HL 5 Pleistocene Wars

5 Pleistocene Wars
Note:5@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,811

POSSIBLY A VERY ODD HAPLOGROUP
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,812

Sérgio D. J. Pena,
Note:ALLA RICERCA DEGLI INDIANI NEL SANGUE DEI CONTEMPORANEI...SIAMO IN BRASILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,816

trying to bring back a people who vanished thousands of years ago.
Note:UNA DESCRIZIONE DEL SUO LAVORO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,816

wrestling with a scientific puzzle that had resisted resolution since 1840.
Note:IL RITROVAMENTE DI OSSA UMANE E DI GROSSI ANIMALI.....SE CONTAMPORANEE ALLORA LA PRESENZA UMANA È MOLTO PIÙ DATATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,818

Peter Wilhelm Lund,
Note:IL ROTROVATORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,820

people had been living in the Americas many thousands of years ago,
Note:L IPOTESI DA VERIFICARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,824

bones could be fifteen thousand years old—possibly the oldest human remains in the Western Hemisphere.
Note:TEST DEL 1960

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,826

these people were in many ways physically quite distinct from modern Indians,
Note:SCOPERTA SINGOLARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,827

the Lagoa Santa people could not have been the ancestors of today’s native populations.
Note:IL SOSPETTO....LAGOA È IL LUOGO DEL RITROVAMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,828

earliest inhabitants of the Americas must have been some other kind of people.
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,829

some mysterious non-Indians had lived fifteen thousand years ago in the heart of Brazil,
Note:I NN INDIANI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,832

using genetics as a historical tool
Note:NUOVA MODA ...PENA INCLUSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,837

In 1999 his team tried to extract DNA from Lagoa Santa bones. When the DNA turned out to be unusable,
Note:DELUSIONE DEL PENA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,838

he decided to look for Lagoa Santa DNA in the Botocudo.
Note:ALTERNATIVA SUI POPOLI DALLE ORECCHIE DILATATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,844

With their slightly bulging brows, deepset eyes, and square jaws, the Botocudo were phenotypically different
Note:UN POPOLO SOSPETTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,845

a difference comparable to the difference between West Africans and Scandinavians.
Note:DISTANZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,846

Botocudo were phenotypically similar to the Lagoa Santa people.
Note:MA SOPRATTUTTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,852

The second and much smaller genome is of the DNA in mitochondria;
Note:DOVE REPERIRE IL DNA DI QS POPOLO SCOMPARO?… IN OGNI CELLULA CE N È TRACIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,855

Mitochondria are widely believed to descend from bacteria
Note:IL LORO GENOMA REPLICA SU SCALA RIDOTTA QUELLO ORIGINALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,858

Children’s mitochondria are thus in essence identical to their mother’s.
Note:IL MITOCONDRIA VIENE DAGLI OVULI...MAMMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,864

an ethnic group’s mitochondrial DNA could provide clues to its ancestry.
Note:DAL 70 LA TECNICA È UTILIZZATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,867

just four mitochondrial haplogroups account for 96.9 percent of Native Americans
Note:GIÀ SAPPIAMO CHE...OMOGENEITÀ DEI NATIVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,868

Three of the four Indian haplogroups are common in southern Siberia.
Note:E SAPPIAMO ANCHE CHE...

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,871

some Brazilian men of European descent were marrying Botocudo women.

Note | Location: 2,871

ED ECCO L IDEA...ANCHE SE I BOTOCUDO SONO SPARITI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,874

Pena had blood samples from people who believed their grandparents or great-grandparents were Indians and who had lived in Botocudo territory.
Note:SI PASSA ALL AZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,879

Indian numbers were far higher than previously thought,
Note:LA SCOPERTA DI CUI AL CAP PRECEDENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,881

Indian societies were older and more sophisticated than was thought possible even twenty years ago.
Note:SU COSA CI CONCENTRIAMO IN QS PARTE DEL LIBRO....

