “democracy,” they only apply it to their citizens, not slaves or metics
Note:STORIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,025
Today’s Roma people (aka Gypsies) have tons of strict rules of behavior toward Gypsies, and others toward the unclean non-Gypsies called payos.
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,035
This scale transformation from the particular to the general is behind my skepticism about unfettered globalization and large centralized multiethnic states.
Note:GLOBALIZZAZIONE...PALESTINA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,036
Yaneer Bar-Yam showed quite convincingly that “better fences make better neighbors”—something
Note:CONFINI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,038
Putting Shiites, Christians, and Sunnis in one pot
Note:L ERRORE IN MEDIO ORIENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,040
Blaming people for being “sectarian”—instead of making the best of such a natural tendency—is one of the stupidities of interventionistas.
Note:L ACCUSA DI TAZZISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,048
from the well-known behavior of crowds in the “anonymity” of big cities compared to groups in small villages.
Note:DUNBAR

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,056
NON MIHI NON TIBI, SED NOBIS (NEITHER MINE NOR YOURS, BUT OURS)
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,057
“tragedy of the commons,”
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,060
what plagues socialism:
Note:TRAGEDIA DEI BENO COMUNI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,061
it is a critical mistake to think that people can function only under a private property system.
Note:OSTROM

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,063
there exists a certain community size below which people act as collectivists, protecting the commons, as if the entire unit became rational.
Note:SUBDUNBAR

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,064
municipal is different from the national.
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,065
tribes
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,072
ARE YOU ON THE DIAGONAL?
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,075
I am, at the Fed level, libertarian; at the state level, Republican; at the local level, Democrat; and at the family and friends level, a socialist.
Note:DETTO DI VINCE GRAHM

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,078
fatuousness of left vs. right labels,
Note:Ccccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,079
Swiss are obsessive about governance—and indeed their political system is neither “left” nor “right,” but governance-based.
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,082
things worked well in Switzerland and other Germanic countries, it is not because of accountability so much as scaling, which makes them very prone to accountability: Germany is a federation.
Note:SVIZZERA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,084
ALL (LITERALLY) IN THE SAME BOAT
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,088
The Acts of the Apostles describes a voyage of St. Paul on a cargo ship from Sidon to Crete to Malta. As they hit a storm: “When they had eaten what they wanted they lightened the ship by throwing the corn overboard into the sea.” Now while they jettisoned particular goods, all owners were to be proportioned
Note:UN CASO EVANGELICI DI RISK SHARING

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,091
For it turned out that they were following a practice that dates to at least 800 B.C.,
Note:LEX RHODIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,095
where merchandise is thrown overboard for the purpose of lightening a ship, what has been lost for the benefit of all must be made up by the contribution of all.
Note:CONTENUTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,102
TALKING ONE’S BOOK
Note:Nttttttt TTtt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,104
Everyone, including the anchor, chipped in. My turn came: “I own no Microsoft stock, I am short no Microsoft stock [i.e., would benefit from its decline], hence I can’t talk about it.”
Note:AL DIBATTITO SU MICROSOFT TALEB NN RISPOSE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,105
Don’t tell me what you think, tell me what you have in your portfolio.
Note:...RICORDIAMO IL PORTAFOGLIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,111
Another is buying a stock so you can advertise the qualities of the company, then selling it, benefiting from the trumpeting—this is called market manipulation,
Note:IL PERICOLO DI SKIN IN TEHA GAME

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,113
We removed the skin in the game of journalists in order to prevent market manipulation,
Note:Cccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,114
the former (market manipulation) and conflicts of interest are more benign than impunity for bad advice.
Note:LA TESI DEL LIBRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,115
in the absence of skin in the game, journalists will imitate, to be safe, the opinion of other journalists, thus creating monoculture
Note:LA RAGIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,117
In general, skin in the game comes with conflict of interest.
Note:PURTROPPO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,120
A SHORT VISIT TO THE DOCTOR’S OFFICE
Note:Tttttttttttt Un caso specif

