Stiglirz e Krugman

Gene Epstein on Joseph Stiglitz http://www.arnoldkling.com/blog/gene-epstein-on-joseph-stiglitz/

CHAPTER 2 Inferences

CHAPTER 2 Inferences
Note:2@@@@@@@@@

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students taking economics classes are, on average, less willing to contribute to certain left-of-center political organizations.
Note:DA QS SI CONCLUDEVA CHE GLI STUDENTI DI ECONOMIA NN ERANO GENEROSI

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less sympathetic to those particular organizations,
Note:CONCLUSIONE CORRETTA

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critical-thinking skills that could lead students to be skeptical of certain agendas.
Note:ALTRA CONCLUSIONE POSSIBILE SULLA DOTAZIONE

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lower tuition for college students is likely to entail higher taxes and/or reduced services for families
Note:ESEMPIO DI ONLUS COINVOLTA E PENSIERO DELL ECONOMISTA

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physics majors are the least compassionate because they are the least likely to offer encouragement to the inventors of perpetual-motion machines.
Note:ANALOGIA PARADOSSALE

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Interpreting evidence is always perilous,
Note:OGGETTO DEL CAPITOLO

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When a university admits 46 percent of its male applicants and only 30 percent of its (equally qualified) female applicants, can we infer gender discrimination?
Note:MOLTI AVVOCATI PENSANO DI SÌ...CAUSA A BERLEY NEL 1973

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someone observed that not a single one of Berkeley’s individual departments appeared to be discriminating.
Note:NEL CORSO DEL PROCESSO....SORPRESA

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women were being disproportionately rejected because women were disproportionately applying to the most selective departments.
Note:SPIEGAZIONE

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focus on the aggregate statistics—that
Note:L ERRORE DI MOLTI...E ANCHE DEGLI AVVOCATI

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1 Jury Selection
Note:Tttttttttt

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blacks are systematically underrepresented on American juries.
Note:DENUNCIA

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25 percent of white Americans have served
Note:DATO

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25 percent of black Americans have served
Note:Ccccc L ACCUSA SEMBREREBBE INFONDATA

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blacks live primarily in cities, where it’s very common to be called for jury duty,
Note:NO...CI SONO ALTRI FATTORI

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even though 25 percent of blacks and 25 percent of whites have served on juries, blacks are apparently being discriminated against in both the urban and rural areas.
Note:POSSIBILE CONCLUSIONE....ERRORE DELL AGGREGGATO...DI SEGNO CONTRARIO RISPETTO A BERKLEY

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2 Income Trends
Note:Tttttttttttt

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25-year period,
Note:QUANDO

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the median income of all
Note:COSA

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3 percent.
Note:DELTA...AUMENTO

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the median income of white male
Note:COSA 2

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15 percent.
Note:DELTA DUE

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at least one other demographic group (white females, nonwhite males, or nonwhite females), the increase must have been even less than 3 percent?
Note:CONCLUSIONE AFFRETTATA

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White males had 15 percent growth, and every other group had even larger growth—as
Note:LA REALTÀ

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That’s possible partly because the sizes of the groups changed.
Note:SPIEGAZIONE...UN INCREMENTO ELEVATO X POCHI INCREMENTA DI OCO IL TOTALE

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In 1980 the median worker was a white man. By 2005, enough women had entered the workforce that the median worker was a woman. Women do indeed earn less than men,
Note:SONO AUMENTATE LE PERSONE CHE GUADAGNAVANO POCO ANCHE SE PURE LORO SONO MIGLIORATE

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the average math scores of seventeen-year-olds have dropped slightly over the past twenty years or so—even though the scores of the average white student, the average black student, and the average Hispanic student have all increased
Note:ALTRO PARADOSSO: AUMENTANO TUTTI I VOTI MA DIMINUISCE LA MEDIA...XCHÈ AUMENTA IL NUMERO DEI PEGGIORI

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4 The Smoking Gun
Note:Tttttttttttt

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A tobacco company claims to have evidence that cigarettes prevent cancer.
Note:IL CASO

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only 5 percent of nonsmokers get cancer, while 20 percent of smokers do.
Note:IN UN CAMPIONE RAPPRESENTATIVO...STO FATTO È UNA CONFUTAZIONE?

