THE FINE-TUNING DESIGN ARGUMENT
Citation (APA): collins, r. (2018). THE FINE-TUNING DESIGN ARGUMENT [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
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THE FINE-TUNING DESIGN ARGUMENT By robin collins
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I. INTRODUCTION
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The Evidence of Fine-tuning
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Scientists call this extraordinary balancing of the parameters of physics and the initial conditions of the universe the "fine-tuning of the cosmos."
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BILANCIAMENTO INIZIALE
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Today, it is widely regarded as offering by far the most persuasive current argument for the existence of God.
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GOD
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Paul Davies--whose
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ESEMPIO
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Fred Hoyle
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ANCORA
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If the initial explosion of the big bang had differed in strength by as little as 1 part in 1060, the universe would have either quickly collapsed
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PRIMO FINE TUNING
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if the strong nuclear force, the force that binds protons and neutrons together in an atom, had been stronger or weaker by as little as 5%, life would be impossible.
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NUCLEAR FORCE
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if gravity had been stronger or weaker by 1 part in 1040, then life-sustaining stars like the sun could not exist.
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TERZO ELEMENTO
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If the neutron were not about 1.001 times the mass of the proton, all protons would have decayed into neutrons
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QUARTO
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If the electromagnetic force were slightly stronger or weaker, life would be impossible,
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QUINTO
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Preliminary Distinction
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the atheistic single-universe hypothesis and the atheistic many-universes hypothesis.
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LE DUE IPOTESI ATEE
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there is only one universe, and it is ultimately an inexplicable, "brute" fact
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ASH
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imaginatively thought of as a "universe generator" that produces a very large or infinite number of universes, with each universe having a randomly selected set of initial conditions and values for the parameters of physics.
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MANY UNIVERSES
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II. CORE ARGUMENT RIGOROUSLY FORMULATED
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whenever we are considering two competing hypotheses, an observation counts as evidence in favor of the hypothesis under which the observation has the highest probability
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PRINCIPIO DELLA CONFERMA
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fine-tuning is much, much more probable under the theism than under the atheistic single-universe hypothesis
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ESEMPIO
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The existence of the fine-tuning is not improbable under theism.
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PREMESSA 1
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The existence of the fine-tuning is very improbable under the atheistic single-universe hypothesis.
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PREMESA 2
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it follows that the fine-tuning data provides strong evidence to favor of the design hypothesis
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CONCLUSIONE
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since God is an all good being, and it is good for intelligent, conscious beings to exist, it not surprising or improbable that God would create a world that could support intelligent life.
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SUPPORTO ALLA PREMESSA 1
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III. SOME OBJECTIONS TO CORE VERSION
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Objection 1: More Fundamental Law Objection
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there could be a more fundamental law under which the parameters of physics must have the values they do.
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OB 1
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Under this hypothesis, what is improbable is that all the conceivable fundamental physical laws there could be, the universe just happens to have the one that constrains the parameters of physics in a life-permitting way.
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IMPROBABILE
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A similar sort of response can be given to the claim that the fine-tuning is not improbable because it might be logically necessary for the parameters of physics to have life-permitting values.
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TAPPABUCHI FISICALISTA
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Objection 2: Other Forms of Life Objection
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other forms of life could exist even if the parameters of physics were different.
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OB 2
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most cases of fine-tuning do not make this presupposition. Consider, for instance, the case of the fine-tuning of the strong nuclear force. If it were slightly larger or smaller, no atoms could exist other than hydrogen.
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NEGAZIONE NEI FATTI...ALMENO X LA VITA INTELLIGENTE
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Objection 3. Anthropic Principle Objection:
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if the laws of nature were not fine-tuned, we would not be here to comment on the fact.
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OB 3
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fine-tuning is not really improbable or surprising at all under atheism,
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CONCLUSIONE
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The response to this objection is to simply restate the argument in terms of our existence: our existence as embodied, intelligent beings is extremely unlikely under the atheistic single-universe hypothesis
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RIPROPORRE L ARG CARDINE
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"firing-squad" analogy. As John Leslie
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ANALOGIA ESPLICATIVA
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Objection 4: The "Who Designed God?" Objection
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OB 4
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postulating the existence of God does not solve the problem of design, but merely transfers it up one level.
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5
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George Smith,
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the atheist claim that the designer of an artifact must be as complex as the artifact designed is certainly not obvious.
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PRIMA OSSERVAZIONE
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in the world we experience, organized complexity seems only to be produced by systems that already possess it,
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PLAUSIBILITÀ INTUITIVA
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even if we were to grant the atheist assumption that the designer of an artifact must be as complex as the artifact, the fine-tuning would still give us strong reasons to prefer theism
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NEL CFR CON ASH
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The final response theists can give to this objection is to show that a supermind such as God would not require a high degree of unexplained organized complexity to create the universe.
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TERZA RISPISTA
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IV. THE MANY-UNIVERSES HYPOTHESIS
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The Many-Universes Hypothesis Explained
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According to this hypothesis, there are a very large--perhaps infinite --number of universes, with the fundamental parameters of physics varying from universe to universe.
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DESCRIZ
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We will present what are probably the two most popular and plausible, the so-called vacuum fluctuation models and the oscillating Big Bang models.
