mercoledì 20 marzo 2019

HL TUTTO Home Economics: The Consequences of Changing Family Structure (Values and Capitalism) Nick Schulz

1 ECONOMICS AND THE CRISIS OF THE FAMILY
Note:a volte riesci a dire io solo se hai una famiglia o x la tua famiglia... ciò rende chiaro xchè famiglia ed economia (la scienza dell individualismo metodologico) siano tanto legatesolidità dell unione coniugale e solidità dell unione nazionale. xchè oggi attribuiamo una differenza tanto marcata alle due cose?pochi matrimoni molti divorzitesi: la solidità familiare incide sull economia... di solito si evita l argomento x nn infilarsi nel tunnel delle guerre culturali... si liquida dicendo che si tratta di scelte xsonalies. sensibilità al rischio e nascita fuori dal matrimonio

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something important was often missing from the broader public discussion
Note:LA SENSAZIONE DELL ECONOMISTA

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the increasing frequency of out-of-wedlock birth.
Note:ES DI CONSEG ECONOMICA DELLO SFALDAMENTO FAMILIARE

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the collapse of the intact family is one of the most significant economic facts
Note:TESI

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I will argue that they may be more important than ever.
Note:LE FAMIGLIE INTATTE

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one built upon brawn to one built upon brains
Note:LA TEDENZA DELL ECONOMIA ODIERNA

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I considered the debates over family structure a cultural issue distinct from economic issues. But over time this bifurcated view became untenable.
Note:CULTURA ED ECONOMIA.... DANNOSO DISTINGUERE

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difficult to discuss depressed wages for low-skilled workers without also bringing out-of-wedlock
Note:DUE COSE LEGATE

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challenging to talk about entrepreneur-led growth and not include the rates of entrepreneurial risk-taking among those raised in intact families
Note:ALTRO COLLEGAMENRO

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do this without passing judgment about divorce or out-of-wedlock births.
Note:SEPARARE LA QUEST MORALE

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exclusively in moral terms
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people simply want to avoid awkward talk of what are seen as primarily personal issues
Note:EVITARE DI METTERE A DISAGIO CHI DISCUTE

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politics of race, feminism, and sexual politics.
Note:IL MISCHIONE DANNOSO

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scientists who point out declining rates of marriage and rising rates of divorce.
Note:ACCUSATI DI RESTAURARE LA PATRIARCHIA

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2 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CHANGING FAMILY STRUCTURE?
Note:quanti cittadini di oggi sono cresciuti in una solida famiglia?il matrimonio è ancora forte tra le elites ma arretra presso i meno abbienti e i meno educatimatrimoni... divorzi... nati fuori dal matrimonio

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fewer than 50 percent of households were made up of married couples.
Note:IL DATO DEL 2011

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unmarried couples, childless households and single-person households are growing
Note:CRESCITA OVUNQUE

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The Pew Research Center
Note:SOTTO

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“The Decline of Marriage and Rise of New Families.”
Note:LA RICERCA PEW

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GOING TO THE CHAPEL?
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Of the total population, we see a smaller percentage of people who are married and increasing percentages of people who are divorced or who never married.
Note:TREND INEQUIVOCABILE

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people who are getting married are doing so later
Note:IN AGGIUNTA

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Ryan Streeter,
Note:ANALISTA...SOTTO

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a huge shift in the moral understanding of the good life in America.
Note:IL MUTATO SENTIMENTO

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“Marriage remains the norm for adults with a college education and good income,” according to Pew. While 64 percent of Americans with a college degree were married, of those with a high school diploma or less, only 48 percent were married.
Note:L ISTRUZIONE IMPORTA...SORPRESA

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Charles Murray in his best-selling book Coming Apart.
Note:UN LIBRO ESPLICITO

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marriage is still quite strong in affluent American precincts, but there has been tremendous erosion as one moves down the income and education scale.
Note:L OSSERVAZIONE

