HL CHAPTER 4 Why Prisoners Fight (and Signal)

CHAPTER 4 Why Prisoners Fight (and Signal)
Note:la violenza serve anche a comunicarela violenza spietata nn è sintomo di crudeltà ma serve a costruire reputazoonestudio della violenza tra i carcerati: il metcato nero

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violence is dramatically more common in the underworld
Note:AMMETTIAMOLO

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success in the underworld is often decided by violence,
Note:SUCCESSO E VIOLENZA

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communication and violence are closely connected.
Note:NEMMENO LA VIOLENZA È BRUTA

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rational criminals can be expected to minimize violence whenever they can achieve the same results
Note:IL CRIMINALE RAZIONALE

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Nonviolent display-acts of strength or threats are quintessentially communicative
Note:L OTTIMO

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reveal one's true violent potential
Note:OBBIETTIVO DELLA VIOLENZA

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create a useful reputation
Note:A CGE SERVE LA VIOLENZA

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goods are allocated under prison rules or at the discretion of prison authorities. Others are distributed via informal markets created by prisoners,
Note:I BENI IN PRIGIONE

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an inmate cannot normally select the inmates with whom to associate.
Note:ALTRA CARATTERISTICA DELLA VITA CARCERARIA

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Prisons are a near perfect natural environment for understanding how humans communicate
Note:L ESPERIMENTO XFETTO

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“Scarcity and deprivation make inmates particularly alert to the immediate effects of their actions and to resulting payoffs,”
Note:LA COSA INTERESSANTE

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VIOLENCE AND INFORMATION: HYPOTHESES
Note:Tttttttttt

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not enjoy fighting for the pleasure of inflicting or receiving pain. “Psychos” are an exception,
Note:PSICOPATI I

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prefer not fighting to fighting,
Note:PREFERENZA SEGRETA

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fighting is not undertaken lightly.
Note:CONFERMATO DA TITTI

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not want to fight but did so because they saw no other option.
Note:REGOLA

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research on fighting and assessment in animals.
Note:FACILITA LA COMPRENSIONE

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establish their mutual positions in the prison “hierarchy” of violence potential by communicative means.
Note:UNO... COME SI DELINEA LA GERARCHIA... SEGNALI

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Any condition that promotes the knowledge of each other's fighting prowess
Note:COSA DIMINUISCE LA VIOLENZA?

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tagged by a mark that accurately reveals his disposition for
Note:PRIGIONE IDEALE

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prisoners will be more likely to challenge each other
Note:QUANDO REGNA L IGNORANZA

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the more opaque the relative positions are, the more fighting we expect
Note:INFO E SCONTRO

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Fighting generates information
Note:MOTIVO DI SCONTRO

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those less versed or less experienced in using violence will have more reasons to fight
Note:PREVISIONE CONTROINTUITIVA

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they have reasons to prove themselves to others
Note:Cccccccccc

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they themselves may not know how tough they really are.
Note:AUTOREFERENZIALITÀ

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The better information circulates, the fewer reasons to fight there will be.
Note:MEDIA ABBIGLUAMENTO ATTIVITÀ EXTRA...

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the number of prisoners any one prisoner will deal with while knowing nothing about their traits.
Note:VARIABILE CRUCIALE

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high turnover of inmates
Note:VIOLENZA SU

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prisoners are frequently reallocated
Note:IDEM

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where internal or external turnover is higher, norms will be more precarious
Note:RIPETITA

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once physical superiority has been established, it is not necessary to continue to attack
Note:PACE MAFIOSA

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everyone will want to know the fighting record of everyone else.
Note:SFORZO VERSO LA PACE

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Prisoners, we can therefore expect, will tend to encourage each other to fight,
Note:INFO SENZA RISCHIO

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ostracizing dodgers
Note:Ccccccccccc

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DISPLAYING AND OBSERVING CUES
Note:ttttttttttDA QUI SI CERCANO CONFERME ALL IPOTESI

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Body size is only one sign and not a very good one apparently.
Note:PRIMA INFO

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“predators and nonpredators did not differ reliably with respect to weight and height.
Note:RICERCA CANADESE

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posture, fitness, and demeanor,

