HL CHAPTER 1 Resistance THE FOURTH OPTION

CHAPTER 1 Resistance THE FOURTH OPTION
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TtttttttttttIL CASO

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You see the police pull over a black man driving a silver Hyundai.
Note:PICCOLA INFRAZIONE STRADALE

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he went slightly past the white line at a stoplight
Note:LA COLPA

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starts punching him in the face and kicking him in the groin.
Note:DOPO AVER FATTO USCIRE RICHARD

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as Richard simply tries to hold his arms up to protect his face—they yell, “Stop resisting!”
Note:IRONIA

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For all you know, they are going to kill, maim, or severely injure him.
Note:RAGIONEVOLE PENSARLO

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you’re armed. You could intervene, perhaps saving Richard’s life. May you do so?
Note:LA DOMANDA

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EXIT, VOICE, AND LOYALTY
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use their power in deeply unjust and irresponsible ways.
Note:I POTENTI NEL MONDO

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Albert Hirschman analyzed three major ways
Note:CHE FARE CONTRO I SOPRUSI?

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They might “exit,” meaning that customers might stop buying
Note:ES...CONSUMATORI DI FRONTE ALLA MULTINAZIONALE INGIUSTA

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They might exercise “voice,” meaning that they might complain
Note:OPZ...2 LAMENTARSI

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they might be loyal—that is, they might have a tendency to stick with the firm or organization despite their flaws.
Note:OPZ LEALTÀ...SI SOPPORTA

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our options are limited to voice, exit, or loyalty.
Note:L OPINIONE DELLA MAGGIORANZA

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we have obligations to participate in politics, protest, engage in political campaigns, and push for social change through political channels.
Note:ESTENSIONE DEL CONCETTO

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keeping quiet or emigrating to another country.
Note:ALTRI PIÙ ESTREMI

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comply, complain, or quit.
Note:SLOGAN

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we may not fight back against government agents,
Note:IN GENERE TUTTI CONCORDANO

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Consider the question of defensive assassination or defensive killing.
Note:UCCIDERE CHI STA UCCIDENDO

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If you may kill a Gestapo agent to stop him from murdering innocent people, may you do the same to a police officer who uses excessive violence?
Note:POLIZIA...GESTAPO

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in liberal democracies, only nonviolent resistance to state injustice is permissible.
Note:L ORTODOSSIA

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law and justice are not the same thing;
Note:ORMAI È RICONOSCIUTO DA TUTTI...EPPURE

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the fourth option: resistance.
Note:QUI SI DIFENDE LA 4 OPZ

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GOVERNMENTS ARE MAGIC: THE SPECIAL IMMUNITY THESIS
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enjoy a special or privileged status
Note:IL GOVERNO E LA MORALITÀ DEL DOPPIO BINARIO

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government agents have a special permission to perform unjust actions
Note:STANDARD VIEW

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We don’t think that way about private injustice.
Note:IL PRIVATO...SEEIE B

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“In our modest view, only democratic governments, agents, and actors are surrounded by a magic moral force
Note:LA REPLICA DEI FILOSOFI

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Ann, a bystander, has a gun.
Note:CASI A LA PASSANTE CHE UCCIDE IL MASS KILLER DEL PARCO

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Rodney has too much to drink at a party.
Note:B...R HA BEVITO E FA IL MATTO DEI PRIVATI LO BLOCANO E LO PESTANO....ANN L SALVA SPARANDO AGLI AGGRESSORI

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Health guru John sincerely believes that caffeine is unhealthy,
Note:C IL MEDICO PAZZO VUOLE RAPIRE E IMPRIGIONARE CHI BEVE CAFFÈ...ANN SI DIFENDE E LO UCCIDE

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Cobra Commander, leader of the terrorist organization COBRA, uses a combination of bribes, subterfuge, and threats to get the leaders of the United States to do his bidding.
Note:D QS TIZIO FA AZIONI TERRORISTE ALL ESTERO ..ANN LO BLOCCA UCCIDENDOLO

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I expect most people believe it’s permissible for Ann to kill the wrongdoers in these four cases.
Note:QUEL CHE CI ASPETTIAMO....TRANNE FORSE CHE DAI PACIFISTI RADICALI

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Now consider four new cases (A’–D’) that seem analogous to the first four (A–D).
Note:UNICA DIFFERENZA...IN A' L AGENTE È GOVERNATIVO

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A’. Minivan Shooter
Note:A' POLIZIA CHE SPARA ALL AUTO FERMATA

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B’. Drunk Driver
Note:B' POLIZIA CHE FERMA L UBRIACO

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C’. War on Drugs
Note:C'…POLIZIA CHE UCCIDE CHI USA O COMMERCIA UNA CERTA SOSTANZA

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D’. Hawk
Note:D'…AGENTI SEGRETI IN AZIONE OMICIDE ALL ESTERO

