HL SIX Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind

SIX Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind
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I tried a restaurant called The True Taste.
Note:ESPERIENZA

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it was a tasting bar for sweeteners.
Note:SOLO DOLCIFICANTI

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the five kinds of taste receptor found in each taste bud on the tongue—sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory
Note:I RICETTORI DELLA PAPILLA

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sweet receptor produced the strongest surge of dopamine
Note:DOPAMINA

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humans are hard-wired to seek sweetness above the other four tastes.

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DOLCE

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it was most efficient, in terms of units of pleasure per calorie, to consume sweeteners,
Note:UNITÀ DI PIACERE

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I asked him how business was going. “Terrible,”
Note:MA NN FUNZIONA...È TUTTO PIÙ COMPLICATO

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it’s a metaphor for how I feel sometimes when I read books about moral philosophy and psychology.
Note:UNA METAFORA

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many authors reduce morality to a single principle, usually some variant of welfare maximization
Note:MAX...E POI MUORI...ES JEREMY BENTHAM

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Or sometimes it’s justice or related notions of fairness, rights, or respect for individuals and their autonomy.
Note:KANT RAWLS...

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Utilitarian Grill,
Note:RISTORANRTE 1

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The Deontological Diner,
Note:2

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leads to societies that are unsatisfying to most
Note:IL MONISMO MORALE

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We humans all have the same five taste receptors, but we don’t all like the same foods.
Note:METAFORA

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To understand why people are so divided by moral issues, we can start with an exploration of our common evolutionary heritage,
Note:EVOLUZIONISMO

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It will take a lot of additional work for us to connect the universal moral taste receptors to the specific moral judgments that a particular person makes.
Note:UN LAVORO DA PAZZI

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the righteous mind is like a tongue with six taste receptors.
Note:LA METAFORA CENTRALE

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morality is like cuisine: it’s a cultural construction, influenced by accidents of environment and history, but it’s not so flexible that anything goes.
Note:UN COSTRUTTO MA NN COSÌ FLESSIBILE

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THE BIRTH OF MORAL SCIENCE
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Reason defeated superstition, light replaced darkness.
Note:L ILLUMINISMO NELLA VULGATA

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Enlightenment thinkers were united in rejecting divine revelation as the source of moral knowledge, but they were divided as to whether morality transcended human nature—that
Note:DIVISIONE ILLUMINISTA

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deduced by reasoning,
Note:OVVERO

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Hume’s
Note:ANTI TRASCENDALISTA

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Hume believed that “moral science” had to begin with careful inquiry into what humans are really like.
Note:PROGRAMMA HUME

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“sentiment” (intuition) is the driving force of our moral lives,
Note:L ASSUNTO

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sentiments, which give us pleasure when we encounter virtue
Note:PIACERE E GIUSTIZIA

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There’s nothing transcendental about them. You’ve got to examine tongues.
Note:PLA LINGUA MORALE

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ATTACK OF THE SYSTEMIZERS
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They are missing the social-cognitive software that the rest of us use to guess the intentions and desires of other people.

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L AUTISTICO

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empathizing and systemizing.
Note:LO SPETTRO DI BARON COHEN

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identify another person’s emotions
Note:L ABILITÀ DELL EMPATICO

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analyse the variables in a system, to derive the underlying rules
Note:L ABILITÀ DELL AUTISTICO

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exceptionally low on empathizing and exceptionally high on systemizing.
Note:L AUTISMO

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a region of personality-space—the lower right corner of the lower right quadrant—than as a discrete disease.
Note:COME PENSARE L AUTISMO

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Jeremy Bentham was born in England in 1748. He went to Oxford at the age of twelve,
Note:FONDATORE DELL UTILITARISMO...TENDE ALL AUTISMO

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he proposed that a single principle should govern all reforms, all laws, and even all human actions:
Note:SINGOLO PRINCIPIO

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“Asperger’s Syndrome and the Eccentricity and Genius of Jeremy Bentham,”
Note:ARTICOLO DI PHILIP LUCAS

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low empathy and poor social relationships.
Note:BENTHAM...ZERO AMICI...ANCHE DA PICCOLO...MAI SPOSATO...SI CONSIDERAVA UN EREMITA

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impaired imaginative capacity, particularly with respect to the inner lives of other people.
Note:IL SUO DIFETTO

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John Stuart Mill—a decidedly non-autistic utilitarian—came to despise Bentham.
Note:PARADOSSO

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KANT AND THE DEONTOLOGICAL DINER
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Immanuel Kant was born in Prussia in 1724.
Note:ALTRA ETICA...ALTRO AUTISTICO

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he was disturbed by the subjectivity that such an account
Note:CONTRO HUME

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Kant, like Plato, wanted to discover the timeless, changeless form of the Good.
Note:OSSESSIONATO DALL ASSOLUTO