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ALTRE FONTI

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“You can read fear in a man. You can smell it.
Note:CONFERMATO DA MOLTI

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a man who came out of Harlem would be pretty tough,
Note:PROVENIENZA

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I can tell you just by the way people conduct themselves whether you're nervous or cool or what.
Note:NERVOSISMO E POSTURA

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inexperienced prisoners may end up fighting more
Note:NN SANNO LEGGERE NÈ I SEGNALI CCHE RICEVONO NÉ QUELLI CHE MANDANO

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scars.
Note:IMPORTANTI

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he's in excellent shape from weightlifting. And, like many inmates, he has scars:
Note:IL CARCERATO TIPO

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The huge quantity of scars surprises me. Half the inmates in Sing Sing seem to have been stabbed
Note:CICATRICI OVUNQUE

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Scars on the front (not the back!) of Roman soldiers' bodies were a testimony to their courage in battle and loyalty to Rome.
Note:UNA TRADIZIONE

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Many criminals also mark themselves with tattoos,
Note:ALTRA FONTE...SVALUTATA

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the case of yakuza members,
Note:SU TUTTO IL CORPO

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tattoos testify to a considerable resilience to pain.
Note:PRIMA INFO

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bearer does not frequent refined social circles;
Note:SECONDA INFO

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signal membership in a particular gang
Note:ANCHE LE FIGURE INFORMANO

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tattoos also show “rank, specialization, and personal accomplishments, which typically revolve around murder, drug-trafficking, and other crimes.”
Note:IL RAMO

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a long history among individuals in military or pseudomilitary
Note:MILIZIA...LEALTÀ...NN SI TERNA INDIETRO

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battle dates, crossed guns, flags, cannons, and pyramids of bullets.”
Note:SIMBOLERIA TIPICA

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The crimes they are convicted
Note:ALTRA FONTE

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the length of one's sentence:
Note:ALTRA INFO

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life without parole makes an inmate more threatening
Note:ALTRA INFO

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it removes the main incentive for the prisoner to behave well.
Note:Ccccccccccccc

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reputation that a prisoner acquired during a previous prison term
Note:VITTIMA O BULLO?

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MIMICKING TOUGHNESS
Note:ttttttttttttttttt

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the “plastic gangsters,
Note:I COSIDDETTI

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if someone would fuck with me I would kill them….

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LO SGUARDO PARLA

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walk like a real jerk
Note:NN SONO UNA FEMMINUCCIA

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display the signs of toughness by those who are not tough are, however, short-lived in prison.
Note:LE BUGIE DALLE GAMBE CORTE

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It's not something you could bluff
Note:SEMPRE SOTTO PRESSIONE...NN C È RESPIRO

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“it is incredibly difficult to fake toughness.
Note:ALTRA TESTIMONIANZA

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distinguish between, say, a genuine sociopath and a fake.”
Note:ALLA LUNGA È FACILE

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the only way to mask fear is by truly cultivating negative emotions, such as hatred and suspicion, which can override fear.
Note:L UNICA MASCHERA CHE FUNZIONA

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change your emotions
Note:Cccccccc

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In order to survive prison, this man reconfigured his emotional space so well that when he got out of prison he found, to his apparent chagrin, that he could not revert
Note:IRREVERSIBILITÀ

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THE INCIDENCE OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS AND THEIR MOTIVES
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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when enough information is available by display, prisoners do not need to fight
Note:L IPOTESI UNO SEMBRA CONFERMATA

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verbal abuse, taunting, threats, “shouting,
Note:INIZIO DELLO SPETTRO

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pushing or shoving, slapping, scratching, butting, punching, biting, elbowing, kneeing, kicking, knifing, shooting.”
Note:FINE DELLO SPETTRO

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being a victim of assault was strongly correlated with being also a perpetrator.
Note:RECIPROCITÀ

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there are groups of prisoners who do not fight but are only preyed on.
Note:BOTTOM

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fighting increases as uncertainty about prisoners' violent prowess increases,
Note:TESTIAMO LA SECONDA IPOTESI

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material interest “such as drugs, personal possessions, games, food, tobacco, and phone cards”
Note:IL MOTIVO PRINCIPALE DEL FIGHT

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“non-material interests (self-respect, honour, fairness, loyalty, personal safety and privacy) were important in every incident.
Note:MA...CONNESSO...