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,882

when human beings first came to the Americas
Note:UNA DISPUTA CHE SEMBRA VINTA DAI RETRODATATORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,884

two thousand years before scientists had thought,
Note:2000 ANNI PRIMA DEL PREVISTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,888

Unfortunately for the experts, in the 1920s and 1930s their initial theories about the timing of Indians’ entrance into the Americas were proven wrong,
Note:LA CAUSA SCATENANTE DEL DILETTANTISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,890

in the 1980s and 1990s a gush of new information about the first Americans came in from archaeological digs, anthropological laboratories, molecular biology
Note:ALTRO MOMENTO DI GRANDE DUBBIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,896

Again the experts were said to have been proved wrong,
Note:FRUSTRAZIONE TRA GLI ACCADEMICI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,897

A field that had seemed unified was split
Note:ROTTURA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,905

I had asked Pena what he thought the reaction would be if he discovered that ancient Indians were, in fact, not genetically related to modern Indians.
Note:REAZIONE?

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,910

LOST TRIBES
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,911

for the most part the initial Indian-European encounter was less of an intellectual shock to Indians than to Europeans.
Note:LO CHOC DELL INCONTRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,915

They often approached visitors as if they might be deities,
Note:APPROCCIO PASCALIANO DI MOLTI NATIVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,919

empirically testing their divinity by forcing their heads underwater for long periods
Note:TEST

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,922

why he didn’t order his army to wipe out the Spaniards immediately.
Note:MONTAZUMA SALVÒ CORTES X QUESTIONI RELIGIOSE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,923

none of the conquistadors’ writings mention this supposed apotheosis, not even Cortés’s lengthy memos
Note:MA L IPOTESI DI QS ACCOGLIENZA È DUBBIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,925

True, the Mexica apparently did call the Spaniards teteo, a term referring both to gods and to powerful, privileged people.
Note:INDIZIO A FAVORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,931

If the Wampanoag and Mexica had shamans who could magically inflict sickness, why couldn’t the British?
Note:X MOLTI INDIGENI I POTERI DIVINI APPARTENGONO ANCHE A UOMINI NORMALI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,933

Indians were theologically prepared for the existence of Europeans.
Note:UN FATTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,940

Columbus went to his grave convinced that he had landed on the shores of Asia, near India.
Note:X GLI EUROPEI LA COSTERNAZIONE FU MAGGIORE....NN TANTO X COLOMBO MA QUANDO SI SCOPRÌ CHE NN ERA ASIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,942

According to Genesis, all human beings and animals perished in the Flood
Note:DILUVIO...GLI UNICI SALVATI SULL ARARAT

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,947

Acosta was “forced” to conclude “that the men of the Indies traveled there from Europe or Asia.”
Note:L IPOTESI DEL GESUITA ESPERTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,953

Acosta’s hypothesis was in basic form widely accepted for centuries.
Note:ORTODOSSIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,957

the most widely accepted candidates were the Lost Tribes of Israel.
Note:MA CHI SI SPOSTÒ DALL EUROPA?

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,958

The story of the Lost Tribes is revealed mainly in the Second Book of Kings
Note:LIBRO DEI RE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,969

Indians were not circumcised.
Note:IL PROBLEMA CHE FA DIFFICOLTÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,969

Jews were cowardly and greedy, and Indians were not.
Note:ALTRO PROB PE ACOSTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,970

Lost Tribes theory was endorsed by authorities from Bartolomé de Las Casas to William Penn,
Note:ALTRI SI CONVINSERO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,972

James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, calculated from Old Testament genealogical data that God created the universe on Sunday, October 23, 4004 B.C.
Note:PARENTESI...COSE IMPARATE OGGI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,981

the find proved that the ancestors of modern humans had lived during the Ice Ages, tens of thousands of years ago.
Note:ALTRI RITROVAMENTI CHE PROVANO UNA PRESENZA SIN DAL PLEISTOCENE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,989

“BLIND LEADERS OF THE BLIND”
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,993

Abbott regarded as proof that Pleistocene Man had lived in New Jersey
Note:IL RITROVAMENTO DI ABBOTT...10000/ ANNI FA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,995

If modern Indians had migrated from Asia, Abbott said, they must have “driven away” these original inhabitants.
Note:INFERENZA DI ABBOTT

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,008

The bureau dispatched William Henry Holmes to scrutinize the case for Pleistocene proto-Indians.
Note:SI SCOMOD l AVCADEMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,014

Underlying his actions may have been bureau researchers’ distaste for “relic hunters” like Abbott,
Note:ODIO X I DILETTANTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,017

he dismissed the “ancient artifacts” as much more recent
Note:HOLMES SI RECÓ IN TUTTI I RITROVAMENTI...COMPRESO QUELLO DI ABBOTT

