4 Philosophical Objections to Open Borders

4 Philosophical Objections to Open Borders
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There exists a common-sense and liberal presumption in favor
Note:RIASSUNTO ARGOMENTI OPEN BORDER

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overall consequences appear to be extremely positive.
Note:INOLTRE...

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The Effects on Those Left Behind
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David Miller
Note:Il RAPORESENTANTE

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will do little to help the very poor, who are unlikely to have the resources to move to a richer country.
Note:L EMIGRAZIONE NN AIURA CHI STA PEGGII...DRENA LE ENERGIE MIGLIORI

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Thomas Pogge
Note:RAPPR 2

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immigrants are likely to be among the “more privileged” people from their societies
Note:SECONDO POGGE

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forcing the “more privileged” people to stay in poor countries, has negative effects.
Note:NEI FATTI È VERO IL CONTRARIO

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discourage people to invest in education
Note:ESEMPIO...EASTERLY

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Allowing people to leave also tends to have positive effects on political processes.
Note:REAZINE POSITIVA DELLA POLITICA

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One reason is that emigration allows previously excluded people to participate more
Note:SPIEGAZIONE

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preventing people from leaving can threaten political stability.
Note:ALTRA SPIEGA

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through remittances.
Note:BENEFICI ECONOMICI

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But what if the facts were different? If immigrants fleeing the extractive conditions of their homes means that they in some way hurt those who stayed behind,
Note:PER AMOR DI DISCUSSIONE

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One possible reason would be that the people in Sudan need Widad’s services more than Canadians do.
Note:UNA RAGIONE POSSIBILE X TRATTENERE

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it is highly implausible to think that others have some kind of claim on our services, such that their need limits our freedom
Note:PRIMO

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Canada should force its doctors to work in Sudan.
Note:ESISTE UN DOVERE DEL GENERE?

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A more popular argument is that Widad has special obligations to the people of Sudan.
Note:VERSIONE ALTERNATIVA

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Sudanese people invested their tax payments in Widad’s education.
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Gillian Brock
Note:RAPPRESENTANTE DELLA TESI

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Kieran Oberman
Note:RAPPRESENTANTE

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In this case, it’s plausible that Widad is obligated to stay in Sudan for three years after she graduates.
Note:UN CASO DI PATTO ESPKICITO CON UN FILANTROPO

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Could governments treat people’s freedom to move in a similar way?
Note:LA DOMANDA

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Widad’s agreement matters because the requirement to repay cannot be simply foisted upon her.
Note:UN PATTO SEMBRA NECESSARIO IN MODO CHE SORGANO ISTITUZIONI ALTERNATIVE

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There’s something deeply perverse about seeing people like Widad as, quite literally, “public investments”:
Note:DIGNITÀ DELLE XSONE

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She has a life to lead,
Note:CcccccccccSCHIAVIZZAZIONE? COMPRATO AL MERCATO?

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People like Brock seem to think it desirable that anyone who receives a benefit must repay this. We do not.
Note:CONCLUSIONE...NO AL TRIBALISMO

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One of the reasons we endorse markets is precisely that they create so many positive externalities
Note:IN UNA SOCIETÀ DI MERCATO LE ESTERNALITÀ POSITIVE SI INCAMERANO

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treating Widad as a mere source of tax money,
Note:PERVERSO

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responding to vulnerabilities and losses by imposing additional burdens on those already unfortunate enough to be living there.
Note:ALTRA XVERSIONE

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Wellman on Sovereignty and Self-Determination
Note:Tttttttttttt SINTESI: SI HANNO CONTRATTI DI ASSOCIAZIONE TRA INDIVIDUI O TRA STATI MA NN TRA STATI E VINDIVIDUI....IL DIRITTO A NN ASSOCIARSI,QUINDI,IN QS CASI NN PUÒ ESSERE INVOCATO

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states have the right to exclude immigrants as a part of their right to self-determination.
Note:L ARGOMENTO PRINCIPE

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Just as clubs have the right to restrict members
Note:ANALOGIA

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it avoids the empirical problems
Note:IL PUNTO FORTE DELL ARGOMENTO

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Another advantage is that the idea that states have a right to self-determination is widely shared.
Note:ALTRO PUNTO DI FORZA

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it’s a cornerstone of much philosophy of international affairs, and it has broad popular support.
Note:CcccccccccIL MITO DELLA VOLONTÀ GENERALE

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Christopher Wellman
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right to free association.

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=>DIRITTO DI AUTODETERMINAZIONE=>DIRITTO DI ESCLUDERE

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Suppose Bas decides he wants to marry Jason, but Jason turns him down. It would be plainly wrong for Bas to force Jason to marry him. Jason is a self-determining,
Note:ES CON LE XSONE

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What’s true for Bas and Jason is also true for individuals and organizations.
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If Bas wants to join the local country club, but they turn him down, he cannot force them to accept him.
Note:ESEMPIO TRA LIBERE ASSOCIAZIONI

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the same holds between countries. The United States cannot unilaterally force Canada to enter into some treaty;
Note:ESEMPIO TRA STATI

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The final step in Wellman’s argument is to claim that the same is true for immigration as well.
Note:FINAL STEP

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1.The right to self-determination of states gives them the right to choose with whom they wish to associate. 2.Immigrants associate with the state. 3.Therefore, states with a right to self-determination have a right to choose whether or not to allow immigration.
Note:L ARGOMENTO RIASSUNTO

