HL intro - Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

Introduction
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Luca Cavalli-Sforza,
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The History and Geography of Human Genes,
Note:1994

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archaeology, linguistics, history, and genetics
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how the world’s peoples got to be the way they are today.
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handicapped by the paucity of genetic data
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nearly useless compared to the far more extensive information from archaeology and linguistics.
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the few major new claims that Cavalli-Sforza did make have essentially all been proven wrong.
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the dark ages of DNA.
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to reconstruct the great migrations of the past based entirely on the genetic differences
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the only possibility was to measure proteins in the blood,
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he and his colleagues had assembled data from more than one hundred such variations
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moving beyond protein variation and directly examining DNA,
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the results corresponded uncannily well to commonly held intuitions about the deep ancestral
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(West Eurasians, East Asians, Native Americans, New Guineans, and Africans).
Note:RAZZE

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They interpreted this as a genetic footprint of the migration of farmers into Europe from the Near East,
Note:MIGRAZIONE DA SUD EST A NORD OVEST DIAGONALE

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intellectually attractive, but it was wrong.
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gradients like those observed in Europe can arise without migration.
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It took the revolution wrought by the ability to extract DNA from ancient bones—the
Note:IL CHIODO NELLA BARA DI LCS.....NUOVA VGERSIONE DA SUD EST A SUD OVEST A NORD

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He was correct in his assumption that the present-day genetic structure of populations echoes some of the great events in the human past.
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The problem is not just that people have mixed with their neighbors,
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His bet was that the past was a much simpler place
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the past was no less complicated than the present.
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a visionary
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but also tells how Moses was not allowed to reach the promised land.

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MA...

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Cavalli-Sforza saw before anyone else the full potential of genetics for revealing the human past, but his vision predated the technology needed to fulfill it.
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several hundred thousand times more data,
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archaic Neanderthal genomes,10 the archaic Denisova genome,11 and an approximately four-thousand-year-old individual from Greenland.
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whole-genome analysis of ancient DNA went into hyperdrive.
Note:2015

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By August 2017, my laboratory alone had generated genome-wide data for more than three thousand ancient samples.
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technology for the genome-wide ancient DNA revolution was invented by Svante Pääbo
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When Meyer and Fu extracted DNA from Tianyuan’s leg bones, they found that only about 0.02 percent of it was from the man himself. The rest came from microbes that had colonized his bones after he died.
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The method of DNA isolation that Meyer and Fu developed has been central
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The cost of producing genome-wide data dropped to less than five hundred dollars per sample.
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These advances mean that whole-genome study of ancient DNA no longer requires screening large numbers of skeletal remains before it is possible to find a few individuals whose DNA can be analyzed.
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the population of northern Europe was largely replaced by a mass migration from the eastern European steppe after five thousand years ago
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farming developed in the Near East more than ten thousand years ago among multiple highly differentiated human populations that then expanded in all directions
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human migrants into the remote Pacific islands beginning around three thousand years ago were not the sole ancestors of the present-day inhabitants.
Note:ALTRA SCOPERTA

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Yet genetic evidence before around 2009 was mostly incidental to studies of the human past in other fields,
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The ancient DNA revolution is rapidly disrupting our assumptions about the past.
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populations that separated tens of thousands of years ago.
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Present-day populations are blends of past populations, which were blends themselves.
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the orthodoxy that has emerged over the last century—the idea that human populations are all too closely related to each other for there to be substantial average biological differences among them—is no longer sustainable,
DOPO LA RIVOL GENOMICA