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,022

geologist W. J. McGee believed it was his duty to protect the temple of Science from profanation by incompetent and overimaginative amateurs.
Note:UN ALTRO PROTAGONISTA DELLA BATTAGLIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,027

Abbott’s medical practice collapsed
Note:IL SUO FANATISMO EBBE EFFETTI COLLATERALI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,028

he hunted for evidence of Pleistocene Indians during weekends
Note:I WEEKEND DI ABBOTT

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,030

he besieged scientific journals with angry denunciations of Holmes and McGee, explanations
Note:UN TROLL

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,035

the “scientific men of Washington” who were conspiring against the truth.
Note:IL SUO BERSAGLIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,059

The skeletons are completely modern,
Note:LA SENTENZA DELLO SMITHSONIAN

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,061

if you find a skeleton six feet deep in the earth that the bones are a lot newer than the dirt around them.
Note:AVVISO AGLI APPASSIONATI.....SMITHSONIAN

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,063

Hrdlička
Note:IL CUSTODE DELL ORTODOSSIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,064

founded the American Journal of Physical Anthropology;
Note:NONCHÈ FONDATORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,065

inspected, and cataloged more than 32,000 skeletons from around the world,
Note:INDUSTRIOSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,066

suspicious of anything that smacked of novelty
Note:CONTRO LE MODE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,069

he discredit all purported findings of ancient Indians
Note:SIGNOR NO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,070

for decades it was a career-killer for an archaeologist
Note:LA SUA FUNZIONE...ODIAVA I ROTROVAMENTI ISOLATI...O POMPEO O NULLA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,074

“Where are the implements, the bones of animals upon which these old men have fed?
Note:LA SUA SOLITA DOMANDA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,076

FOLSOM AND THE GRAYBEARDS
Note:TtttttttttttttttttUN RITROVAMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,079

Born a slave before the Civil War, McJunkin had no formal education
Note:IL PROTAGONISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,082

he tried over the years to show the bones to local Folsomites.
Note:TESTONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,083

Jesse D. Figgins, head of the Colorado Museum of Natural History,
Note:CHI PRESE IN MANO LA SITUAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,086

Its members quickly stumbled across two artifacts—not crude, Abbott-style arrowheads, but elegantly crafted spear points.
Note:ULTERIORI SCAVI DI FIGGINS

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,087

spear points was pressed into the dirt surrounding a bison bone.
Note:UOMINI CONTEMPORANEI A ANIMALI MILLENARI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,090

the Americas had been inhabited during the Pleistocene,
Note:LA SCOPERTA DI FIGGONS

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,093

Hrdlička told Figgins that if more spear points turned up, he should not excavate them,
Note:L INCONTRO CON L ACCADEMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,094

ask the experts to supervise their excavation.
Note:Ccccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,096

Figgins had sent excavation teams to several areas in addition to Folsom, and had also found implements in them.
Note:L ENTUSIASMO CRESCE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,098

he was now claiming that the artifacts were half a million years old. Half a million years! One can imagine Hrdlička’s disgust
Note:LA ROTTURA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,102

In August 1927 Figgins’s team at Folsom came across a spear point stuck between two bison ribs.
Note:ALTRA PROVA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,105

“the whole forty-year battle was essentially over.
Note:FINE DELLE OSTILITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,111

remark that the site wasn’t conclusive proof
Note:UNICA DIFESA RIMASTA AI GUARDIANI DELL ORTODOSSIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,112

“He won every battle but lost the war,” Meltzer said. “Every one of the sites that he discredited was, in fact, not from the Pleistocene.
Note:IRONIA DELLA SORTE...TUTTE BALLE MA LA TESI ERA GIUSTA...UN CASO ALLA JETTER

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,115

THE CLOVIS CONSENSUS
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,118

Wandering in the basins south of Clovis, he observed what looked like immense bones protruding from the dry, blue-gray clay.
Note:WHITEMAN TROVA GLI ELEFANTI...DICIANNOVENNE SCRIVE ALLO SMITHSONIAN

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,121

Paleontologist Charles Gilmore took the train
Note:RISPOSTA A SORPRESA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,127

Gilmore walked around the area for an hour, decided that it was of no interest,
Note:DELUSIONE!!!!