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While just 6 percent of children born to college-educated American mothers are born out of wedlock, the percentage for mothers with no more than a high school education is 44 percent.
Note:STESSO TREND X I FIGLI FUORI MATRIM

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The norm in the country used to be that if a girl became pregnant before she was married, the boyfriend would marry her.
Note:UNA NORMA SOCIALE CHE È SALTATA

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George Akerlof
Note:INTERVIENE SUL TEMA...INSISTENDO SU QUANTO SOPRA

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“Men without Children.”
Note:IL SUO LAVORO

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DIVORCE
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the divorce rate has risen significantly since World War II, with the biggest spike in divorce rates occurring in the 1970s.
Note:TREND E PICCO

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divorce rates were unusually low in the 1950s
Note:LOW

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Divorce rates peaked in the 1980s,
Note:IN REALTÀ

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Since then, the divorce rate has gradually declined, although it is still higher
Note:DOPO...RALLENTA SENZA TORNARE AI PRECEDENTI

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The spike in divorce rates seems most dramatic if you consider the rate not as a percentage of the total population but instead as the rate among married people.
Note:LA COSA È PIÙ GRAVE DI QUEL CHE SI PENSI

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Justin Wolfers and Betsey Stevenson
Note:HANNO STUDIATO IL N DI BAMBINI TOCCATI DA DIVORZIO

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in the 1950s, the average divorce involved 0.78 children while by 1968 that number had risen to 1.34. Since that time, however, fewer children have felt the effects of divorce.
Note:W E B

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family size is decreasing,
Note:CAUSA 1

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divorce may be more concentrated among couples that never had children.
Note:CAUSA 2

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increase in out-of-wedlock births.
Note:CAUSA 3

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OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHS: A NEW NORMAL
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the most dramatic changes
Note:PICCO

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only 5 percent of children were born out of wedlock
Note:ANNO 60

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40 percent.
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2010

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children raised by a single parent
Note:IMPENNATA ANCHE QUI...DAL 9 Al 25

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“It used to be called illegitimacy. Now it is the new normal.”
Note:CAMBIO DI PARADIGMA

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Sara McLanahan
Note:SOTTO

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Princeton University-Brookings Institution
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“more than 80 percent of unmarried parents are in a romantic relationship at the time of their child's birth, and most of these parents have high hopes for a future together.”
Note:LA SITUAZ DELLA COPPIA

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strong rhetorical support among Americans for wanting to get married
Note:EPPURE LA RETORICA RESTA

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cohabiting couples
Note:CRESCONO E NN ISPIRANO FIDUCIA

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more than twice as likely to dissolve than marriages.”
Note:COPPIE COABITANTI

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Researchers at the University of Michigan
Note:SOPRA

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WHAT IS DRIVING THE CHANGE?
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greater acceptance of women in the workplace has meant women can earn an income to provide a measure of economic security
Note:UNA DELLE CAUSE

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the change in the composition of the workforce in half a century
Note:LA VARIABILE CHIAVE

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Scott Hankins and Mark Hoekstra
Note:RIFERIMENTO...SOTTO

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positive income windfalls for women make them less likely to marry.
Note:CORELAZIONE

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decline in middle-class manufacturing jobs
Note:ALTRA CAUSA...I MASCHI SONO MENO SEDUCENTI

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researchers at the University of Virginia’s National Marriage Project
Note:IL RIFERIMENTO SECONDA CAISA

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changes in the economy cannot explain all
Note:TUTTAVIA...