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establishing one's reputation
Note:OBBIETTIVO ESCUSIVO O ACCESSORIO

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the target is willing to use violence
Note:IL SEGNALE DA MANDARE

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the definition of a communicative act,
Note:LO SCONTRO

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one who chooses to fight is possibly less likely to be victimized in future encounters.
Note:CHIARA CONSEG..IPO 2 CONFERMATA

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AGE AND GENDER OF OFFENDERS
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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we should observe more violence among younger prisoners and women.

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SONO I SOGGETTI COM MENO INFO TO DISPLAY

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young offenders are more likely to be involved
Note:CONFERMATO DA TUTTI

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age is inversely correlated
Note:Ccccccccccc

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consistent with this finding and provides a plausible social rather than biological explanation
Note:IL TESTOSTERONE NN RILEVA IN ESCLUSIVA

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Young prisoners—like younger men generally—have more to prove
Note:INFATTI...CURRICULUM

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they may also be less skilled at reading other prisoners' signals.
Note:ALTRA CAUSA

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“Boys trying to become Men….
Note:LA PRIGIONE NE È PIENA

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Women are significantly less violent than men in the outside world and less lethal
Note:DATI STRABILIANTI...ASSUNTO DI PARTENZA

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This holds in all times and places
Note:Cccccccccccc

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in prison this universal fact is overturned: women become at least as violent and often more prone to violence than men are.
Note:SORPRESONA!!!!....RAGIONI NN BIOLOGICHE

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rarely commit homicide,
Note:FORSE L UNICA DIFFERENZA

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women assault each other twice as much as men do,
Note:SECONDO UNA RICERCA

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women are convicted of proportionally fewer violent offenses than men are and have shorter criminal histories,
Note:LA CAUSA DI FONDO

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Lucia Zedner,
Note:RICERCATRICE SULLA VIOLENZA FEMMINILE

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mostly social-psychological.
Note:MOTIVI DELLA VIOLENZA FEMMINILE

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suffer more at being taken away from their families
Note:ORIGINI DELLA SOFFERENZA 1

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greater levels of mental illness and depression
Note:2

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seek solace in intense emotional (often lesbian) relations
Note:3

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drug addiction is more frequent among jailed women than among jailed men,
Note:EFFETO DI SELEZIONE

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TURNOVER AND PRISON REGIME
Note:Tttttttttttt

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the greater the number of unknown prisoners that any one prisoner encounters, the greater is the likelihood of fighting
Note:IPOTESI TRE...A CACCIA DI CONFERME

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prisoners in the local prison, who were “a more heterogeneous group,” “were more likely than others to use force
Note:LOCALISMI

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Dispersal prisons contain prisoners who have longer sentences, above four years, and who are much more likely than local prison inmates to be convicted of a violent crime.
Note:MENO VIOLENTI

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The inmates in local prisons, by contrast, have shorter jail terms
Note:I PIÙ RISSOSI

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inmates in both the local and the remand prisons have less of a reputation
Note:LOGICO

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“higher security levels are associated with higher levels of violence.
Note:MOLTI STUDI LO CONFERMANO

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communicative means can fail to establish a violence “hierarchy” for lack of ways to display or see inmates' violence capital,
Note:PIÙ RIGORE...MENO COMUNICAZIONE...PIÙ VIOLENZA

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mix with other prisoners should decrease fighting because information circulates better when prisoners can meet,
Note:IL VAGABONDARE TRA LE ALI

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“frequent changes of cells and jails produce Hobbesian interactions that are often ‘short, nasty and brutish.’”
Note:MA ATTENZIONE AI CAMBI SENZA PRE CONOSCENZA

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predatory aggression appears to peak early in the inmate's sentence, and then decline.”
Note:ALTRO DATO IMPORTANTE X LE NS IPOTESI

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CHALLENGES, THREATS, AND FIGHTS
Note:Tttttttttttttttttt

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how prisoners decide to fight.
Note:CAMBIAMO ARGOMENTO

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two prisoners fight over a physical resource
Note:IL CASO PIÙ SEMPLICE

