The Cult of the Head Start
Note:1@@@@@@L esperienza paga? KLEIN S. Kahneman no. Dipende dalla disciplina.discpline con modelli ripetitivi e frequenti feedback? Tipo golf scacchi incendi.il paradosso do m: doves gli uomini sono forti i pc sono deboli e viceversa. Tatyica e strategia.il freestile degli scacchi. Il ritorno del dilettante.Come non far scoprire una regola generale: premia i successi a breve.il tennis é piü dinamico del golf ma il pronto soccorso é ancora piû dinamico.il grande pianista. Conosciamo regole e obbiettivi? Allora ia fará bhene.i grandi hanno sempre un hobby
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Laszlo Polgar
Note:Un senza famiglia dopo l olocausto
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Laszlo grew up determined to have a family, and a special one.
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from Socrates to Einstein.
Note:Una passione x i geni
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He decided that traditional education was broken,
Note:Didatta
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he could make his own children into geniuses,
Note:Proposito
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the right head start.
Note:Il segreto
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any child can be molded for eminence in any discipline.
Note:Credenza
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he planned to have six children and that he would nurture them to brilliance.
Note:Il piano
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the school system was frustratingly one-size-fits-all,
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producing “the gray average mass,” as Laszlo put it.
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For his first genius, Laszlo picked chess.
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chess was suddenly pop culture.
Note:Fischer spassky 1972
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“Chess is very objective and easy to measure.”
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Laszlo decided, would become a chess champion.
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four-year-old daughter,
Note:Giá giocava nei club
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won the under-eleven title. At age four she had not lost a game.
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Laszlo and Klara decided they would educate her at home
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Susan’s new little sister, Sofia, would be homeschooled too, as would Judit,
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All three became part of the grand experiment.
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gym by 7 a.m. playing table tennis with trainers, and then back home at 10:00 for breakfast, before a long day of chess.
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cutting two hundred thousand records of game sequences from chess journals—many
Note:Big data
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the largest chess database in the world
Note:Prima del pc
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When she was seventeen, Susan became the first woman to qualify for the men’s world championship,
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The Polgar sisters became “national treasures,”
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In January 1991, at the age of twenty-one, Susan became the first woman to achieve grandmaster status
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None of the sisters ultimately reached Laszlo’s highest goal of becoming the overall world champion, but all were outstanding.
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Laszlo’s experiment had worked.
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if his early specialization approach were applied to a thousand children, humanity could tackle problems like cancer and AIDS.
Note:Laszlo si lancia
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Like the Tiger Woods story, the Polgar story entered an endless pop culture loop in articles,
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“build up your own Genius
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The bestseller Talent Is Overrated
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head start in deliberate practice is the key to success in “virtually any activity that matters to you.”
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• • •
Note:Tttttttt
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Gary Klein is a pioneer of the “naturalistic decision making” (NDM) model of expertise;
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experts in an array of fields are remarkably similar to chess masters in that they instinctively recognize familiar patterns.
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“I see a move, a combination, almost instantly,” based on patterns he has seen before.
Note:Kasparov
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usually make the move that springs to mind in the first few seconds of thought.
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firefighting commanders
Note:Idem
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After years of firefighting, they recognize repeating patterns
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nonwartime naval commanders who were trying to avoid disasters,
Note:Altro studio
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Daniel Kahneman,
Note:Altro studioso
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he often found that experience had not helped at all.
Note:Conclusioni opposte
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it frequently bred confidence but not skill.
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He first began to doubt the link between experience and expertise
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Kahneman marveled at the “complete lack of connection between the statistical information and the compelling experience of insight.”
Note:L intuito nn pagava
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experience simply did not create skill in a wide range of real-world scenarios,
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repetition did not cause learning.
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Chess, golf, and firefighting are exceptions, not the rule.
Note:Conclusione di k
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Do specialists get better with experience, or not?
Note:Puzzle intatto
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Whether or not experience inevitably led to expertise, they agreed, depended entirely on the domain in question.
Note:Common ground
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Narrow experience made for better chess and poker players and firefighters, but not for better predictors of financial or political trends,
Note:Esempio
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“kind” learning environments.
Note:Ambienti dove l esperienza paga
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Patterns repeat over and over,
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feedback is extremely accurate
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the ten-thousand-hours rule and the rush to early specialization in technical training.
Note:Pagano
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Kahneman was focused on the flip side of kind learning environments; Hogarth called them “wicked.”
Note:L altro ambiente
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rules of the game are often unclear or incomplete,
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feedback is often delayed, inaccurate, or both.
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experience will reinforce the exact wrong lessons.
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Expert firefighters, when faced with a new situation, like a fire in a skyscraper, can find themselves suddenly deprived of the intuition formed in years of house fires, and prone to poor decisions.
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• • •
Note:Ttttttttt
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IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov.
Note:1997 la sfida finale
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Deep Blue evaluated two hundred million positions per second.
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Kasparov, “Today the free chess app on your mobile phone is stronger than me.”
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“Anything we can do, and we know how to do it, machines will do it better,”
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Moravec’s paradox: machines and humans frequently have opposite strengths and weaknesses.
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“chess is 99 percent tactics.” Tactics are short combinations of moves
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Bigger-picture planning
Note:Strategy
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“you can get a lot further by being very good in tactics”—that is, knowing a lot of patterns—“and have only a basic understanding of strategy.”
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computers are tactically flawless
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What if, Kasparov wondered, computer tactical prowess were combined with human big-picture, strategic thinking?