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The key difference is between the nature of the agent whose self-determination is in play.
Note:IL PUNTO DEBOLE DELL ARGOMENTO

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individuals
Note:1

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group-agents
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country
Note:3

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having self-determination as the combination of the rights of self-determination of its individual members.
Note:COME SI PASSA DALL AUTODETERMINAZIONE DEL SINGOLO A QUELKA DEL GRUPO?...LA POSIZIONE INDIVIDUALISTA

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groups possess rights not merely in virtue of the (directly transferred) rights of their members or citizens, but in virtue of their status as groups per se.
Note:L OTTICA COLLETTIVISTA

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the members of states (people like us) decidedly do not freely accept the terms of association.
Note:LO STATO È UN ASSOCIAZIONE PARTICOLARE

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In the state, there often is no clear connection between the individual members’ wills and the collective.
Note:ESEMPIO...SE LO STATO FOSSE UN ASSOCIAZIONE NN SI CAPIREBBE XCHÈ IL SESSISMO SIA DA CONSIDERARE INGIUSTO

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Individualist self-determination does not apply to states.
Note:LA PREMESSA 1 È FALSA NELL OTTICA INDIVIDUALISTA

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The crux, then, is whether immigrants seek to associate with the state as a collective—and not, for example, with its members as individual persons.
Note:NELL OTTICA COLLETTIVISTA DIVENTA PROBLEMATICA LA PREMESSA 2

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It’s not as if they’re proposing a kind of treaty, as we saw in the example of Canada.
Note:DIFFICILE PENSARE AD UN PATTO CON LO STATO

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Compare someone (call him Ahmed) successfully immigrating into a country like Canada, with Canada successfully joining the United States in some treaty. Wellman thinks that Ahmed and the United States are similarly placed with respect to Canada. But this is false.
Note:UN IMMIGRATO NN SI ASSOCIA CON UNO STATO MA VIENE INCORPORARTO IN ESSO....NN STIPULA UN TRATTATO

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If we understand self-determination in the collectivist manner, as Wellman says we should, premise 2 is false.
Note:RIASSUMENDO

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should the state decide that it no longer wants to associate with people of a certain race or ethnicity,
Note:FORTUNATAMENTE L ARGOMENTO DI W NN TIENE ALTRIMENTI....

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Instead of offering control over the population that governs itself, it offers that population—whatever it may be—control over how it governs itself.
Note:L IDEA DI AUTODETERMINAZIONE DEVE ESSERE UN ALTRO

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Prioritizing Co-Citizens
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borders can be closed because of special obligations of distributive justice that hold primarily among fellow citizens.

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STEPHEN MACEDO...LA RELAZIONE SPECIALE...OBIEZIONE RAWLS

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citizens stand in a special moral relationship of collective self-governance.
Note:FONDAMENTO

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protect the least well-off in rich societies:
Note:DIRITTO DI CHIUDERE

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all of whom may be in the top decile of world income,
Note:I POVERI DEI PAESI RICCHI

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Even if democratic states ought to prioritize the welfare of their own worst-off, this doesn’t license doing just anything.
Note:IN OGNI CASO LA COSA NN TOCCA L IMMIGRAZIONE

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when wealthy countries restrict immigration, they do more than simply prioritize their citizens over foreigners. They are not merely distributing resources.
Note:INFATTI

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If we really had to choose between liberty and distributive justice in this way, people still have a right to move
Note:SEMPLICE

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Michael Blake,
Note:ALTRO RAPORESENTANTE

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governments owe a guarantee of freedom to their own citizens, but not to foreigners.
Note:ARGOMENTO DELLA GARANZOA LIMITATA

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This latter idea, that our rights and freedoms need to be given to us, things to be granted only after first being coerced by some state institution, is extremely implausible.
Note:UN IDEA ALQUANTO STRANA

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The idea here is that basic freedoms are afforded to people as a condition of state legitimacy, not fundamental moral requirements that people might claim against the state.
Note:L IDEA DI RAWLS È BEN DIVERSA......OBIEZIONE A BLAKE: ROVESCIA IL PARADIGMA...IL PROBLEMA DIVENTA LEGITTIMARE L INDIVIDUO NN LO STATO

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Final Thought: Making Immigrants Welcome
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A recent study compared the economic effects of short-term work by farmers from Haiti in the United States, where no US workers are available. Compared to the effects of more traditional assistance, the study found that the policy raised workers’ earnings on average by a staggering 15 times.
Note:UN PROGRAMMA ANTI POVERTÁ

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an honest thinker should begin to wonder why all these arguments fail. Perhaps there is an underlying reason why none of them succeed.
Note:ESISTE UN MASTER ARGOMENT?

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When countries confine immigrants to refugee camps or migrant centers, they deny them the possibility of being productive.
Note:ANCHE LA BUROCRAZIA È UN MALE

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Intentionally or not, restrictive labor and business regulations in Europe have contributed to the formation of an underclass of second- and third-generation immigrants living in poverty and without opportunity. When roughly a quarter of people under the age of 24 are unemployed, as they are in places like Sweden and France, immigrants and their children are the first to lose out.
Note:LA BUROCRAZIA EUROPEA...LE PRIME VITTIME

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11 The Climate Change Objection to Economic Growth
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