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,130

a local newspaper reporter put him into contact with Edgar B. Howard, a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania,
Note:ALTRO CONTATTO X WHITEMAN

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,134

a construction project near Clovis unearthed more huge bones.
Note:CONTRIBUTI INVOLONTARI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,136

EXTENSIVE BONE DEPOSIT AT NEW SITE. MOSTLY BISON, ALSO HORSE & MAMMOTH.
Note:IL TELEGRAMMA DI H ALL UNIVERSITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,139

looking for areas in which, like Folsom, human artifacts and extinct species were mixed together. He quickly found several and set to digging.
Note:COSA SI CERCAVA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,146

Howard’s workers revealed that Blackwater Draw had hosted not one, but two ancient societies.
Note:OGETTI DI FATTURA MOLTO DIVERSA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,147

This second, earlier culture became known as the Clovis culture.
Note:CLOVIS

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,150

even the most skeptical archaeologists quickly accepted the existence and antiquity of the Clovis culture.
Note:ZERO DISCUSSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,154

Whiteman was not invited; he died in Clovis in 2003 at the age of ninety-one.)
Note:IL MEGASIMPOSIO DELLA CONSACRAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,160

By focusing on skeletons, he was able to avoid discussing Clovis, the focus of the conference, because Howard had found no skeletons there.
Note:ARDLI KA ELUDE CLOVIS NEL SUO INTERVENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,163

Its hallmark was the “Clovis point,”
Note:IL SIMBOLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,169

During the next few decades, they discovered more than eighty large paleo-Indian sites throughout the United States, Mexico, and southern Canada.
Note:LA STURA AI RITROVAMENTI PALEO INDIANI...TITTI CON CLOVIS POINT

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,174

dates did not come in until the 1950s, when Willard F. Libby, a chemist at the University of Chicago, invented carbon dating.
Note:ARRIVA LIBBY

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,179

understand cosmic rays,
Note:LA PASSIONE DI LIBBY DA GIOVANE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,185

every living cell has a consistent, low level of C14
Note:TUTTI GLI ESSERI VIVENTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,187

When people, plants, and animals die, they stop assimilating C14. The C14 already inside their bodies continues to decay, and as a result the percentage of C14 in the dead steadily drops.
Note:DECADENZA DEL C14

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,189

every 5,730 years, half of the C14 atoms in nonliving substances become regular carbon atoms.
Note:IL RITMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,198

Libby won a well-deserved Nobel Prize in 1960.
Note:NOBEL

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,200

Archaeologists had been making inferences from limited, indirect data.
Note:PRIMA....CHE RIDERE LA RIVOLUZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,207

carbon dating showed that it was occupied between 13,500 and 12,900 years ago.
Note:CLOVIS CULTURE...ESITO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,209

The Clovis culture arose just after the only time period in which migration from Siberia seemed to have been possible.
Note:ORIGINE....PRIMA ERA TUTTO GHIACCIATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,231

Haynes drew attention to the correlation between the birth of “an ice-free, trans-Canadian corridor” and the “abrupt appearance of Clovis artifacts some 700 years later.”
Note:CONCOMITANZE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,237

The fractious archaeological community embraced his ideas with rare unanimity;
Note:TRIONFO DEL DATATORE HAYNES

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,241

they would see in the forests and plains an impossible bestiary of lumbering mastodon, armored rhinos, great dire wolves, sabertooth cats, and ten-foot-long glyptodonts like enormous armadillos.
Note:COSA VEXDEVANO I MIGRANTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,246

At about the time of Clovis—between 13,800 and 11,400 years ago, according to a 2009 study—almost every one of these species vanished.
Note:ESTINZIONE DI MASSA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,249

Americas had become “a zoologically impoverished world,
Note:SECONDO AR WALLACE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,253

domesticated animals have changed Indian societies,
Note:CONSEG PROFONDE DELL ESTINZIONE DEGLI ANIMALI ADDOMESTOCABILI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,254

Absent the extinctions, the encounter between Europe and the Americas might have been equally deadly for both sides
Note:CONTAGI RECIPROCI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,256

coincidence between the paleo-Indians’ arrival and the mass extinction,
Note:COINCIDENZE SFORTUNATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,258

Extinction, he claimed, was the nigh-inevitable outcome when beasts with no exposure to Homo sapiens suddenly encountered “a new and thoroughly superior predator,

Note | Location: 3,259

SECONDO MARTIN PAUL...PALEONTOLOGO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,260

Martin said, that an original group of a hundred hunters crossed over Beringia and down the ice-free corridor.
Note:I PRIMI....ESPLOSIONE DELLA FERTILITÀ E GIÙ FINO AL GOLFO DEL MESSICO E ALLA TERRA DEPL FUOCO.....ESTINGIENDO ANIMALI INGENUOTTI CHE NN LI CONOSCEVANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,267