Note:Mix
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human could focus on strategy.
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contest would shift to one of strategy rather than tactical execution.
Note:Neutraluzzati gli specialisti
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“Human creativity was even more paramount under these conditions, not less,”
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The primary benefit of years of experience with specialized training was outsourced,
Note:Kasparov
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A few years later, the first “freestyle chess” tournament was held.
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A duo of amateur players with three normal computers not only destroyed Hydra, the best chess supercomputer,
Note:Il ritorno del dilettante
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“coaching” multiple computers on what to examine, and then synthesizing that information
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humans empowered to do what they do best without the prerequisite of years of specialized pattern recognition.
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four people and several computers.
Note:Torneo di freestyle...i vincitori
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The captain and primary decision maker was Anson Williams, a British engineer with no official chess rating.
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In traditional chess, Williams was probably at the level of a decent amateur.
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As a teenager, he had been outstanding at the video game Command & Conquer,
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he had to consider advice from teammates and various chess programs and then very quickly direct the computers to examine particular possibilities in more depth.
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• • •
Note:Tttttttttt
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A grandmaster repeatedly re-created the entire board after seeing it for only three seconds.
Note:Esperimenti con gli scacchi
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grandmasters seemed to have photographic memories.
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a diagram with pieces placed at random.
Note:Anche con meno pezzi la polgar nn sa ricostruire
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the pieces in an arrangement that would never actually occur in a game.
Note:La cos fa sAltare tutto
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grandmasters never had photographic memories after all.
Note:Conclusione
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Rather than struggling to remember the location of every individual pawn, bishop, and rook, the brains of elite players grouped pieces into a smaller number of meaningful chunks based on familiar patterns.
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Chunking helps explain instances of apparently miraculous, domain-specific memory, from musicians playing long pieces by heart to quarterbacks recognizing patterns of players in a split second and making a decision to throw.
Note:Modelli
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When tested outside of their sport context, their superhuman reactions disappear.
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Because groups twenty patterns meaningful are words easier into chunk remember really sentence familiar can to you much in a.
Note:Prova a memorizzare qs
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Twenty words are really much easier to remember in a meaningful sentence because you can chunk familiar patterns into groups.
Note:E ora qs. Piú facile. Vero?
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Your restaurant server doesn’t just happen to have a miraculous memory; like musicians and quarterbacks, they’ve learned to group recurring information into chunks.
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Chunking can seem like magic, but it comes from extensive, repetitive practice. Laszlo Polgar was right to believe in it.
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Treffert documented the almost unbelievable feats of savants like pianist Leslie Lemke, who can play thousands of songs from memory.
Note:I fenomeni
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savants reproduce “tonal” music—the genre of nearly all pop and most classical music—more easily than “atonal” music,
Note:Nn é una questione di memoria
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They do not merely regurgitate. Their brilliance, just like the Polgar brilliance, relies on repetitive structures,
Note:I pianisti
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Our greatest strength is the exact opposite of narrow specialization. It is the ability to integrate broadly.
Note:Nei videogiochi vs computer
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The progress of AI in the closed and orderly world of chess, with instant feedback and bottomless data,
Note:Il paradiso della macchina
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“The difference between winning at Jeopardy! and curing all cancer is that we know the answer to Jeopardy! questions.” With cancer, we’re still working on posing the right questions in the first place.
Note:I due regni
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“AI systems are like savants.” They need stable structures and narrow worlds.
Note:Ai é una pianista
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When we know the rules and answers,
Note:Golf baseball scacchi musica clasica
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When narrow specialization is combined with an unkind domain, the human tendency to rely on experience of familiar patterns can backfire horribly—like
Note:L inconveniente
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Chris Argyris,
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He studied high-powered consultants from top business schools for fifteen years, and saw that they did really well on business school problems that were well defined and quickly assessed.
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learned inflexibility
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If a student found a solution, they repeated it over and over
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Incredibly, every student who was brand-new to the puzzle discovered the rule for all seventy solutions,
Note:I nuovi meglio dei vecchi vincitori
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The subtitle of Schwartz’s paper: “How Not to Teach People to Discover Rules”—that is, by providing rewards for repetitive short-term success
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Compared to golf, a sport like tennis is much more dynamic, with players adjusting to opponents every second,
Note:La vastitá del tennis
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But tennis is still very much on the kind end of the spectrum compared to, say, a hospital emergency room,
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The world is not golf, and most of it isn’t even tennis.
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• • •
Note:Tttttttttt
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If the amount of early, specialized practice in a narrow area were the key to innovative performance, savants would dominate every domain they touched, and child prodigies would always go on to adult eminence.
Note:Bambini prodigio
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Like golfers, surgeons improve with repetition of the same procedure.
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Accountants and bridge and poker players develop accurate intuition
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Kahneman pointed to those domains’ “robust statistical regularities.”
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vary challenges within a domain drastically,
Note:La cura
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insist on “having one foot outside your world.”
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Scientists and members of the general public are about equally likely to have artistic hobbies, but scientists inducted into the highest national academies
Note:L hobby
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Nobel laureates are at least twenty-two times more likely to partake as an amateur actor, dancer, magician, or other type of performer.
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“it appears as though they are scattering and dissipating their energies,
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those who did not make a creative contribution to their field lacked aesthetic interests outside their narrow area.
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“rather than obsessively focus[ing] on a narrow topic,” creative achievers tend to have broad interests.
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the importance of a calligraphy class to his design aesthetics.
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Jobs
