HL HUERTA IRRIGATION…

HUERTA IRRIGATION…
Note:HUERTA@@@@@@@@@@

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84 irrigators served by the Benacher and Faitanar canals in Valencia gathered at the monastery of St. Francis to draw up… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:NEL 1435

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rights to water from these canals, how the water would be shared in good years as well as bad, how responsibilities for maintenance would be shared, what officials they would elect and how, and what fines would… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:L OGGETTO

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Many rules concerning the distribution of irrigation water were already well established… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:C È UN PRIMA

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conflict over water has always been just beneath the surface of everyday life, erupting from time to time
Note:UNA REGIONE ARIDA

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Maass and Anderson (1986)

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CHI STUDIÒ BENE LA FACCENDA

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Glick (1970)
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Valencia
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the Turia River are divided into eight major canals serving the 16,000-hectare huerta.
Note:IL PRIMO CASO

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Over 80% of the farms are less than 1 hectare,
Note:AGRICOLTORI PICCOLI...MOLTO FRAMMENTATI

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Most winters are frost-free, and the summers are hot and sunny.
Note:TEMPO

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potatoes, onions, and a wide diversity of vegetable crops.
Note:PRODOTTO

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The variation in the flow of the Turia River has historically been quite high. Years of low water flow have been followed by years of extensive flooding.
Note:IL PROBLEMA

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Until the turn of this century, no dams had been constructed on the Turia River
Note:NIENTE DIGHE

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irrigated land (regadiu), and the remaining lands in these huertas are dry lands (seca).11 Some land is entitled to water only in times of abundance (extremales).
Note:TASSONOMIA EREDITATA DALLA SITUAZIONE

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each piece of regadiu land is entitled to a quantity of canal water proportionate to its size.
Note:IL PRINCIPIO

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irrigators from seven of the major canals are organized into autonomous irrigation communities whose syndic,12 or chief executive, participates in two weekly tribunals.
Note:L ORGANIZZAZIONE...TRIBUNALE DELL ACQUA

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met on Thursday mornings outside the Apostles’ Door of the Cathedral of Valencia.
Note:QUANDI È CONVOCATO...FORTI TRADIZIONI ISLAMICHE

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Its proceedings are carried on without lawyers, but with many onlookers.
Note:DIBATTIMENTO

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immediate decision regarding the facts
Note:TEMPI

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a second tribunal, which serves as a coordinating committee encompassing all seven of the canals to determine when to institute operating procedures related to seasonal low waters or to discuss other intercanal problems.
Note:SECONDA ISTITUZIONE

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His responsibilities include the basic enforcement of the regulations of his own unit. He lias the power to make authoritative physical allocations of water when disputes arise in the day-to-day administration of the waterworks, to levy fines, and to determine the order and timing of water deliveries during times of severe shortages
Note:SYNDIC

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In modern times, the hereters elect an executive committee (junta de gobierno) to consult with the syndic until the next biannual meeting.
Note:ALTRO ORGANO...DECIDE QUANDO CHIUDERE I CANALI X LA MANUTENZIONE

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abundance, seasonal low water, and extraordinary drought.
Note:LE CONDOZIONI AMBIENTALI DA CUI DIPENDONO LE DECISIONI ALLOCATIVE

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allowed to take as much water as they need
Note:IN ABBONDANZA

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water is distributed to specific farmers through a complex, rule-driven hydraulic system.
Note:LOW WATER

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Each farm on a distributory canal receives water in a set rotation order,
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If a farmer fails to open his headgate when the water arrives there, he misses his turn and
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In periods of extraordinary drought, these prm:edures are modified so that farms whose crops are in the most need of water are given priority over farms whose crops require less water.
Note:SICCITÀ

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As a drought period continues, the syndic and his representatives take more and more responsibility for determining how long each farmer may have water,
Note:CENTRALITÀ SYNDIC

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Given that everyone is watching everyone else, there is considerable potential for violence among irrigators and between irrigators and their agents.
Note:VIOLENZE

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In 1443 there were 441 fines assessed; in 1486 there were 499 fines (Glick 1970, p. 54).
Note:STABILITÀ

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fines at a rate of more than one per day.
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the temptation to obtain water not legally available to the farmer
Note:VIOLAZIONE COMUNE

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actions that caused harm to others (flooding a road or a fallow field, wasting water)
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Thus, approximately 25,000 opportunities for theft occurred, as contrasted to 200 recorded instances of illegal taking of water. That would give a recorded infraction rate of 0.008.
Note:COMPLIANCE