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purely economic explanations for the changes in marriage and birth patterns will get us only a little way in the face of the dramatic scope of the changes that have occurred.
Note:SHIFT VALORIALE

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the acceptability of having sex outside of marriage.
Note:ESEMPIO DI UN VALORE SALTATO

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There has also been a decline in religious participation over the last several decades
Note:ALTRO VALORE SALTATO

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religions place a heavy emphasis on the importance and sanctity of marriage and family life,
Note:E RICORDIAMO COSA SIGNIFICA

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what Mark Bauerlein has called “the separate lives of adolescence.”
Note:ALTRO FATTORE..GLI ADO VIVONO IN UN LORO MONDO

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James Coleman and his landmark work The Adolescent Society
Note:RIFERIMENTO

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they “take longer to mature, to outgrow the values of adolescence.
Note:RISULTATO @@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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3 THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGING FAMILY STRUCTURE
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1 finire la scuola2 lavorare3 sposarsi3 avere figli nel matrimonio@@@le xformance di chi è cresciuto in famiglie fragili: pessimein famiglia si forma il capitale umano e socialeil segreto della famiglia: unione di amore e disciplinala famiglia forma il caratterebig 5: correttezza amicizia dilazionare la gratificazione...heckman: famiglia decisiva... preschool sostitutotirney beaumeister: i geni nn sono tuttomobilità sociale e famigliamatrimonio e povertà

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there are many examples of children who grew up with a single parent but went on to be successful and live normal, happy lives.
Note:QUI SI PARLA IN TEEMINI STATISTICI...SIA CHIARO

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Dysfunction in the home is not destiny.
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broader trends show that most of the consequences of unstable home life are negative.
Note:DATO DI FATA

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Ron Haskins and Isabel Sawhill
Note:RIFERIMENTO...SOTTO

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“if young people finish high school, get a job, and get married before they have children, they have about a 2 percent chance of falling into poverty and nearly a 75 percent chance of joining the middle class by earning $50,000 or more per year.”
Note:RICETTA ANTIPOVERTÀ...L ASTICELLA NN È COSÌ ALTA

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Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur
Note:SOTTO

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Growing Up with a Single Parent:
Note:LA LORO OPERA

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“growing up with a single parent is just one of many factors that put children at risk of failure.”
Note:POCHI DUBBI

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David Ellwood and Christopher Jencks
Note:ALTRI RICERCATORI

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the most troubling feature of family change has been the spread of single motherhood.
Note:LA SUA CONX

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HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
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what Nobel Prize–winning economist Gary Becker called “human capital” and what social scientist James Coleman called “social capital.”
Note:IL CONCETTO CHIAVE X CAPIRE I PROB DI QS BAMBINI

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knowledge, education, habits, willpower—all the internal stuff that is largely intangible—a person has that helps produce an income.
Note:DEFINIZ

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Much crucial human capital is developed when people are young and throughout their adolescence.
Note:QUANDO SI FORMA

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it can be just as important as financial capital in promoting children’s future success”
Note:L IMPORTANZA DEL CAPITALE UMANO

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The family is among the most important institutions for developing human and social capital.
Note:TESI

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Christopher Lasch
Note:COME LA FAMGLIA GENERA HC

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the family reproduces cultural patterns in the individual.
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“The union of love and discipline in the same persons, mother and father, creates a highly charged environment in which the child learns lessons
Note:LA LEZIONE DELLA FAMIGLIA

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Parents first embody love and power,
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NELLE PAROLE DI LASCH

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Human and social capital—including a person’s character, which is shaped by the family—constitutes a crucial part of the skill
Note:CARATTERE

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THE IMPORTANCE OF NONCOGNITIVE SKILLS
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IQ, innate faculties, and accumulated learning from schooling and other sources of knowledge.
Note:COGNITIVE SKILL

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James Heckman
Note:L ESPERTO DELL IMPORTANZA DELLE NS

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noncognitive (or personality)
Note:DEF

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these skills include the ability to read and write well or to solve math and logic problems.
Note:COGNITIVE

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ability to play fairly with others, to delay gratification, to control emotions, to develop and maintain networks of friends and acquaintances,
Note:NC

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Many jobs in a modern economy rely heavily on noncognitive social skills.
Note:OGGI

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“Families are major producers of skills,” Heckman says.
Note:OPINIONE AUTOREVOLE

