HL 4 The Influence of Benefits on Claimant Reproduction

4 The Influence of Benefits on Claimant Reproduction
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welfare state can proliferate the employment-resistant personality
Note:L IPOTESI DEL CA 1

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welfare claimants on average have more children
Note:TESI DA VERIFICARE

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the optimal strategy is to produce as many offspring as possible but put little effort into their care.
Note:QUANDO REGNA L ABBONDANZA

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produce fewer offspring but care for them conscientiously
Note:QUANDO REGNA LA SCARSITÀ

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Fisher (1930) and Dobzhansky (1950)
Note:GLI AUTORI DELA DOPPIA STRATEGIA

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MacArthur and Wilson (1967)
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insect species tend to be closer to the r selection
Note:UN CO DI STRATEGIA DELL ABBONDANZA

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vertebrate species tend to be closer to the K selection
Note:ES STRATEG DELLA SCARSITÀ

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a welfare state eliminates competition for vital resources

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WELFARE E STRATEGIA DELL ABBONDANZA

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studies that suggest the employment-resistant personality profile is associated with a preference for r selection, regardless of whether there is a welfare
Note:ALTRO LINK TRA WELFARE E STRATEGIE RIPRODUTTIVE

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there is a link between the employment-resistant personality profile and rapid, irresponsible reproduction,
Note:DESIDERI A BREVE

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the welfare state will increase the number of children born into disadvantaged households
Note:LA RISULTANTE

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being born into a disadvantaged household raises the risk of developing the employment-resistant personality profile (Heckman et al., 2013),
Note:E IL CERCHIO SI CHIUDE

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the most economically successful citizens typically raised twice as many children as citizens of average economic success
Note:FONTE GREG CLARCK GB PRIMA DEL 1800

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employment-resistant personality characteristics have gradually gained the evolutionary upper hand
Note:CON LAVVENTO DEL WELFARE

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as financial benefits per child increase, so does the number of children born to claimants,
Note:CONTRO LO STEREOTIPO POVERTÀ=>FIGLI#########

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increases in the generosity of child benefit funding in the UK over the last decade of approximately 50 per cent per child have increased the number of children born to claimants by approximately 15 per cent
Note:ES INGLESE

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is the employment-resistant personality rather than poverty that leads to the reproductive strategy of having many children
Note:CONFERMATO DA TONGE 1975

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A farewell to alms
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imagine that your country is populated entirely by individuals with the employment-resistant personality profile but you need treatment for cancer. Who are you going to turn to?
Note:ESPERIMENTO MENTALE

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skilled jobs and thousands of others like them are vital for the effective running of the modern world.
Note:SKILLED JOB

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we can estimate that there are about 100,000 people living in the UK (1 in 600 of the population) with personality profiles that are sufficiently antisocial to cause severe adjustment
Note:LE PROP OGGI

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1,000,000 people living in the UK (1 in 60 of the population) who are sufficiently antisocial to have some adjustment problems.
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70 per cent of the population are solid citizens,
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Britain became unusually stable in political and economic terms from approximately AD 1100, much earlier than had previously been suspected.
Note:LE TESI DI CLARK.....LA STABILITÀ SOCIALE NN È LA BASE DELLA RIVOLUZIONE..XCHÈ QS STABILITÀ INIZIA BEN PRIMA...ALMENO ROSPETTO ALL EUROPA

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gradual, evolutionary change in the personality profile of the population towards greater cooperation and diligence
Note:LA LUNGA STABILITÀ SOCIALE

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conscientiousness and agreeableness).
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stability and peace of Britain from about 1100 significantly increased the economic pay-offs for cooperative, diligent and pro-social behaviour.
Note:CONSEG DELLA PACE

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Clark found that economic success that highly conscientious and agreeable British people experienced between about 1100 and 1800 translated into greater reproductive success:
Note:RICCHEZZA=>PROLIFICITÀ

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But, according to Clark, there weren’t enough occupational niches at the top of society for all of the offspring of the economic elite,
Note:I MIGLIORI CARATTERI ANCHE TRA LE CLASSI BASSE

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downward mobility, with, for example, the offspring of wealthy landowners becoming farmers,
Note:IL FENOMENO DECISIVO

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Eventually, by around the year 1800, Clark claims that this process triggered an economic and technological leap
Note:LA CONSEG ULTIMA

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Personality and reproduction in the modern era

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we should find that, following the advent of the welfare state from the mid-twentieth century, there is an increasing tendency for the employment-resistant personality profile to be associated with relatively high rates of reproduction.
Note:SE LA TEORIA DI CUI SOPRA È FONDAYA

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We should therefore see evidence that relatively low levels of childhood self-control are associated with having relatively large numbers of children and that this tendency should become more pronounced in later cohorts as the welfare state becomes ever more entrenched in the culture of the nation.
Note:PROXY

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a doubling, in just 12 years, of the strength of the association between low scores on childhood self-control and having large numbers of children as an adult.
Note:STUDIO NCDS

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as the welfare state has become more entrenched in Britain, there has been a strengthening of the tendency for employment-resistant individuals to have large numbers of children.
Note:CONFORME AI DATI

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five studies have measured associations between number of offspring and personality
Note:ANCHE SE LA DISCIPLINA È AGLI ALBORI

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finding that conscientiousness-domain scores were negatively correlated with reproduction.
Note:SEDMBRA CHIARO

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we require a study that measured the change in associations between personality and reproduction in different birth cohorts spanning pre-welfare state eras up to modern times.
Note:MA LA CORRELAZIONE NN È CAUSAZIONE

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another study by Jokela (2012) provides just such an analysis.
Note:SIAMO FORTUNATI

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the negative association seen in modern studies emerged with increasing strength up to the final cohort
Note:COL WELFARE L ASSOCIAZIONE SI RINFORZA

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Welfare and reproduction
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This contrasts with pre-welfare eras when people who were economically unsuccessful – and thus presumably less conscientious and agreeable – tended to raise fewer children than average citizens (Clark, 2007).
Note:LA SITUAZIONE DI OGGI ROVESCIA IL TREND

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problem families tended to waste it on such needless items as expensive toys, luxury chocolates, cigarettes and alcohol, a spending pattern that typically left their children poorly fed, poorly clothed and in unheated houses.
Note:FAMIGLIE BISOGMISE TENDONO AD ESSERE SPRDECONE

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Conclusion
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