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possible for a single legitimate study to show both that smoking prevents cancer and that cancer strikes smokers disproportionately.
Note:INFATTI

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there might be a single gene (call it the STRS gene) that makes people highly sensitive to stress.
Note:UNA VARIABILE SOPRA LE ALTRE

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aggregate statistic proves nothing.
Note:IN GENERE

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natural experiments where, for example, one state or another suddenly raises the tax on cigarettes,
Note:LE FONTI X SOSTENERE LA DANNOSITÀ DEL FUMO SONO ALTRE

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doctors are pretty sure they understand the mechanism by which smoking causes cancer,
Note:LA SECONDA FONTE

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each step in the mechanism can be tested in a lab.
Note:Cccccccccc

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Aggregate statistics show that urban areas with large police presences tend to have a lot of crime.
Note:ALTRO INGANNO CLASSICO

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the city of Washington, DC, substantially increases its police presence whenever the national terror alert status is raised from yellow to orange.
Note:UN ESPERIMENTO NATURALE

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when the alert level is orange and there are more police on the streets, crime rates fall substantially.
Note:ESITO

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we know that college graduates typically earn higher wages than high school graduates.
Note:ALTRA SITUAZIONE

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education tends to boost your wages?
Note:PRIMA IPOTESI

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those who already expect to be high earners figure they can afford to waste four years in college?
Note:SECONDA

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a single genetic makeup leads to both a strong work ethic and a taste for higher education?
Note:TERZA

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The gold standard would be another controlled experiment:
Note:PURTROPPO IL PROB È INSOLUBILE

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5 Twin Studies
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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Fred and Ed are brothers, three years apart in age. Fred went to college; Ed did not. Fred earns more than Ed.
Note:X ME IL CASO IDEALE X SPERIMENTARE

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Spike and Ike are identical twins. Spike went to college; Ike did not. Spike earns more than Ike.
Note:IL CASO SOPRAVVALUTATO

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there must be some reason why Spike went to college and Ike didn’t. Presumably there was already some important difference there.
Note:XCHÈ SOPRAVVALUTATO

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A lot can happen in three years. The family might have gone bankrupt; a parent might have died;
Note:XCHÈ IL CASO IDEALE...FRED NN È ANDATO AL COLLEGE ANCHE SE I DUE FRATELLI SONO MOLTO SIMILI

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Even identical twins are never truly identical,
Note:PURTROPPO

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Don’t jump to conclusions based solely on aggregate statistics.
Note:LA CONCLUSIONE GENERALE

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don’t jump to conclusions, period. Because sometimes it’s the breakdown statistics that mislead
Note:ANCORA MEGLIO

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7 The Teacher’s Dilemma
Note:Ttttttttt

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when you praise students for their success, they don’t usually improve very much. In fact, they often dis-improve.
Note:LA SCOPERTA DELL INSEGNANTE...REGRESSIONE ALLA MEDIA?

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when you speak harshly to a weak student, that student usually improves.
Note:VICEVERSA

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weak students have a lot of room for improvement.
Note:È PIÙ FACILE MIGLIORARE SE SEI SCARSO...E VICEVERSA

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Sports Illustrated jinx—sports teams and players who appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated tend to suffer performance declines.
Note:TIPICO DELLO SPORT

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Making the cover of Sports Illustrated is like being praised by your teacher—it
Note:ANALOGIA

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examples of the statistical phenomenon called regression to the mean.
Note:IL FENOMENO

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8 College Education
Note:Ttttttttttt

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Moosylvania State University
Note:DOVE

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its weakest third-year students are generally being held back by poor writing skills.
Note:COSA

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require all freshmen to pass a writing proficiency
Note:RIMEDIO

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Is this policy justified by the evidence?
Note:DOMANDA...RISPOSTA: NOOOO...I PUNTI DEBOLI DEI SOPRAVVISSUTI SONO SPESSO PUNTI DI FORZA

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Despite their poor writing skills, these students are still in school in their third year. That’s evidence that poor writing skills are not the key barrier to success.
Note:AL CONTRARIO

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The least successful students are those who flunked out in their first and second years,
Note:I VERI BISOGNOSI...LA VERA MALATTIA DA CURARE

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solid math skills are absolutely necessary to survive the first two years,
Note:NEL CASO CONCRETO

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the British Royal Air Force adding armor to its World War II warplanes.
Note:STORIA RISAPUTA

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only in spots
Note:X NN APPESANTIRE

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the majority of the bullet holes were in a few particular locations
Note:DA UN ISPEZIONE AI SOPRAVVISSUTI!!!!!

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Abraham Wald
Note:L UOMO DELLA PROVVIDENZA

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It’s the locations with no visible bullet holes that need the armor—because
Note:SI ACCORSE CHE QUEI BUCHI...

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9 Good-Looking Teachers
Note:Tttttttttttttttttt

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professors who are perceived as physically beautiful generally receive much higher ratings.
Note:GLI STUDENTI VALUTANO I PROF...SUPERFICIALI?

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you should have expected all along that the prettiest teachers would be among the best.
Note:IN REALTÀ È ACCURATA...MA XCHÈ?