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They do much more than pass along their genes. Inequality in skills and schools is strongly linked to inequality in family environments.
Note:JH

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If a child is not motivated to learn and engage early on in life, the more likely it is that when the child becomes an adult, he or she will fail in social and economic life”
Note:JH...LA MOTIVAZIONE

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self-control, are not entirely genetic, inborn, or innate.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

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In their book Willpower, the cognitive psychologist Roy Baumeister and science writer John Tierney note an interesting finding relevant to this discussion.
Note:UN BUON TRATTATO

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little doubt that genes play a role in a child’s self-control, several studies that control for genetics still show a difference.
Note:IL MESAGGIO DI WILLPOWER

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ECONOMIC MOBILITY
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the ability to move up the rungs of the economic ladder
Note:MOBILITÀ SOCIALE...LA FAMIGLIA CONTA

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Thomas DeLeire and Leonard Lopoo of the Economic Mobility Project
Note:RIFERIMENTO SOTTO

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“it is not true that parents’ income alone enables children to succeed.”
Note:LA LORO CONCLUSIONE

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parenting style, parental aspirations, and the neighborhoods
Note:COSA PESA

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the structure of the family in which a child grows up
Note:MA SOPRATTUTTO

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Divorce is particularly harmful for children’s mobility.”
Note:IN PARTICOLARE

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“as the country shifts away from marriage, a smaller proportion of adults are experiencing the economic gains
Note:UNA STRANA COINCIDENZA...PEW RESEARCH

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THE FAMILY AND THE POOR
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Nicholas Kristof
Note:UNO SCETTICO CHE SI È CONVONTO DELL IMPORTANZA DELLA FAMGLIA

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“Liberals sometimes feel that it is narrow-minded to favor traditional marriage.
Note:UN PREGIUDIZIO DA CUI SI SONO RISVEGLIATI IN MOLTI

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Solid marriages have a huge beneficial impact on the lives of the poor
Note:MARRIAGE PREMIUM

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4 THE LONG SHADOW OF THE MOYNIHAN REPORT
Note:monyhan: il problema è la famiglia... lui parlava dei negriscoperta: + occupazione ma anche + ricorso al welfare... xchè?nemici della diaagnosi: femministe... si accusano le libertà femminilicivil right: ci si distrae dal problema di fondoil problema: tolleranza e librrtà xsonale sono valori irrinunciabili ma che aggravano la situazione della famiglia

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4@@@@@@@@@@@@@XCHÈ IL PROBLEMA È STATO SILENZIATO

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“The fundamental problem . . . is that of family structure.” —Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 1965
Note:IL PROBLEMA CHAVE

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Moynihan eventually produced a paper analyzing the problems of American inner-city black life. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action was later dubbed The Moynihan Report.
Note:UNA RIVOLUZIONE

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While rates of unemployment were dropping in the 1960s, welfare rates were increasing.
Note:I TREND...LA FORBICE DI MOY

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“The evidence—not final, but powerfully persuasive—is that the Negro family in the urban ghettos is crumbling,”
Note:LA CAUSA

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“Nearly a quarter of Negro women living in cities who have ever married are divorced, separated, or are living apart
Note:1/4

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The report generated a firestorm of controversy, especially after the Watts riots in late summer 1965.
Note:REAZIINE

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Moynihan was eventually accused by some of blaming the victim.
Note:L ACCUSA

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Historian Steven F. Hayward points out that the Moynihan Report was swept into two powerful political currents gathering force in American politics at the time: feminism and the civil rights
Note:I NEMCI DI MY

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reluctant to embrace the idea that a rise of single-mother households was a problem
Note:FEMMINISYE

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perceived Moynihan’s emphasis on problems in black family life as wrong-headed.
Note:MOVIMENTO DIRITTI CIVILI

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the radical rejection of Moynihan along with the rejection of traditional understandings of the family.”
Note:ESITO SOTTO L PRESIDENZA JOHNSON