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,125
The legal system and regulatory measures are likely to put the skin of the doctor in the wrong game.
Note:TESI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,127
metrics.
Note:PROBLEM

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,128
say a cancer doctor or hospital is judged by the five-year survival rates of patients,
Note:ESEMPIO DI MEYRICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,130
There is a tradeoff between laser surgery (a precise surgical procedure) and radiation therapy,
Note:LE CURE POSSIBILI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,131
laser surgery may have worse five-year outcomes than radiation therapy, but the latter tends to create second tumors in the longer run
Note:PROBLEMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,135
A doctor is pushed by the system to transfer risk from himself to you,
Note:FINALE...RADIAZIONE A GO GO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,138
he has no direct emotional loss should your health experience a degradation.
Note:IL DOTTORE...UNO SCONOSCIUTO...

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,139
His objective is, naturally, to avoid a lawsuit,
Note:IL DOTTORE NN È UN TUO FAMILIARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,140
Now, say you happen to visit a cardiologist and turn out to be in the mild risk category,
Note:SEI UNO CHE NN RISCHIA INFARTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,143
But the doctor is pressured to treat you
Note:PROCESSI IN VISTA...

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,143
Should you drop dead a few weeks after the visit, a low probability event, the doctor can be sued for negligence,
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,145
he may know that statins are harmful, as they will lead to long-term side effects.
Note:CONSEG NEGATIVE MA INVISIBILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,148
the long-term medical risks are hidden; they will play out in the long run, whereas the legal risk is immediate.
Note:ASIMMETRIA NEL RISCHIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,151
avoid treatment when he or she is mildly ill, but use medicine for the “tail events,” that is, for rarely encountered severe conditions.
Note:CONSIGLIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,154
both the doctor and the patient have skin in the game, though not perfectly, but administrators don’t—and
Note:IL PROBLEMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,157
NEXT
Tttttttttttt

martedì 5 marzo 2019

Parole minacciose: trasparenza SAGGIO


Parole minacciose: trasparenza


Appunti presi leggendo  il saggio di Jerry Z. Muller: “The Tyranny of Metrics. PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUES.”.
Risultati immagini per bauhaus
Le critiche all’idea meritocratica provengono un po’ da tutto lo spettro ideologico.
Critica marxista: la meritocrazia svaluta gli elementi subordinati del sistema. La fissazione di obbiettivi quantitativi troppo precisi produce alienazione.
Da destra molti intellettuali – tra gli altri Michael Oakeshott, Michael Polanyi e Friedrich Hayek – hanno considerato il progetto meritocratico come l’ennesima illusione del razionalismo.
Il punto di partenza della destra: esistono due conoscenza, una astratta e formale, l’altra praticaEsempio, prendi un ricettario, quando ti viene detto “sale quanto basta” che fai? Senza una conoscenza pratica non vai da nessuna parte.
La conoscenza pratica emerge dai costumi e dalla tradizione. Trascurarla è fatale.
Per il razionalista la conoscenza è essenzialmente conoscenza tecnica.
Hayek e Mises traspongono la critica verso il razionalismo in una critica verso il socialismo e l’economia pianificata astrattamente dall’alto.
Ad essa si contrappone il metodo empirico del mercato che va a tentoni (trial and error). Il mercato valorizza la conoscenza locale e l’utilizzo alternativo delle risorse.
Ironia della sorte, oggi molto turbo-capitalismo iper-meritocraticoreplica l’errore socialista degli anni trenta. La sorte della meritocrazia sarà quella del socialismo.
Con obbiettivi fissati in anticipo si stronca il valore delle alternative emerse in itinere. la creatività dell’esecutore, l’unico che puo’ vedere da vicino una certa realtà, viene accantonata.
Motto: il calcolo è il nemico dell’immaginazione.
Frank Knight parlava di incertezza come di “rischio non misurabile”. L’habitat dell’imprenditore è quello. Ebbene, non c’è nulla del genere nell’algoritmo meritocratico.
Attività represse dai target quantitativi: esplorazione e creatività.
Precisione e spreco vanno spesso a braccetto. L’inutile precisione dei calcolatori diviene un ostacolo. Per un robot un problema trascurabile puo’ diventare insormontabile e condurre al loop.
Il giudizio è sempre specifico, riguarda sempre una situazione contingente, un contesto. La generalizzazione svia ma generalizzare è imprescindibile per il progetto meritocratico.
Lo storico conservatore Elie Kedourie, un grande critico della meritocrazia thatcheriana. Approfondire questa figura.
fratellini inseparabili delle formule meritocratiche: scienza, IT, questionari, burocrazia, monitoraggio…
Dietro la parola “efficienza” si nasconde una grande frode fatta di tonnellate di burocrazia. Sono in molti a pensarlo.
Quando si “misura” bisogna stabilire obbiettivi, e qui cominciano i guai. Prendi il ministero dell’educazione, cosa misurare? Qui entrano in scena criteri spuri e discutibili. Quando l’obbiettivo è sensato la complessa attività di misurazione fagocita l’attività misurata, quando l’obbiettivo è semplificato diventa inconsistente.
Trema quando compare la parola “trasparenza”, dietro l’angolo si nascondono arbitrio e burocrazia che si creano una cortina di rispettabilità fatta di numeri.