“the swift extermination of the more conspicuous native American large mammals.”
Note:DA ATTRIBUIRE A CLOVIS

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,270

in their view suggests that the extinction wave was more likely due to the abrupt climatic changes at the end of the Pleistocene;
Note:LA VERSIONE DI ALTRI PALEO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,271

previous millennia had experienced equally wild shifts with no extinction spasm.
Note:L OBIEZIONE DI MARTIN

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,271

similar extinctions occurred when human beings first invaded Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, and the Polynesian Islands.
Note:INOLTRE...ANALOGIE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,275

Clovis people were thought to have a special yen for mammoth:
Note:LA LORO PASSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,277

hunters stalked individual beasts until they were close enough to throw a spear in the gut. “Then you just follow them around for a day or two until they keel over from blood loss or infection,”
Note:TECNICHE DI CACCIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,286

the Clovis people switched from mammoths to the smaller, more numerous bison.
Note:DOPO L ESTINZIONE DEL MAMMUTH

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,288

the men wanted to spot herds when they came to drink.
Note:ACCAMPAMENTI SUI LAGHETTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,293

CONTINENTAL DIVIDE
Note:ccccccccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,295

A coalition of Indian tribes had taken Washington State to court over a treaty it had signed with them in 1854,
Note:IL DIRITTO DEGLI INDIANI SU SALMONE DI WASHINGTON

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,298

circumstances had changed too much
Note:LA DIFESA DI W

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,299

state repeatedly appealed, twice reaching the U.S. Supreme Court.
Note:SEMPRE RAGIONE AGLI INDIANI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,317

archaeologists have aroused the ire of some Native American activists.
Note:UNA SCOPERTA FATTA FREQUENTANDO GLI INDIANI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,333

Aleš Hrdlička and the overkill hypothesis.
Note:IL MOTIVO X CUI GLI INDIANI CE L HANNO CON GLI ARCHEOLOGI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,348

people had discovered that Indians were better stewards of the land.
Note:NEGLI ANNI SESSANTA IL MITO DELL INDIANO ECOLOGICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,350

Indians had been the authors of an ecological mega-disaster.
Note:MA POI....L IPOTESI DELL OVERKILL

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,353

“Archaeologists are trapped in their own prejudices,” Vine Deloria Jr., the Colorado political scientist, told me.
Note:ARCHEOLOGI ACCUSATI DA PIÙ.PARTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,354

Carl Sauer
Note:IL PRIMO SULL OVERRKILL...ANNI TRENTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,370

the most persuasive scientific critiques on Clovis initially came from fields that overlapped archaeology, but were mainly outside of it: linguistics, molecular biology, and geology.
Note:I CRITICI DI CLOVIS....OCCORREVA FAR FUORI L IPOTESI X INVALIDARE L OVERKILL

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,376

Indians spoke some 1,200 separate languages
Note:UN ENORMITÀ SECONDO MOLTI....DA UNA RICERCA PRO CLOVIS

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,376

By contrast, all of Europe has just 4 language families—Indo-European, Finno-Ugric, Basque, and Turkic
Note:DISANALOGIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,385

According to Greenberg’s linguistic analysis, paleo-Indians had crossed over Beringia not once, but thrice.
Note:TRE ONDATE...2000 AC...7000 AC E 12000 AC

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,390

G. Turner II, a physical anthropologist at Arizona State, supported the three-migrations scheme with dental evidence.
Note:SUPPORTO ALLE TRE ONDATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,404

Greenberg’s three-family division, Campbell thought, “should be shouted down in order not to confuse nonspecialists.”