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What’s wrong with single-parent families anyway? Andrew Young, whom Martin Luther King tapped as his representative to the White House
Note:LA DOMANDA PROGRESSISTA

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FROM THE NEGRO FAMILY TO ALL FAMILIES
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the longer-term trends that have occurred over the last half century, not just in black communities but in the rest of America.
Note:L IMPORTANZA DI MOY

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The role of the family in shaping character and ability is so pervasive as to be easily overlooked. The family is the basic social unit of American life;
Note:L IDEA DI MOY

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PROGRESS IS SELDOM A FREE LUNCH
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Patterson’s excellent book Freedom Is Not Enough recalls the conference.
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2002 UNA CONFERENZA A CUI VENNE INVITATO MOY

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the changes Moynihan documented in 1965 were now widespread across the developed world.
Note:COSA NOTARONO TUTTI

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while Scandinavian countries had much higher rates of out-of-wedlock births than the United States, they had far higher percentages of unmarried parents staying together to raise their children.
Note:QUALCHE DIFFERENZA

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Christopher Jencks
Note:IDEA PROVOCATORIA

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widespread cultural acceptance of two ideals: ‘tolerance’ and ‘personal freedom.’
Note:CAUSA PRINCIPALE DELLA DISGREGAZIONE

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progress is seldom a free lunch.”71
Note:LA SUA CONCLUSIONE

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THE UNIMAGINABLE HAPPENED
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Many of the issues his report highlighted—a decline in marriage, rising illegitimacy rates, and so on—moved into the country’s emerging culture-war politics.
Note:IL REPORT DI MOY FINI NEL CAOS DELLE GUERRE CULTURALI

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5 WHAT TO DO AND THE LIMITS OF POLICY
Note:le scienze sociali ci dicono cosa nn fareheckman: agire sulla prima infanzia dei bimbi disagiatilimiti dei risultati di heck: campione invasività fadeout... non sopravvalutiamo: un po meno male è sempre molto maletassare il divorzio o dilatarloaccesso anticoncezionalilavoro facilefavori fiscali alla famiglia... occorrono ricerchetroppi fattori x sperare nelle policy.. cultura psicologia storia personalità combinazioni

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“okay, what do we do now?”
Note:LA DOMANDA

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social sciences instead teach us what is not working.”
Note:IL RUOLO DELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI...NN TANTO FORNIRE SOLUZIONI

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INTERVENTIONS
Note:Tttttttttttt

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James Heckman,
Note:SOTO

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“large investments in early childhood education from birth to age five.”
Note:SOLUZIONE H

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One influential study involves the HighScope Perry Preschool project,
Note:UNO STUDIO

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While there is evidence that early-stage intervention programs yield positive results, we should not overstate the benefits.
Note:PRUDENZA

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the average additional schooling was less than one year
Note:UN PO POCHINO X I BIMBI TRATTATI

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While there was a big effect on teen pregnancy, those who were part of the program still had out-of-wedlock birth rates well over 50 percent.
Note:BENE E MALE

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phenomenon social scientists call fadeout.
Note:PERICOLO X L EARLY INTERVENTION

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Jim Manzi,
Note:SOTTO

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“those rare programs that do work usually lead to improvements that are quite modest, compared to the size of the problems they are meant to address or the dreams of the advocates.”
Note:UN CERTO SCETTICISMO

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interventions Heckman and others are talking about are invasive.
Note:ALTRO DIFETTO

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“serious interventions require us to trespass onto the most intimate precincts of life:
Note:WILSON GIÀ METTEVA SULL AVVISO

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The best and strongest “intervention” a child can receive from the crucial ages of birth to five will come from attentive, loving, biological parents. If that is absent, there may be significant limits to what public policy can achieve and we should not pretend otherwise.
Note:UNA COSA SEMBRA CERTA

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STRENGTHENING INTACT FAMILIES
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one idea is to tax divorce.
Note:R.RENO