sabato 16 febbraio 2019

6 PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUES

6 PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUES
Note:6@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 758
critics from both sides of the ideological spectrum.
Note:ORIGINE

Yellow highlight | Location: 760
effect of devaluing the skills and experience of those subordinate in the system.
Note:CRITICA MARXISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 762
narrowly defined goals
Note:ALIENAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 763
THE RATIONALIST ILLUSION
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 764
classical liberal thinkers, such as Michael Oakeshott, Michael Polanyi, and Friedrich Hayek,
Note:DA DESTRA CONTRO IL RAZIONALISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 765
rediscovered by James C. Scott,
Note:Cccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 766
two forms of knowledge, one abstract and formulaic, the other more practical
Note:IL PUNTO DI PARTENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 768
recipe knowledge conveyed by cookbooks; but actually knowing how to make use of such knowledge (“beat an egg,” “whisk the mixture”)
Note:UN ESEMPIO FAMOSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 770
assuming that the conduct of human affairs is a matter of applying the right formulas
Note:LA CRITICA AL RAZIONALISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 773
Its normal expression is in a customary or traditional way
Note:ORIGINE DELLA CONOSCENZA PRATICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 776
the only form of authentic knowledge is technical knowledge,
Note:X IL RAZIONALISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 779
SCIENTISM
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 781
chastised socialist attempts at large-scale economic planning
Note:APPLICAZIONE DELLA CRITICA AL RAZIONALISMO...HAYEK

Yellow highlight | Location: 782
The advantage of the competitive market, he maintained, is that it allows individuals not only to make use of their knowledge of local conditions, but to discover new uses for existing resources
Note:EMPIRIA DEL MERCATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 787
the fixation on quantifiable goals
Note:IRONIA....MOLTI TURBOCAPITALISTI REPLICANO L ERRORE SOCIALISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 791
find ways of fulfilling quotas with shoddy goods of their own:
Note:LA SORTE SIA DEL SOCIALISMO CHE DELLA MERITOXRAZIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 795
metric fixation truncates the range of actual goals of a business or organization.
Note:OBBIETTIVI FISSATI IN ANTICIPO...STRONCATI QUELLI IN ITINERE

Yellow highlight | Location: 797
The calculative is the enemy of the imaginative.
Note:MOTTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 798
what the economist Frank Knight termed “unmeasureable risk,”
Note:NN MISURABILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 800
exploration and creativity.
Note:LE ATTIVITÀ REPRESSE