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moral law could only be established by the process of a priori (prior to experience) philosophizing.
Note:A PRIORI

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Rather than offering a concrete rule with some specific content, such as “help the poor” or “honor your parents,” Kant provided an abstract rule
Note:IL PRINCIPIO CARDINE DI OGNI MKORALE...LA NN CONTRADDIZIONE

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“Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”
Note:TEST KANTIANO

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Kant told us to use logic.
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boiling all of morality down to a single sentence, a single formula.
Note:SIA B CHE K

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Kant was a loner who never married
Note:ALTRO FREDDO MONACO

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love of routine
Note:FAMOSO PER

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Kant was widely liked, and he did seem to enjoy company,
Note:MA CI SONO DUBBI

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GETTING BACK ON TRACK
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We want to discover how the moral mind actually works, not how it ought to work,
Note:IL NS OBIETTIVO

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However, philosophy began retreating from observation
Note:PURTROPPO

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They became more analytic and less holistic.
Note:QUANDO GLI OCCIDENTALU HANNO COMINCIATO A STACCARE IL RESTO DEL MONDO

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Hume’s messy, pluralist, sentimentalist approach.
Note:CADE IN DISCREDITO

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BROADENING THE PALATE
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Culture is so powerful that it can cause humans to behave in ways that override whatever ancient instincts we share with other primates.
Note:LA VIA ALTERNATIVA DEGLI ANTROPOLOGI...SEMPRE SCETTICI DELL EVOLUZIONISMO

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it would never be possible to understand morality without evolution.
Note:CONVINZIONE XSONALE

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when you see that some version of kindness, fairness, and loyalty is valued in most cultures, you start wondering if there might be some low-level pan-human social receptors
Note:DUBBI DI UNIVERSALITÀ...E MATURA UMANA

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It would be silly to posit the existence of separate receptors for mango juice, apple juice, Coca-Cola, and Fanta.
Note:ANALOGIA

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each culture has invented various ways to trigger it.29
Note:CASO MAI...

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I didn’t want to make the classic mistake of amateur evolutionary theorists, which is to pick a trait and then ask: “Can I think of a story about how this trait might once have been adaptive?”
Note:L ERRORE COMUNE....RAZIONALIZZAZIONE

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MORAL FOUNDATIONS THEORY
Note:TtttttttttttttCOME INTERAGISCONO CULTURA E NATURA

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For example, many animals react with fear the very first time they see a snake because their brains include neural circuits that function as snake detectors.
Note:MODULARITÀ...IL MODULO SI È SVILUPPATO NELL ANTENATO X ADATTARSI AL SUO AMBIENTE

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Sperber and Hirschfeld distinguished between the original triggers of a module and its current triggers.
Note:TRIGGER

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Modules make mistakes, and many animals have evolved tricks to exploit the mistakes of other animals.
Note:BIAS

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The current triggers can change in a single generation,
Note:TEMPI DEL TRIGGER

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many moral controversies turn out to involve competing ways to link a behavior to a moral module.
Note:ES...POSSIAMO PICCHIARE I FIGLI?

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spanking typically triggers judgments of cruelty and oppression.
Note:A SINSTRA

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judgments about proper enforcement of rules, particularly rules about respect
Note:A DESTRA

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Moral Foundations Theory.
Note:IL NOME DATO AL PROGETTO HAIDT

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caring for vulnerable children, forming partnerships with non-kin to reap the benefits of reciprocity, forming coalitions to compete with other coalitions, negotiating status hierarchies, and keeping oneself and one’s kin free from parasites and pathogens,
Note:I 5 FONDAMENTI..E L ADATTAMENTO DA CUI ORIGINA

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the original triggers—that
Note:IL PUNTO D AVVIO DELLA BASE MORALE

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The third row lists examples of the current triggers—the
Note:OGGI

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If your “dolors” (pains) outweigh your “hedons” (pleasures), then your reaction is irrational, from a utilitarian point of view, but it makes perfect sense as the output of a module.

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VOSTRO FIGLIO HA LA PERITONITE VIENE OPERATO IN TEMPO E VOI POTETE ASSISTERE. IL CHIRURGO AFFONDA IL BISTURI. LA VS REAZIONE IN QUEL MOMENTO

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you notice two nurses assisting in the operation—one older, one younger. Both are fully attentive to the procedure, but the older nurse occasionally strokes your son’s head, as though trying to comfort him. The younger nurse is all business.
Note:DAVANTI AL BIMBO ANESTETIZZATO CHE NN SENTE NULLA...COME GIUDICATE LE OSTETRICHE?

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If you are a utilitarian, you should have no preference.
Note:Cccccccc

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If you are a Kantian, you’d also give the older nurse no extra credit.
Note:Ccccccccccccc

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But if you are a Humean, then it is perfectly proper for you to like and praise the older nurse.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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There’s more to morality than harm and fairness.
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