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other fights may break out because new entrants who fear seeming weak—those who have no violence capital to show—may choose to attack unprovoked or respond violently at the mildest provocation
Note:ALTRO CASO

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challenge issued by a settled inmate and designed to test a new entrant's mettle.
Note:UN CASO MOLTO COMUNE

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Sometimes the challenge is veiled under the mantle of a conflict over resources, including attempts to extract sexual favors.
Note:PRETESTI

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prisoner, however, is often not “a serious target of rape but an object of manoeuvres designed to test his ‘manliness'
Note:PROVOCAZIONI

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The test is manliness. The criterion is courage.
Note:IL CRITERIO

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willingness to fight and by the capacity for doing
Note:LA SPIA

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those who feel strong enough relative to the new entrant to risk a fight, but not so strong as to feel safe in their own position in the hierarchy;
Note:LO SFIDANTE

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The response to provocations and insults can be in kind and still refrain from physical violence.
Note:CORAVGIO A PAROLE

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“A verbal exchange could always lead to arguments about who got the better of the other.”
Note:IL DIFETTO DELLE PAROLE

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Even if he expects to lose, it may still be better to risk a fight than to back down, in order to impress on the attacker and on the audience that he is not a hapless victim.
Note:SEMPRE MEGLIO COMBATTERE

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winners and losers,
Note:FALSA DIVISIONE

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fighters and passive victims:
Note:VERA DOVISIONE

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tribulations of those who fail to respond to challenges will not be short.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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“hawk,”
Note:PSICOPATICO

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“dove,”
Note:PASSIVO

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“bourgeois,”
Note:NORMALE

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making threats,
Note:TERZA RISPOSTA DELLO SFIDATO

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raise their fists, advance toward and fix their gaze on the challenger,
Note:X RENDERE CREDIBILE UNA MINACCIA

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change their tone of voice;
Note:Cccccccccccccc

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A tense body makes a more high-pitched sound than a relaxed one.
Note:INDIZI DI FALSIFICAZUIONE DELLA PAURA

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By shouting, one shows that one has energy to waste and is not worried about having to spend
Note:ALTRO ESPEDIENTE

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escalation of threats raises the risk of a fight, for it increasingly commits the contenders not to desist.
Note:COSTOSO TORNARE INDIETRO

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The more a prisoner suspects that the challenge is a mere test, the more reasons he will have to respond
Note:ELEMENTO INQUINATE

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if the tested prisoner knows that it is just a ritual challenge, then the challenge will not reveal
Note:Ccccccccccccc

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The skill of the challenger lies in his ability to persuade the target that he is facing a real conflict.
Note:ANCHE LO SFIDANTE DEVE AVERE DELLE ABILITÁ

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the more public the challenge, the greater the negative consequences on the target's reputation if he chooses not to respond
Note:ANCHE IL PUBBLICO PUÓ INQUINARE

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FIGHTS BETWEEN PEERS
Note:Tttttttttttt

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“real gangsters”
Note:BOSS

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“plastic gangsters,”
Note:FALSIFICATORI

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“bourgeois”
Note:CHI COMBATTE SOPO SE MINACVIATO

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“nonces,”
Note:DENTRO X CRIMINI SESSUALI

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“kids,”
Note:GIOVANI PIVELI

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“psychos.”
Note:PSICOPATICI

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Nonces are a favorite target
Note:X QS COLTIVANO LA REPUT DI PSYCHO

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who is going to win,
Note:LA DOMANDA CHE SI PONE CHI È ATTORNO...SU QUALE CARRO SALTARE?

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more likely in long-term prisons
Note:LOTTA TRA PARI

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more serious in terms of injuries,
Note:NN È N TEST MA UNA GUERRA

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less frequent than the pure testing game.
Note:X GLI STESSI MOTIVI

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the individuals who will be more likely to fight violently over resources are the ones who are similar in terms of fighting strength,
Note:COME X GLI ANIMALI

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They occurred notably over unpaid debts
Note:SCINTILLA

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being left alone, having preferable jobs, holding more material possessions, being treated with a certain consideration by the staff, perhaps to the extent of being consulted in limited ways by managers.”
Note:I PRIVILEGI DEL BOSS....FACE