Yellow highlight | Location: 805
The quest for precision may therefore be wasteful,
Note:L INUTILE PRECISIONE DEO CALCOLATORI...X IL ROBOT UN BROBLEMA TRASCURABILE DIVENTA INSORMONTABILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 808
judgment is a sort of skill at grasping the unique particularities of a situation,
Note:IL GIUDIZIO È SEMPRE SPECIFICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 812
KEDOURIE’S CRITIQUE OF THATCHER
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 815
conservative historian and political theorist Elie Kedourie
Note:CRITICO DELLA MEITOCRAZIA THATCHERIANA NEL SETTOTE PUBBLUCO

Yellow highlight | Location: 818
more science perhaps, more information technology, more questionnaires, more monitoring
Note:I FRATELLINI DELLE FORMULE MERITOCRATICHE

Yellow highlight | Location: 823
Under the slogan of “efficiency” a great fraud was being perpetrated,
Note:SONO N MOLTI A PENSARLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 827
Kedourie observed that it was the Minister of Education who would decide, on the basis of spurious criteria, what constituted educational value.
Note:SE SI MSURA BISOGNA STABILIRE OBBIETTOVI...E QUI COMINCIANO I GUAI

Yellow highlight | Location: 829
THE ONWARD MARCH OF ACCOUNTABILITY
Tttttttttttt

martedì 27 marzo 2018

13 PHILANTHROPY AND FOREIGN AID

13 PHILANTHROPY AND FOREIGN AID
Note:13@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,996
Donors are presumed to want their contributions to be used efficiently,
Note:ESIGENZA DEI DONATORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,999
the percentage of each charity’s budget that was devoted to administrative
Note:MODA RECENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,001
What gets measured is what is most easily measured,
Note:ANCHE QUI...INPUT

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,005
equating low overhead with higher productivity is not only deceptive
Note:X MOLTE ONLUS

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,012
reporting that the time of leading staff members is devoted almost entirely to programs,
Note:GAME THE SISTEM

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,015
THE TRANSFORMATIONAL VERSUS THE MEASUREABLE
Note | Location: 2,015
Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,016
government foreign aid
Yellow highlight | Location: 2,021
achievements are not easily measured in quantitative terms have been curtailed.
Note:L EFFETTO DELL ANSIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,022
enrollment in primary schools and literacy
Note:ES DI BENE FACILMENTE MISIRABILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,022
cultural education of future elites
Note:DIFFICILE DA MISURARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,024
short-term benefits
Note:FACILI DA MISURARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,027
metrics promotes short-termism.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,030
neglect of programs with the longest-run potential benefits:
Yellow highlight | Location: 2,033
programs that are most precisely and easily measured are the least transformational,
Note:MISURABILI MA NN FANNO LA DIFFERENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,034
the development of competent leadership and management.
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,044
substantial sacrifice of time and energy in the form of statistical reports
COSTO OPPORTUNITÀ

venerdì 23 marzo 2018

16 WHEN AND HOW TO USE METRICS A CHECKLIST

16 WHEN AND HOW TO USE METRICS A CHECKLIST
Note:16@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,213
where police resources were best deployed.
Note:STATISTICHE SYI CRIMINI UTILI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,214
used the threat of demotion or lack of promotion against those lower in the hierarchy
Note:QUANDO NASCONO PROBLEMI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,216
numerical data about publications and teaching.
Note:POSSONO ALZARE LA PRODUTTIV UNIVERSIT

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,216
used mechanically by those who are not in a position to evaluate
Note:DISTORSIONI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,217
standardized tests can be used to inform teachers
Note:TEST

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,219
Problems arise when the tests become the primary basis on which teachers and schools are rewarded
Note:PROBLEMI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,221
lowering the incidence of medical errors,
Note:STATISTICHE MEDICHE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,225
reward for measured performance sometimes proved fruitless or led to perverse outcomes.
Note:PERVERSIONI IN MEDICINA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,227
metrics developed to fit the specific case, especially by practitioners with local experience, could be genuinely informative.
Note:ESERCITO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,228
abandon universal templates
Note:IL MITO DELL UNIVERSALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,230
measurement is not an alternative to judgment:
Note:NO ALTERNATIVA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,230
judgment about whether to measure, what to measure, how to evaluate
Note:SE COSA COME