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suspect that high enforcement levels have been required to dampen the ever present temptation to steal water,
Note:CONTROLLI

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even though the syndic received two-thirds of the fine (the other third going to the accuser) and the authorized levels for fines were set high, the actual fines assessed “were very low
Note:INTERESSANTE....FREQUENZA E MITEZZA

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From time to time, the cost to a farmer of waiting for his next legal turn to receive water, as contrasted to stealing water available in the canal, would be extraordinarily high.
Note:COASE

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the guards did not deeply antagonize the farmers, who generally adhered to the rules.
Note:COASE PORTA A BUONI RAPPORTI

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Assessing harsh punishment to someone who usually follows the rules, but in one instance errs in the face of a desperate situation, can engender considerable antagonism and resentment (Oliver 1980).
Note:COME CON O BAMBINI

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Murcia and Orihuela
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Segura River
Note:IL FIUME DI CUI PARLIAMO ORA...ANCORA PIÙ SECCO CHE A VALENCIA

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Of the 13,300 farms included within the service area of the huerta of Murcia, 83% are less than a single hectare. Of the 4,888 farms in the huerta of Orihuela, 64% are less than a single hectare, and 86% are less than 5 hectares.
Note:PICCOLISSIMI

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water rights in Murcia and Orihuela are tied to the land.
Note:ANCHE QUI

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Regadiu and seca lands were designated long ago and have remained stable for centuries.
Note:AMCHE QUI

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more emphasis on the problem of watering highlands and lowlands
Note:IL PROBLEMA

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Each farmer is assigned a tanda, a fixed time period during which he may withdraw water.
Note:SI VA A TEMPI

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The tanda procedure has some advantages over the turno procedure used in Valencia. Each farmer can plan his activities with a greater degree of certainty as to when he will be able to irrigate.
Note:CFR CON VALENCIIA

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When extraordinary low-water conditions are in effect, the officials of each community post a new schedule for each rotation of the season – approximately every two weeks – indicating which crops will be given precedence
Note:EMERGENZA

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Both huertas have established water courts in which farmers can bring charges against each other
Note:GIURISDIZIONE INDIPENDENTE

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(Consejo de Hombres Buenos)
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Alicante
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Monnegre River
Note:IL PROSSIMO CASO

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The even greater shortage of water in this huerta,
Note:QUI CO VUOLE UNA STRAYEGIA PARTICOLARE

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Shortly after Alicante was recovered from the Muslims, rights to withdraw water for fixed time periods were separated from ownership of land, and a market in these rights existed apart from the market for land.
Note:DIRITTI NEGOZIABILI

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Local irrigators have sought out still other sources of water, and that has involved them in extensive contractual arrangements with large-scale private water companies.
Note:COMAGNIE PROVAYE

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the water rights could not be sold to individuals whose land lay outside the huerta.
Note:CONTRO LA SPECULAZIONE

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They can purchase scrip in three ways: at an informal market among holders of rights conducted on Sunday morning before a formal auction is held; at the formal auction; and on market days, when farmers are congregating for trade.
Note:TRE MERCATI DEI DIRITTI

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to vote in the general assembly of the community, a farmer must own 1.8 hectares of land; to vote for the executive commission, 1.2 hectares of land; and to be eligible to serve on the commission, 3.6 hectares of land
Note:REGOLE DIVERSE QUI

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National authorities have exerted more control over irrigation matters in Alicante than in the other huertas. A large structure, such as Tibi Dam, can be seized and used as a source of revenue and power by a rent-seeking ruler. Although Philip II did not attempt to exercise control over the Tibi Dam when it was built, the dam was transferred to royal ownership for a century in 1739.
Note:RENT SEEKING

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The Spanish Civil War also interrupted the control that farmers exercised over the irrigation syndicate.
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By the time the centralized monarchy based on the Castilian model came to dominate Spain and Latin America, the autonomy of the huertas was well established. The continuing willingness of the irrigators in these regions to stand up for their rights attests that they had greater autonomy than did those in other parts of Spain.
Note:UN AUTONOMIA BEN DIFES

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the system that has evolved in Alicante enables farmers to be most efficient in using other input factors. The system devised in Valencia is the least efficient of the Spanish systems, with the Murcia-Orihuela systems coming in between.
UNA STIMA DI MAAS....PIÙ BISOGNO PIÙ EFFICIENZA