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People tend to judge these four new cases differently from the first set.
Note:QUEL CHE CI ASPETTIAMO

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many people subscribe to what I call the special immunity thesis.
Note:SIT

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The Special Immunity Thesis
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In contrast, I reject the special immunity thesis in favor of the moral parity thesis:
Note:MPT

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IN DEFENSE OF MORAL PARITY
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It may be permissible to assassinate presidents, representatives, generals, and others to stop them from waging unjust wars, even if those wars enjoy widespread popular support and are ratified through legal means.
Note:IMBARAZZO

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Corporations, and private individuals or businesses, may lie about their compliance with wrongful or punitive regulations.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

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It can be permissible to find, steal, and publicize certain state secrets, such as some, if not all, the secrets Julian Assange, Edward Snowden, or Chelsea Manning revealed.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

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US Supreme Court (or equivalent) justices may lie about what the written or unwritten Constitution allows or forbids. They may refuse to enforce or apply unjust laws.
Note:ULTIMO ESEMPIO

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commonsense moral principles plus the moral parity thesis.
Note:DA DOVE DERIVANO LE NS TESI

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Philosophers have spent twenty-five hundred years trying to justify these assumptions, but their arguments fail.
Note:LA TESI DELLO STATO SPECIALE

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DEFENSIVE ACTION VERSUS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
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acts of lying, cheating, stealing, sabotaging, destroying, attacking, and killing
Note:LE AZIONI DI CUI SI PARLA QUI

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This book is not about civil disobedience,
Note:SIA CHIARO

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She seeks not only to convey her disavowal and condemnation of a certain law or policy, but also to draw public attention to this particular issue and thereby to instigate a change in law or policy.”
Note:IL DISUBBIDIENTE CIVILE...LA DC È UN ATTO PUBBLICO

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smoke pot in public.
Note:UN ES DI DC

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WHEN ALL ELSE FAILS: THE MORALITY OF CAUTION
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last resorts,
Note:QUI LO DIAMO X SCONTATO

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Consider the difference between what we might call strategic versus principled nonviolence.
Note:UNA DISTINZIINE INPORTANTE

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strategic nonviolence, the one that Martin Luther King Jr. most likely advocated,
Note:MERA STRATEGIA...MLK NN ERA NN VIOLENTO X PRDINCIPIO...IL CAMBIAMENTO SOCIALE ERA PIÙ PROB SE...#######

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Pacifist Anabaptists, for example, refused to fight back against oppression, not because they believed their pacifism would shame their oppressors into change, but because they thought defensive violence was wrong in itself, period. They took Christ’s injunction to turn the other cheek to mean that they were required to, well, turn the other cheek.
Note:ESEMPIO CONTRARIO...ANABATTISTI

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I am not much concerned with offering a theory of social change
Note:SIA CHIARO ALLORA...

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when we later examine various objections
Note:DISTINGUIAMO IL PRINCIPIO DAL PRAGMATISMO

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consider two different objections (among many) people might produce against Ann shooting the police
Note:ESEMPIO DEL MINIVAN FERMATO

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Ann has a duty to obey
Note:OBIEZIONE LIGITTIMA IN QS LIBRO

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Ann should give the officer the benefit of the doubt and presume that he has some unknown but good reason to do what he’s doing.
Note:OBIEZIONE ILLEGITTIMA...MODIFICA L ESEMPIO SURRETTIZIAMENTE

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I’ll agree that actors who are considering lying, cheating, stealing, engaging in sabotage or violence, or using violence should be cautious
Note:QUELLO DELLA PRUDENZA È ARGOMENTO DIVERSO

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to be justified doesn’t require that one be certain.
Note:RESTA VERO CHE

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THINGS I DON’T ASSUME AND THAT DON’T MATTER FOR THIS DEBATE
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I am not arguing for anarchism.
Note:CHIARIAMO

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As I will elaborate at greater length in chapter 3, I can assume (for the sake of argument) that we ought to have governments
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I also do not argue for, and my argument does not assume, libertarianism or classical liberalism.
Note:ANCORA X CHIAREZZA

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This book presumes no particular background moral theory. I will argue on the basis of widely shared intuitions
Note:ALTRA PRECISAZ

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Most moral theories and theories of justice are highly abstract. Asking what some grand moral theory like Kantianism implies about the right of self-defense is a bit like asking what Albert Einstein’s field equations say about the path of a falling feather.

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IL DIFETTO DELLE GRANDI TEORIE MORALI.....DA QUI PL ALLERGIA X RAWLS

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WHY IT MATTERS TODAY
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I believe that the basic principles I defend here were true two thousand years ago and will be true two thousand years in the future.
Note:SIA CHIARO NN SIAMO RELATOVISTI

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That said, current events give this topic special interest.
MA C È UN ATTUALITÀ...GENOVA...POLIZIA FASCISTA....POLIZIA RAZZISTA