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,236
THE CHECKLIST
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,236
1.  What kind of information are you thinking of measuring?
Note:MISURA COSE INANIMATE...SCIENZE NATURALI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,243
2.  How useful is the information?
Note:NN VALE LA PENA DI MISURARE TUTTO IL MISURABILE...LASCIA XDERE LE PROXY

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,247
3.  How useful are more metrics?
Note:CONSIDERA SOLO GLI ESTREMI SPECIE VERSO IL BASSO...RENDIMENTI DECRESCENTI DELLA MISURAZ MARGINALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,251
4.  What are the costs of not relying upon standardized measurement?
Note:ALTERNATIVE?

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,252
judgment
Yellow highlight | Location: 2,252
experience
Yellow highlight | Location: 2,256
5.  To what purposes will the measurement be put,
Note:FISSARE POLITICHE O INCENTIVARE?

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,256
to whom will the information be made transparent?
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,261
most useful for internal analysis
Yellow highlight | Location: 2,270
“low stakes” metrics are often more effective
Yellow highlight | Location: 2,278
6.  What are the costs of acquiring the metrics?
Yellow highlight | Location: 2,284
7.  Ask why the people at the top of the organization are demanding performance metrics.
Note:L IGNORANZA DEI SUPERIORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,290
8.  How and by whom are the measures of performance developed?
Note:LAVORA CON ROBA SU MISURA. LA M FUNZIONA SE I COINV CI CREDONO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,307
9.  Remember that even the best measures are subject to corruption or goal diversion.
Note:DISTORSIONI OVUNQUE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,316
10.  Remember that sometimes, recognizing the limits of the possible is the beginning of wisdom.
Note:LIMITI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,320
there is no silver bullet,
Yellow highlight | Location: 2,322
not one of metrics versus judgment, but metrics as informing judgment,
Note:LA VERA ALTERNATIVA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,323
knowing how much weight to give to metrics,

9 MEDICINE

9 MEDICINE
Note:9@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,337
informational and diagnostic: the process of keeping track of various methods and procedures, and then comparing the outcomes,
Note:UN RUOLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,339
transparency to consumers, and a basis for comparison and competition among providers.
Note:SECONDO RUOLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,340
pay-for-performance,
Note | Location: 1,340
TERZO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,343
contain costs.
Note:QUARTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,343
THE FINANCIAL PUSH TO CONTROL COSTS
Note:Tttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,347
“luxury good”—
Note:XCHÈ I COSTI IMPAZZISCONO...PIÙ RICCHI PIÙ SI SPENDE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,348
the baby boom generation ages,
Note:FATTORE ESOGENO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,349
availability of more specialty drugs
Note:FATTORE...UNA TAC E UNO SPECIALISTA NN SI NEGA A NESSUNO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,354
put pressure on doctors and hospitals to lower reimbursement
Note:PRESSIONE DAL GOV.

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,358
reliable evidence that doctors and hospitals are providing services
Note:QUANDO PAGA N TERZO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,360
RANKING THE AMERICAN MEDICAL SYSTEM
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,363
World Health Organization’s “World Health Report 2000,”
Note:LA CLASSIFICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,364
“It is hard to ignore that … the United States was number 1 in terms of healthcare spending per capita but ranked 39th for infant mortality, 43rd for adult female mortality, 42nd for adult male mortality, and 36th for life expectancy.”
Note:LA CLASSIFICA CHE HA FATTO SCOPPIARE UN CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,366
Scott W. Atlas,
Note:UN ALTRA STORIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,367
more than a little misleading.
Note:MA....FUORVIANTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,369
“health distribution,”
Note:COSA PREMIA IN REALTÀ LA CLASSIFICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,371
The criterion, in short, was ideological.
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,374
influenced in large part by factors outside the medical system,
Note:SPERANZA DI VITA MORTALITÀ ECCETERA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,375
Obesity
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,377
Cigarette
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,380
United States is an ethnically heterogeneous country,
Note:AFROAMEROCANI E MORTALITÀ INFANTILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,383
When it comes to diagnosing and treating disease, Atlas notes, American medicine is among the best in the world.
Note:LA REALTÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,391
METRICS AS SOLUTION
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,395
Michael E. Porter of the Harvard
Note:SPONSOR

