HL 7. HOW A DYNAMIC SOCIETY LOOKS AND FEELS

7. HOW A DYNAMIC SOCIETY LOOKS AND FEELS
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I have visited China
Note:IMPRESSIONI

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America’s social stagnation increasingly clear
Note:DAL CFR

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China has a culture of ambition and dynamism

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every time you return, you find a different and mostly better version

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thousands of new buildings

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That is what life is like when a country grows at about 10 percent a year
Note:10

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it’s as if a new country is being built every seven years
Note:7 ANNI

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fully mature economy
Note:OVVIO

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“the technological frontier”—that

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America is the calm, safe-haven country,
Note:COME CI PERCEPIAMO...UNA SVEZIA PLACIDA

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Jack Ma, who became the richest man in China in 2014, started off life really, really poor.
Note:BIOGRAFIE ESEMPLARI DA NOI IMPOSSIBILI

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His parents were musicians/storytellers,
Note:PERSEGUITATI SOTTO MAO

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material deprivation,
Note:INFANZIA

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got up at 5 a.m. to walk or bicycle to a nearby hotel so he could meet tourists
Note:TURISTI

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He was rejected for dozens of jobs,

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rejected for university admission several

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He didn’t touch a computer until he was thirty-three

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he got his start building web pages for Chinese companies, with the help of some American friends.
Note:WEB

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In 1999, he started Alibaba,

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many of those who did also came from very humble backgrounds.
Note:MOLTI RICCONI

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Liu Yonghao,

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carrying buckets of human excrement to serve as fertilizer.

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Weng Wenyin

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before the age of twenty, he never had proper shoes

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almost always hungry.

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living out of a cement pipe.
Note:LAVORO

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American rags-to-riches stories are much harder to find

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that is going to mean much more complacency.
Note:IMMOBILISMO

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internet—income mobility would rise,
Note:CREDENZA AMERICANA ANNI 90

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lowering the cost of marketing new products, starting new businesses,
Note:PERCHÈ TALE CREDENZA

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income mobility is holding roughly constant,

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greater social stratification, competition with cheaper labor abroad, the increasing need for advanced skills and training necessitated by technology, the overregulation and ossification of the American economy, the decline of labor unions, and the increase in power for privileged elites.
Note:RAGIONI COMUNEMENTE ADDOTTE

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tendency in a mature economy
Note:REGOLA GENERALE

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mobility to eventually decline

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less dynamic and more complacent
Note:TENDENZA

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significant amount of strife and recurring troubles.
Note:COSA COMPORTA IL DINAMISMO

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In just about every case, we can expect cross-generational mobility to decline, even if these societies do everything right.
Note:LE SOCIETÁ MATIRE

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some of the qualities behind income success are heritable
Note:EREDITARIETÀ

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intelligence, ambition, conscientiousness,

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in the range of 40 to 60
Note:EREDITARIETÀ

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wealthier families pass along more education and better work habits
Note:ERED+EDUCAT

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structures are pretty good at reproducing themselves.
Note:AUTORIPROD

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successful people will come more and more from pretty successful families,
Note:ETERNARSI

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even if nothing corrupt or unfair is going on.

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Matching and assortative mating—connecting one well-off family to another—may make this all the less likely.
Note:IL MATRIMONIO CONTRIBUISCE

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the “circulation of elites” will naturally decline,
Note:PARETO

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In other words, the richer, more stable, and happier your society is, the harder it is to generate high or rising levels of income mobility over time.
Note:TESI RIEPILOGATA

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a lower rate of intergenerational income mobility can be a symptom of social and economic stability,
Note:IL LATO POSITIVO DELLA STAGNAZIONE

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regions with the greatest educational mobility, however, have generally lower living standards,
Note:VERIFICA

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rural Ethiopia, rural China, and Kyrgyzstan.

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immigration.
Note:UNA LETTURA OTTIMISTICA DEI DATI DI STAGNAZIONE

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imagine that an individual moves from Mexico to the United States, as so commonly happens. The Mexican income of that person’s father will not show up in these studies, which capture data on American incomes only. Yet that migration brings about a big step up from one Mexican generation to the succeeding Mexican American generation.
Note:IL BOGUS DELLA MISURA PADRE FIGLIO

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40 percent of Fortune 500 companies were founded by immigrants or their children.
Note:TANTO X DIRE

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Any country with a lot of immigration will have much more upward mobility than its published
Note:CONC

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So if you read a comparison between, say, the United States and Denmark claiming that intergenerational mobility is higher in Denmark, that comparison is either wrong or at the very least misleading.
Note:USA DANIMARCA

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those who are rising in income are less culturally central to the United States than might be ideal.
Note:INCONVEN

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America is outsourcing a lot of its dynamism.

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So overall, America is building its core culture and norms and politics more and more around people and families who just aren’t that mobile across the generations
Note:LEGGI X CLASSI STAGNANTI... GLI IMMIGRATI NN VOTANO

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THE SPREAD OF THAT STATIC FEEL
Note:ttttt

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how much we are investing in stability.
Note:LA COSA STUPEFACENTE

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the acceptance of gay marriage
Note:RICERCA DI STABILITÀ...SINTOMO N. UNO

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Michael Warner, for instance, a leading “queer theorist,” argued that marriage was too conservative
Note:DISSENSI ANCHE NELLA COMUNITÀ GAY

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whenever we argue for doing something virtuous—and I don’t mean this in a cynical way—we will find something deeply calming,
Note:ORMAI LA VIRTÙ CORRISPONDE CON LA MODERAZIONE E LA STABILITÀ

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styles—gone are the days of modernist rebellion,
Note:ANCHE NELKE ARTI

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Hardly anyone sets out to shock these days,

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calm and soothing aesthetic in how people dress.

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The more casual culture of dress
Note:VESTITI RILASSATI

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mix of extreme tolerance,
Note:VESTITI MODA

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The less strict the dress code, in fact the harder it is to look good and to fit in,
Note:CONTRACCOLPO DELLA MANCANZA DI UN CODICE... SEGREGAZIONE

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countersignaling.
Note:IL MOTORE X CONTINUARE A SEGREGARE SENZA DISTURBARE

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Similarly, titles such as Dr. and Professor are no longer thrown around
Note:I TITOLI

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But don’t be fooled—this new form of status-seeking is no less oppressive
Note:NN MENO OPPRESSIVO

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If everything is casual, what exactly do you do to show your seriousness?
Note:IL PROB X IL NOVIZIO È ANCORA PIÙ DIFFICILE

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class distinctions are enforced ultimately not by snobby matrons who run social circles but rather by the act of Googling itself. If you’re twenty-four years old and looking to get ahead, it can be tougher.
Note:GOOGLING

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very often the biggest spenders walk in the door wearing jeans and sneakers. Those who show up in the suit and tie are less likely to drop $10 million on a Basquiat,
Note:RICONOSCERE IL CLIENTE

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Japan, South Korea, and China,
Note:LE SOC PIÙ DINAMICHE DOPO I SESSANTA

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the same cultures obsessed with business cards, stereotypical blue suits, submission to hierarchical authority, and bringing the perfect gift, among other customs.
Note:IL SEGNALE È TUTTO

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Societies of upward mobility,

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casual and the egalitarian are closer to enemies than to allies.
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