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Joseph Epstein notes that the Prophet Mohammed once described divorce as “the most detestable of all permitted things.”
Note:UNA BUONA DEFINIZIONE

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People make many choices that impose costs on others, and one policy approach to address those costs is to tax those activities. As a result we put taxes on smoking and drinking
Note:GIUSTIFICAZIONE DELLA TASSAZIONE

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Another idea is to use policy to delay divorce.
Note:ALTRA IDEA

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Leah Ward Sears and William J. Doherty,
Note:SOTTO

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about 40 percent of US couples already well into the divorce process say that one or both of them are interested in the possibility of reconciliation.”
Note:SI TORNA INDIETRO

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it would likely take public leadership and persuasion of a kind and degree unlikely to appear soon to change laws to make divorcing much more difficult.
Note:DIFFICOLTÀ POLITICHE

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greater access to pregnancy control technologies?
Note:PROPOSTA X LE NASCITE FUORI

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Sara McLanahan
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Barely half of highly educated single, sexually active, young Americans use birth control all the time, despite widespread family-planning education and availability of birth-control technology.
Note:GIÀ TUTTO FACILMENTE ACCESSIBOLE...MA

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education and preparation programs that might help strengthen marriages
Note:ALTRA PROPOSTA

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David Ellwood and Christopher Jencks have argued that “increasing opportunities for less skilled men seems to be an unambiguously positive step.”
Note:UN MODO X AIUTARE LA SEDUZIONE MASCHILE

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finding work opportunities for low-skilled workers would help make men more marriageable.
Note:CONCETTO RIPETUTO

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we should be skeptical of making large gains, given that many less-skilled men today are themselves products of broken or fragile families. As such they are lacking much of the human and social capital that makes them employable
Note:SCETTICISMO

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Ellwood and Jencks also say that “supports for existing two parent families would seem to reduce their vulnerability.”
Note:AIUTI ECONOMICI

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family-friendly tax policies,
Note:ESEMPIO

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It is another area worthy of study and experimentation.
Note:ANCORA TUTTO APERTO

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THE LIMITS OF POLICY
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“The Limits of Policy,” New York Times writer David Brooks
Note:NN CONTIAMO TROPPO SULLA POLITICA

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“influence of politics and policy is usually swamped by the influence of culture, ethnicity, psychology and a dozen other factors.”
Note:LA CULTURA CONTA DI PIÙ

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All we can say for sure is that different psychological, cultural, and social factors combine in myriad ways to produce different viewpoints. As a result of these different viewpoints, the average behavior is different between different ethnic and geographic groups, leading to different life outcomes.
Note:TUTTO TROPPO COMPLICATO

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Some social changes are like a tube of toothpaste.
Note:CONCLUSIONE AMARA

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6 HUMAN CAPITAL, SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND CHARACTER
Note:buon carattere: empatia e autocontrollo

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How might the government of a free society reshape the core values of its people and still leave them free? —James Q. Wilson
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I pointed out that the role of soft capital—human and social capital and character—in
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one of the chief mechanisms for inculcating that soft capital, the family, has weakened
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THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER
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James Q. Wilson
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To have good character means at least two things: empathy and self-control.
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parents teach children to regulate their immediate impulses for the benefit of more distant rewards. We see this when parents insist a child do his homework or practice piano instead of watching television, run with a well-behaved crowd as opposed to a more exciting but troublesome group of peers,
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The family “profoundly shapes [a child’s] character,” Lasch tells us.102 Today we are seeing some of what can happen to character formation when a critical character-forming institution falls apart over the course of five decades.
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FAMILY AT THE CENTER
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Elites were at one time silent about the harms of smoking or actively promoted it. Today the attitude of elites is much different; many of them rail against smoking with great vigor
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The point is simply that we need not be fatalistic in the face of large and dramatic changes in family structure.
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smoking was accepted unquestioningly for a long period did not mean it would remain so forever.
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Ron Haskins and Isabel Sawhill, Creating an Opportunity Society (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009).
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