3 Why Are So Many People Out of Work?

3 Why Are So Many People Out of Work?
Note:i 4 passi dell evoluzione i AIxchè cala la forza lavoro? (chi desidera lavorare)il piccolo imprenditore? un disoccupato che si arrangia

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“labor force participation rate.”
Note:VA GIÙ...ALLA GENTE NN INTERESSA PIÙ LAVORARE?

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Human labor suddenly doesn’t appear so indispensable,
Note:SEMBRA CHE...

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let’s focus on how intelligent machines are likely to make a big difference
Note:FORSE PESANO ANCHE LORO...ANTIPASTINO

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computer chess,
Note:UNA METAFORA X IL FUTURO

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ungainly mechanized beast called Belle,

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GIRAVA NEI TORNEI ANNO 70

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experienced technical difficulties and would spit out nonsense or stop running altogether.
Note:DIFFICOLTÀ FUNZIONALI

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By the 1990s, IBM was working to build a machine
Note:COMINCIA LO SFORZO SERIO

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collaborative efforts between computer programs and top grandmasters—the
Note:LA COLLABORAZIONE

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So was born “Freestyle chess.”
Note:NUOVI TORNEI

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top grandmaster sat down with a computer
Note:SI GIOCA IN COPPIA

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grandmaster supplemented or guided the strategic thinking
Note:RUOLO UOMO

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Freestyle chess circa 2004–2007 favored players who understood very well how the computer programs worked.
Note:DOPPIA CONOSCENZA

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did not have to be great chess players

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figuring out which lines of chess play required a deeper look with the most powerful programs.
Note:L ABILITÀ...INDIRIZZARE LA MACCHINA

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Rybka Cluster)
Note:PROSSIMA GENERAZIONE

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The programs, playing alone without guidance,
Note:I VINCENTI DI DOMANI

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At first the machine hardly adds anything
Note:PRIMO PASSO...CURIOSITÀ

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fill the gaps
Note:FUNZIONE DELL UOMO AL SECONDO PASSO...CMQ UN ESPERTO NEL CAMPO

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humans understand the programs very well,
Note:TERZO PASSO...ESPERIENZA SOLO SUI PC

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The fourth and final step is that the human isn’t needed
Note:QUARTO

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previous collaborators will look for a new job
Note:GLI ESPSRTI DEL SETTORE

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In most parts of the contemporary economy, artificial intelligence and related concepts remain immature
Note:NESSUNA URGENZA

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programs do especially well in chess because it is a totally regularized environment
Note:AMBIENTE REGOLATE

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find “the best move” without having to calculate the psychology
Note:NEGLI SCACCHI POCA PSICO

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more strategic and psychological game of poker.
Note:GIOCHI PIÙ INTERESSANTE

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best players are still humans,

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POKER

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inferences about the mind-states
Note:COSA SERVE... COSA NN HA IL PC

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every now and then a person has to come over if there has been some kind of misunderstanding,
Note:TIPO CASELLO AUTOSTRADA...PREMI PULSANTE

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automated disc jockeys are not that impressive.
Note:LAVORI AL SICURO

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“Denise” has been a disc jockey in San Antonio.
Note:TENTATIVI DISPERATI

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She can tell jokes, report the weather, and look things up on the internet.

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disc jockeys like Denise will require a lot of human aid along the way,
Note:MAX COLLABORAZ

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Our population is growing, but the number of people working continues to fall.
Note:RIPRENDIAMO IL BANDOLO...AD OGNI CRISI SEMPRE MENO GENTE TORNA AL LAVORO

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The single best number to look at is the labor force participation rate,
Note:VARIABILE CRUCIALE

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over 40 percent of adult, non-senior Americans don’t consider it worthwhile to have a job.
Note:IL FATTO

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Adult males are seceding from the workforce—or
Note:LA CATEGORIA DEBOLE

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male slacker, a young man who lives at home, plays video games,
Note:NN A CASO LO STEREOTIPO

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individuals who should be investing in their futures—younger men—are
Note:I GIOVANI SOPRATTUTTO

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they cannot find satisfying work
Note:SEMPRE PIÙ COSÌ

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The numbers on disability confirm the grim overall picture
Note:SEMPRE PIÙ RICHIESTE DI SUSSIDI X INFORTUNI...ANCHE SE I POSTI DI LAVORO NN SONO MAI STATI TANTO SICURI

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people who have not found the modern world of work to be such an attractive option,
Note:NON PIGRI MA POCO MOTIVATI E INTERESSATI...PER QS SI CERCA DI EVADER

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something has gone wrong with work itself.
Note:Ttttttttttt

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jobs has been falling
Note:ANCHE SE POPOLAZ E PRODUZ AUMENTANO

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median income has performed dismally.
Note:IN PIÙ

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Male wages have done starkly worse than median household income.
Note:SOFFRONO SOPRATTUTTO I SALARI

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1969 to 2009,
Note:PERIODO NERO X GLI UOMINI

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wages for the typical or median male earner have fallen by about 28 percent.
Note:STIPENDI

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Scott Winship,
Note:UNO STUDIOSO DI QS VARIABIOLE

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Most economists, when explaining unemployment, cite the Keynesian, neo-monetarist, and “aggregate demand” stories that there is not enough spending in the economy.
Note:PRENDERE UN GRANCHIO...SOTTO C È ALTRO

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This story makes sense, especially as applied to 2008–2009, but it doesn’t explain the longer-run trends.