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,402
provide a powerful incentive for improving performance.
Note:LA FEDE NEI NUMERI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,403
THREE TALES OF SUCCESS
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,404
Cleveland Clinic as a pioneer
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,404
The clinic annually publishes fourteen “outcome books”
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,406
Cleveland Clinic attracts patients from around the world.
Note:ESITO DELLA TRASPARENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,408
Geisinger Health System,
Note | Location: 1,408
ALTRO CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,415
integrated team of physicians
Note:METTERE IN RETE I DATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,416
Rather than parceling out treatment
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,416
Geisinger employs a more holistic approach.
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,420
use of performance measures to reduce hospital-induced infections acquired from “central lines.”
Note:UN SUCCESSONE...INFEZIONI DA CATETERE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,424
82,000 blood infections
Note:NEL 2001 NEGLI USA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,425
from $12,000 to $56,000.
Note:COSTO TRATTAMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,425
32,000 people died.
Note:COSTO VITE UMANE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,426
dropped dramatically, thanks in no small part to the efforts of Peter J. Pronovost,
Note:DA ALLORA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,428
he developed a program based on a checklist of five standard
Note:CHECKLIST

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,431
blood stream infections dropped by 66 percent,
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,434
This is an instance of diagnostic metrics.
Note:FUNZIONE DELLA METRICA IN QS CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,437
incentives in the form of peer pressure.
Note:INCENTIVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,440
WHAT SHOULD WE CONCLUDE FROM THESE SUCCESSES?
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,443
Is the success of the Cleveland Clinic a function of the fact that the Clinic publishes its outcomes? Or is the Clinic eager to publicize its outcomes precisely because they are so impressive?
Note:È LA CULTURA...NON IL NUMERO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,445
one of the world’s great medical institutions before the rise of performance metrics,
Note:CLEVELAND

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,447
fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc.
Note:NESSO INVERSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,451
metrics of performance, therefore, are neither imposed nor evaluated from above
Note:GEISINGER

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,454
pathways were effective because they were led by physicians,
Note:I PROTAGONISTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,462
improvement in medical outcomes was brought about primarily by “a shift in clinicians’ belief—
Note:L INTERPRET DI PRONOVOST

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,466
begin penalizing hospitals with higher infection rates
Note:MA IL GOVERNO HA INTERPRETATO DIVERSAMENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,468
THE BROADER PICTURE: METRICS, PAY-FOR-PERFORMANCE, RANKINGS, AND REPORT CARDS
Note:Tttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,471
professionals who write about medical metrics have a vested interest
Note:CONFLITTO D INTERESSE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,474
end with a plea for more data, more studies,
Note:ANCHE CHI NON CONFERMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,479
Patients will act as consumers, comparing the cost of care with relative success rates.
Note:UNA FUNZIONE PROBLEMATICA DELLA METRICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,484
to see how widely accessible information on research
Note:COME CAMBIANO I COMPORTAMENTI GRAZIE AI DATI...TEST OLANDESE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,488
there was no lasting effect on patient outcomes.
Note:UN VERDETTO RICORRENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,491
patients with multiple medical problems.
Note:IL PAZIENTE REALE HA UNA RELAZIONE NN CLIENTELARE CON IL SUO MEDICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,492
the effect of the tested intervention often disappears.
Note:LA COSA INVALIDA GLI EFFETTI AUSPICATI DALLA TRASP