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DUE IPOTESI DI FORMAZIONE
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According to the vacuum fluctuation models, our universe, along with these other universes, were generated by quantum fluctuations in a pre-existing superspace (e.g., see Quentin Smith, 1986, p. 82).
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PRIMO MODELLO POSSIBILE
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According to the oscillating Big Bang theory, our universe will eventually collapse back in on itself (what is called the "Big Crunch") and then from that "Big Crunch" will arise another "Big Bang", forming a new universe, which will in turn itself collapse, and so on.
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ES DI UN MODELLO
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Reasons for Rejecting the Many-universes Hypothesis
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everything else being equal, we should prefer hypotheses for which we have independent evidence or that are natural extrapolations from what we already know.
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PRIMA RAGIONE DI RIGETTO...SPIEGAZIONE PIÙ NATURALE ANALOGICA
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Most of us take the existence of dinosaur bones to count as very strong evidence that dinosaurs existed in the past. But suppose a dinosaur skeptic claimed that she could explain the bones by postulating a "dinosaur-bone-producing-field" that simply materialized the bones out of thin air. Moreover, suppose further that, to avoid objections such as that there are no known physical laws that would allow for such a mechanism, the dinosaur skeptic simply postulated that we have not yet discovered these laws or detected these fields.
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ANALOGIA
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although no one has directly observed dinosaurs, we do have experience of other animals leaving behind fossilized remains, and thus the dinosaur explanation is a natural extrapolation from our common experience.
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XCHÈ RIFIUTIAMO QS SPIEGA
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In the case of the fine-tuning, we already know that minds often produce fine-tuned devices,
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ANALOGIA SPIEGATA
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it is difficult to see how the atheistic many-universes hypothesis could be considered a natural extrapolation from what we observe.
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we have some experiential evidence for the existence of God, namely religious experience.
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INOLTRE
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A second reason for rejecting the atheistic many-universe hypothesis is that the "many-universes generator" seems like it would need to be designed.
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SECONDA RAGIONE
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A third reason for rejecting the atheistic many-universes hypothesis is that the universe generator must not only select the parameters of physics at random, but must actually randomly create or select the very laws of physics themselves.
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TERZA RAGIONE
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makes this hypothesis seem even more far-fetched
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EFFETTO
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For example, without the law of inertia, which guarantees that particles do not shoot off at high speeds, life would probably not be possible (Leslie, Universes, p. 59).
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ESEMPIO
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Another example is the law of gravity: if masses did not attract each other, there would be no planets or stars, and once again it seems that life would be impossible.
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ALTRO ESEMPIO
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many physicists, such as Albert Einstein, have observed that the basic laws of physics exhibit an extraordinary degree of beauty, elegance, harmony, and ingenuity. Nobel Prize winning physicist Steven Weinberg, for instance, devotes a whole chapter of his book Dreams of a Final Theory (Chapter 6, "Beautiful Theories") explaining how the criteria of beauty and elegance are commonly used to guide physicists in formulating the right laws.
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QUARTA RAGIONE X RIFIUTARE...L UNIVERSO NN È SOLO ORDINATO È ANCHE BELLO!!!!!
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Now such beauty, elegance, and ingenuity make sense if the universe was designed by God.
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The problem for the atheist is to explain how the universe could have started out in a highly ordered state, since it is extraordinarily improbable for such states to occur by chance.
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ULTIMA RAGIONE.... ENTROPIA....IL PROGETTO È COMLESSISSIMO
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Now our question is, Could the atheistic many-universes hypothesis explain the high degree of initial order
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DOMANDA
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Consequently, even under the atheistic many-universes hypothesis, it would still be enormously improbable for intelligent beings to find themselves in a universe such as ours which is highly ordered throughout.
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CONCLUSIONE
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(See Sklar, chapter 8
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PER COMPRENDERE MEGLIO LA DIFFICOLTA DI CAPIRE QUALI SONO I GIUSTI PARAMETRI
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Conclusion
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V. OVERALL CONCLUSION
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the strongest atheist argument against theism, the argument from evil.
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UN CFR COL FT
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the atheist argues that the existence of the kind of evils we find in the world is very improbable under theism, but not improbable under atheism.
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ARG DEL MALE
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But how could atheists show this without first surveying all possible morally good purposes such a being might have, something they have clearly not done?
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LA DIFFICOLTÀ DELL ATEO
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we have no idea of how large the realm is of possible greater purposes for evil that an all good, omnipotent being could have.
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L OSTACOLO
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own minds, we have good reason to believe that we have so far only searched a small proportion,
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Thus, I conclude, the core argument for preferring theism over the atheistic single-universe hypothesis is much stronger than the atheist argument from evil.
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CONCLUSIONE DEL CFR IN YERMINI DI PROB
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Classical Probability
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APPENDIX
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probability defines probability in terms of the ratio of number of "favorable cases" to the total number of equipossible cases.
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FREQUENTISMO
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Epistemic Probability
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Roughly, the epistemic probability of a proposition can be thought of as the degree of credence--that
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SOGGETTIVISMO
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This undercuts the common atheist objection that it is meaningless to speak of the probability of the fine-tuning under the atheistic single-universe hypothesis since under this hypothesis the universe is not a repeatable event.
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LA CONSEG DI UNA COMPRENSIONE DI COSA SIA PROB