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NON RILEVA LA CRISI MA COME NE SIAMO USTI IN MODO ANOMALO E INSODDISFACENTE

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labor markets are for many individuals becoming worse.
Note:IL LAVOEO È MOSCIO

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The Great Recession
Note:Ttttttttttt INTEEPRETARE CORRETTAMENTE LA CRISI

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the big job losses of 2008–2009.

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big liquidity crunch.
Note:DAPPRIMA

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they didn’t fire indiscriminately.
Note:REAZIONE ALLA CADUTA DELLA DOMANDA

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but it was also part of a longer trend from the previous decade,
Note:CROLLO DELLA DOMANDA MA ANCHE OCCASIONE

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absorbed into new jobs at a rate much slower than is usual following a recession.
Note:I MESSI FUORI

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jobs being created are more likely low wage

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it can’t afford as many mid-wage jobs as it used to.
Note:LA SCOPERTA...LA MEDIA NN C È PIÙ

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a lot of workers had been overemployed relative to their skills.
Note:LA SCOPERTA...TREND

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“moment of truth,”

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preliminary research by Nir Jaimovich and Henry Siu,
Note:PREMONIZIONI

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polarization is transmitted through the immediate mechanism of recessions,
Note:LA LORO TESI

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new jobs would, for the most part, not look like the old jobs,
Note:ANCHE CON LO STIMOLO KEYNESIANO

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direct personal services, such as running errands for a company or taking care of an elderly person.
Note:TIPO

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you need people to pull the product off the shelf, wrap a box around it, run a mail sticker, and carry it down to the mail room.
Note:COSA SERVE

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I believe these “zero marginal product” workers account for a small but growing percentage of our workforce.
Note:ZMP...STANNO LÌ IN ATTESA DELLO SCARICO

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labor force do you simply not wish to hire, no matter what, no matter how low the wage?”
Note:ANCHE A COSTO ZERO

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“average per-labor-hour productivity”
Note:AUMENTA ANCHE DURANTE LA CRISI

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Those numbers measure how much output the economy produces for each hour worked.

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It’s because we laid off a lot of workers who weren’t producing enough for their level of pay.
Note:ZPW

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If the job does not require high and complex capital investment, the advantage to keeping that job in the United States is lower.
Note:OUTSOURCING

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A lot of Americans are not ready to take such jobs, either financially or psychologically. They have been conditioned to expect “jobs
Note:LAVORI RIFIUTARI

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law and regulation, the United States is increasing
Note:PENALIZZA I LOW SKILL

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conclusion that unemployed young workers will only slowly be reemployed.
Note:CONCL

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Freelancers in Generation Limbo

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Ttttttttttttttt

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Alan Krueger
Note:HA TENUTO D OCCHIO UN DISOCCUPATO TIPO

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six thousand unemployed workers.
Note:ANZI

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not willing to take jobs for much less than their previous salaries.
Note:NONE

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holding out for a better offer
Note:TIPICO

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costs of hiring someone today in the United States are clearly rising, in significant part because of healthcare costs.
Note:CUNEO

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The federal minimum wage was increased over the course of 2008–2009, with the exact figure varying by state.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO DEPRESSIVO

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many American workers are turning to self-employment.
Note:REAZIONE

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We’re not suddenly more energetic;
Note:MA

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a sign that labor markets are not absorbing everyone at a reasonable wage.
Note:NN È UN SEGNO DI CREATIVITÀ

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Rona Economou,
Note:STORIA TIPICA

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She was laid off her well-paying job at a large Manhattan law firm

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she responded by opening Boubouki, a small Greek food stall
Note:NEGOZIETTO

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she wakes up at 5:30 A.M., lifts a lot of heavy bags, and can’t afford to miss a day of work.

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succeed financially,
Note:DIFFICILE

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bring her riches,
Note:IMPOSSIBILE

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A lot of future jobs will look like this—that
Note:Trend

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most of those people would be better off with steady factory jobs, if only such jobs were to be had.
Note:PURTROPPO

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US economy has seen a freelancing explosion,

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contractors, sole proprietors, consultants, temps, and the self-employed.

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More workers will think of themselves as free agents,
Note:CONSOLATORIO

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I should call them micro-jobs.

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drain the “worm juice” from their compost bin.
Note:LAVORETTO X SCIENZIATI

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bought a pair of shoes from Nordstrom and for seventeen dollars delivered them
Note:FAR LA SPESA

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accidentally dropped his keys down the sewer
Note:ANNUNCIO ON LINE E RIPESCAGGIO AL COSTO DI 80€ ...FLASH JOB

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postpone adulthood,

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NESSUN BUON LAVORO

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Generation Limbo.”

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freelance

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bars or bookstores—or

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part-time for websites.

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They have freedoms and flexibilities that older generations
Note:POSITIVO

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spend lots of time with friends and family.
Note:ANCHE

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Sex and parties and good ethnic food

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Still, the longer-run job prospects
Note:MA LA STABILITÀ

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Real earnings for graduates (college degree only) are down since 2000.
Note:PARLIAMO DI LAUREATI...

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threshold earners,
Note:POCO AMBIZIOSI...TIRANO AVANTI

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Berlin, a city that has become renowned for its supply of threshold earners,

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A fifth of the population lives off social transfers,
Note:MANTENUTI

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“aspiration can be a negative word.”
Note:TRA I TW

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get by and have a good time.
Note:TIRARE AVANTI E DIVERTIRSI

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higher pay for bosses,
Note:IL LAVORO OGGI

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more focus on morale in the workplace,
Note:ETICA

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conscientious and obedient workers,
Note:RICHIESTA

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greater inequality

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big gains for the cognitive elite,

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lot of freelancing
Note:SALTABECCARE

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scrambles for workers without a lot of skills.
LOTTA DURA