Note | Location: 3,405

LYLE CAMPBELL STATE UNIVERSITY SI SMARCA DA GREENBERG

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,407

the three-migrations theory was widely attacked, it spurred geneticists to pursue research into Native American origins. The main battleground was mitochondrial DNA,
Note:E QUI TORNIAMO AL DR PENA DELL INIZIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,419

.2 to .3 percent every ten thousand years.
Note:LE MUTAZIONI DEL GENOMA CALCOLANO I TEMPI...LA NOVOTÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,421

when the original group had migrated to the Americas: 22,414 to 29,545 years ago. Indians had come to the Americas ten thousand years before Clovis.
Note:NUOVE DATAZIONI A SORPRESA DA PARTE DEI GENETISTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,430

Indians had left Asia thirty-three thousand to forty-three thousand years ago,
Note:LE STIME DI BONATTO BOLZANO...ANALIZZANO ALTRI INDIOS

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,431

soon after the migrants arrived in Beringia they split in two.
Note:LA SEPARAZIONE E LA DISCESA A SUD PRIMA DEL PICCO DI FREDDO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,434

When that ice barrier closed, though, the Indians who stayed in Beringia were stuck there for the duration: almost twenty thousand years.
Note:LA TRAPPOLA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,435

Finally the temperatures rose, and some of them went south,
Note:LA SECONDA ONDATA...E POI FORSE UNA TERZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,436

just one group of paleo-Indians colonized the Americas, but it did so two or three times.
Note:RIASSUNTO TESI BOLZANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,442

“the ‘Clovis First’ archaeological model of a late entry of migrants into North America is unsupported by the bulk of new archaeological and genetic evidence.”
Note:IL CASINO SOTTO IL CIELO È GRANDE MA UNA COSA È CERTA....CLOVIS NN È L INIZIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,444

COAST TO COAST
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,445

Monte Verde, a boggy Chilean riverbank excavated by Tom Dillehay of the University of Kentucky;
Note:LE NUOVE SCOPERTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,451

If Monte Verde was a minimum of 12,800 years old, Indians must have come to the Americas thousands of years before that.
Note:DA BERING AL CILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,456

“People refused to shake my hand at meetings,” Dillehay told me.
Note:COME FUNZIONA LA SCIENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,474

Haynes, who had authenticated Monte Verde in 1997, announced in 1999 that the site needed “further testing.”
Note:LA DISPUTA SU MONTE VERDE....DIFFICILE DA DIGERIRE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,483

Regarding Monte Verde, Haynes told me, “My comment is, where are the photographs of these ‘artifacts’ when they were in place? If
Note:MANCANO FOTO IN SITU X MONTE VERDE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,493

Dillehay’s team published more evidence of occupation
Note:SI INSISTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,494

Michael Waters from Texas A&M University announced in Science a remarkable discovery: fifteen thousand artifacts at a site in central Texas that predated Clovis by more than two millennia.
Note:PRE CLOVIS...ALTRO MATERIALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,498

a technique invented in the 1990s that determines the last time minerals were exposed to sunlight.
Note:STIMOLAZIONE OTTICA...UN METODO DI DATAZIONE IMPIEGATO IN ASSENZA DI CARBONIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,501

The ultimate demise of the Clovis dogma was inevitable,
Note:INUTILE INSISTERE...CIVILTÀ PRECEDENTI A CLOVIS SONO ESISTITE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,510

Unable to repel the quacks with a clear theory
Note:L ARCHEOLOGIA UFFICIALE HA UN PROBLEMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,517

the collapse of the Clovis consensus means that archaeologists must consider unorthodox possibilities,
Note:UNA DISCIPLIN PIÚ APERTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,517

some other people preceded the ancestors of today’s Indians into the Americas.
Note:IN PARTICOLARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,519

James Kennett proposed that a comet three miles in diameter struck Canada eleven thousand years ago. The ensuing planetary catastrophe plunged the earth into cold
Note:TEDORIA ALTERNATIVA ALL OVERKILL

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,523

scientific teams looked for similar evidence in other archaeological sites. All failed to find it. “Mammoth-Killer Impact Flunks Out,” reported Science in 2010.
Note:AHIMÈ

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,527

“Anything goes now, apparently,” Fiedel told me. “The lunatics have taken over the asylum.”
Note:IL PROB È APERTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,531

Fladmark was so surprised to learn of the paucity of evidence for the ice-free corridor that he wondered if paleo-Indians had instead gone down the Pacific coast by boat.
Note:LA TEORIA OGGI IN VOGA

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,539

Future searches will be difficult: thousands of years ago, the melting glaciers raised the seas,
Note:MA LE RICERCHE SULLA COSTA SONO DIFFICILI

Yellow highlight | Location: 3,564

Britain, home of my ancestor Billington, was empty until about 12,500 B.C., because it was still covered by glaciers. If Monte Verde is correct, as most believe, people were thriving from Alaska to Chile
CERTO CHE LA COSA LASCIA DUBBIOSI...UNA TEORIA STABILE NN ESISTE