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RITUALIZED TESTS OF TOUGHNESS
Note:Tttttttttt

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Marek Kaminski
Note:8 MESI DENTRO IN POLONIA X ANTI COMUNISMO...IL TESTIMONE MIGLIORE

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“grypsmen,”
Note:AFFILIATI

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a secret knowledge, consisting of an argot and shared norms and taboos.
Note:IL MARCHIO DELL AFFILIATO...70-80%

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“suckers,”
Note:NN IN GRADO DI AFFILIARSI...20-30%

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“fags.”
Note:FROCI 1-2%

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Testing a newbie could be a matter of hours, and did not involve violence.
Note:COLLOCAMENTO NUOVI ARRIVATI

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Although some inmates who ended up in the fag caste reported having been raped, in Kaminski's experience this was rarely the case.
Note:STUPRO RARO

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A tough enough rookie or an informed one who knew the ordeal was basically a test would have known that it was to his advantage to refuse even if he was not tough.
Note:LA PROPOSTA SESSUALE

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“Baptism” might be the next stage.
Note:DOPO IL TEST

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a special wet towel that is supposed to break your bones and yet not leave external signs of beating.
Note:L ASCIUGAMANO BAGNATO

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Just before the slaughter begins he is offered an option out of the ceremony
Note:L AVVISO

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the rookie was led to believe that he was about to suffer, but this was not really so, as the “actual blows” were “symbolic.”
Note:IL TRUCCO

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the relative weakness of administrative control that was common in Polish prisons,
Note:XCHÈ IN POLONIA SÌ E IN GB NO?

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we find Alcatraz or similar maximum security prisons, where inmates spend most of the time in one-man cells with doors made of bars [no privacy], and, at the other end, we find Polish “barns,” with 40-50 inmates locked in an essentially private space that guards are usually afraid to enter
Note:GLI OPPOSTI

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In the prisons where Kaminski was incarcerated, career criminals with long sentences were mixed with inmates sentenced to just a few months.
Note:IL MIX RICHIEDE PIÙ INFO

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CONCLUSIONS
Note:Tttttttttttt

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I knew guys that had been hanging out together for five or ten years and did not know each other's last names.
Note:IL NOME NN DICE NULLA A QS RAGAZZI

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nicknaming is practiced virtually worldwide.
Note:UNIVERSALITÀ

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there is no causal connection between one's proper name and one's character's traits.
Note:PURTROPPO

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one known as Peter could just as easily have been known as Paul.
Note:Ccccccccccccc

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Adolf does not have the same connotations as Peter, not since the 1930s that is.
Note:PLA SORTE DI ALCUNI NOMI

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Neither Attila nor Judah
Note:ORMAI POCO ISATI

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a profession, a behavioral quirk, or a bodily feature for instance.
Note:IL RIFERIMENTO DEL SOPRANNOME

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The Importance of Being Ernest.
Note:NOME OMEN

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in police files criminals are commonly identified not just by their birth-certificate name
Note:PROVA DELL IMPIRTANZA

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using different names with different people is not useless.
Note:UNA TECNICA

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the need to preserve secrecy
Note:ALTRA MOLLA X I NICK

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THE ATTRIBUTION OF NICKNAMES
Note:Ttttttttttttttttt

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Among the defendants, 31.6 per cent are mentioned in the files as having more than one name, including many nicknames.
Note:AL MAXIPROCESSO

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There is no record of any other profession in contemporary Italy in which so many individuals bear a nickname.
Note:RECORD

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Several of these additional names correspond to the name of the father of the person the speaker meant to identify.
Note:IL PADRE

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they can be their bearer's creation in a way in which nicknames cannot.
Note:CODE NAME 1

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Code names are bestowed mainly for the purpose of veiling the true identity
Note:2

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given by or with the agreement or at least the knowledge of the bearer.
Note:3

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nicknames—”North,” “South,” “East” and “West”
Note:SOPRANNOMI X UNA SOLA OPERAZIONE

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“they called me Coriolano”—Salvatore Contorno, a mafioso who turned state's evidence, said—”have I ever been able to figure out when they gave it to me?”
IL NICK PRESCINDE DALLA VOLONTÀ DEL CARCERATO