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,493
does not necessarily lead to improved outcomes.
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,494
Nor, according to the Dutch experts, did the publication of metrics affect patient behavior in choosing a provider or hospital.
Note:ALTRI FALLIMENTI DELLA TRASP

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,498
pay-for-performance (P4P)
Note:ALTRO UTILIZZO PROB

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,506
Another prominent form of medical metrics is the public ranking of doctors and hospitals
Note:CLASSIFICHE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,506
“medical report cards.”
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,512
doctors and hospitals will have an incentive to perform better
Note:CREDENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,516
What is quite astonishing is how often these techniques—so obviously effective according to economic theory—have no discernable effect on outcomes.
Note:AMPIA LEYTERATURA SUL P4P E RANKING

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,520
public reporting of mortality rates has had no impact on patient outcomes.
Note:ES MEDICARE 2009

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,524
dubious criteria,
Note:CLASSIFICHE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,526
examined process and intermediate outcomes rather than final outcomes,
Note:IL DIFETTO DEL P4P

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,532
do affect outcomes, it is often in ways that are unintended and counterproductive.
Note:RANK E P4P

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,535
goal diversion.
Note:PRINCIPALE PROB

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,536
less holistic care and inappropriate concentration of the doctor’s gaze on what can be measured rather than what is important.”
Note:TIPI CO ESITO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,537
lower quality
Note:IN GB

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,541
cardiac surgeons became less willing to operate on severely ill patients
Note:TIPICO EFFETTO RANKING

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,545
patients who the surgeons declined to operate
Note:ESCLUSI DALLE STAT

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,552
overly aggressive care to meet metric targets.
Note:C È ANCHE IL PROB OPPOSTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,552
Patients whose operations are not successful may be kept alive for the requisite thirty days
Note:I TRENTA GG

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,553
costly and inhumane.
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,555
can point out very poor performers,
Note:IL LATO POS DELLA PUBBLICAZ

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,558
the tendency here, as with so many performance metrics, is to glean the low-hanging fruit, and then expect a continuingly bountiful harvest.
Note:ANCHE SE L ELUSIONE È SEMPRE POSSIB

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,560
marginal costs exceed the marginal benefits.
Note:ALTRO PROB

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,567
incalculable opportunity costs of what doctors and other clinicians might have done with the time
Note:IL COSTO OPPORTU DEL MEDICO BUROCRATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,568
time invested is largely uncalculated and uncompensated.
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,573
burdensome and redundant
Note:IL REPORTING

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,577
“Pay for performance” reduces intrinsic motivation.
Note:UN COSTO SOTTOVALUTATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,581
rancorous debates about compensation, fees, and reimbursement that so occupy the time of health care leaders
Note:RANCORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,586
A TEST CASE: REDUCING READMISSIONS
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,588
readmissions to hospitals within thirty days of discharge,
Note:UN NUMERO SPESSO USATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,589
a result of inadequate patient care,
Note:INTERPRETAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,594
penalties on hospitals with higher than average rates.
Note:MISURA MEDICARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,601
instead of formally admitting returning patients, hospitals placed them on “observation status,”
Note:GAMING

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,603
Alternatively, the returning patients were treated in the emergency room.
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,607
metrics of readmission thus improved, but not necessarily the quality of patient care.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,612
major teaching hospitals—which tend to see more difficult patients—were disproportionately affected.
Note:GLI OSPEDALI PENALIZZATI DALLA METRICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,613
hospitals in poverty-stricken areas,
Note:ALTRE VITTIME

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,619
what is known as “risk adjustment.”
Note:PELTZMAN ALL OSPEDALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,622
performance metrics may end up exacerbating inequalities
Note:UNA CONSEGUENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,624
A BALANCE SHEET
Note:Ttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,626
enhance the safety and efficacy of their medical care.
Note:DA SALVARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,627
controlled by and within the organization’s medical system,
Note:LA METRICA CHE FUNZIONA...QUELLA CHE APPLICO A ME

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,205