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“fashion model”
Note:LAVORI DOVE LA BELLEZZA CONTA

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“movie star”
Note:ANCORA

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anything in sales or retailing.
Note:ALTRI

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You show me a lighthouse keeper with movie-star good looks, and I’ll show you (at least probably) a really really good lighthouse keeper—one
Note:IL BELLO CHE LAVORA DOVE LA BELLEZA NN CONTA È VERAMENTE APPASSIONATO

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evidence that attractive teachers really are more effective,
Note:INFATTO...ANCHE DA RICERCHE INDIPENDENTI

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You should expect more attractive teachers to do a better job even if students are completely blind to their physical beauty.
Note:CONXLUSIONE

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10 Hospital Patients
Note:Tttttttttt

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80 patients being treated for cancer and 80 being treated for heart attacks.
Note:I RICOVERATI IN UN GIORNO MRDIO ALL OSPEDALE DI NOD

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it appear that the average Noddian is about equally likely to be struck by a heart attack as by cancer?
Note:DOMANDA RETORICA

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the fact that some hospital stays are longer than others.
Note:IL BUSILLIS

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I could just as easily (though far less interestingly) have compiled a collection of equally complicated and subtle puzzles that most people get right.
Note:MOLTI SBAGLIANO NEL RISPONDERE AL QUIZ MA IN QUIZ NN MENO COMPLICATI SE LA VAVANO.XCHÈ?

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11 Checking Cards
Note:Ttttttttt

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You want to know whether every card with an A on one side has a 7 on the other. Which cards must you flip?
Note:2 CARTE COME NELLA FIGURA.....RISPOSTA DIFFICILE....LA PRIMA E LA QUARTA...VIENE DA PENSARE ALLA TERZA CHE IN REALTÀ È INDIFFERENTE AI NOSTRI FINI POTREBBE AVERE QUALSIASI LETTERA SUL DORSO...MENTRE SE LA QUARTA HA UNA A CONFUTA TUTTO...

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12 Barefoot Cheaters
Note:Tttttttt

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ALL CHILDREN MUST WEAR SHOES:
Note:ORDINE PERENTORIO

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To catch all the potential rule breakers, which black boxes must you peek behind?
Note:DOMANDA FACILE...IL BIMBO OSCURATO E IL PIEDE NUDO OSCURATO...OVVERO PRIMO E QUARTO

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13 Which Is Harder?
Note:Ttttttttttt

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problem 11 or problem 12?
Note:DEI DUE PRECEDENRI QUAL È IL PIÙ STICO

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Problems 11 and 12 are, in essence, exactly the same problem,

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only about 10 percent of people solve problem 11 correctly
Note:MA...COLPO DI SCENA!

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great many more solve problem 12 correctly.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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our critical faculties kick into high gear in social situations,
Note:CONCLUSIONE....RAGIONIAMO BENE IN UN CONTESTO E NN IN UN ALTRO....ANCHE SE CHIAMATI A FARE LO STESSO RAGIONAMENTO

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particularly when we’re on the lookout for cheaters.

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ESIGENZA

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a well-developed instinct to root out cheating,
Note:CIÒ CHE CI RENDE UMANI

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14 Gas Prices
Note:Ttttttttttttt LA FALLACIA DEL COSPIRAZIONISTA

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the price of gasoline rose so high that oil company profits actually increased. True or False: This is evidence that the oil companies collude
Note:IN SEGUITO A UN INTERRUZIONE DELLE FORNITURE

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The big hike in gas prices is evidence—in fact, it’s pretty much proof—that the oil companies don’t collude.
Note:AL CONTRARIO...RISPOSTA

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If it were this easy for the oil companies to raise their profits, then they wouldn’t have waited for a supply interruption.
Note:LA SPIEGA

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Gasoline customers kept right on buying a lot of gas after the price hike, so they must be quite price insensitive.
Note:PREZZI BASSI ANCHE CON DOMANDA RIGIDA!…IMPOSSIBILE SENZA IPER COMPETIZIONE

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15 The Gender Gap
Note:TtttttttttUNA PAGA DEL 23% IN MENO AUMENTEREBBE ENORMEMENTE IL VALORE DELLA AZIONI POICHÈ QUESTI È MOLTO PIÙ PICCOLO DEL MONTE SALARI (SU CUI SI RISPARMIEREBBE)...IMPOSSIBILE LASCIARE SUL MARCIAPIEDE TANTI SOLDI

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women are paid 77 cents for every dollar earned by equally skilled men.
Note:ALICE È DEPRESSA

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If it were true, he says, profit-maximizing firms would clamor to hire cheap women
Note:L ECONOMISTA BOB SI I DIGNA

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the people who run corporations are not always single-minded rational profit maximizers.
Note:MA ALICE SA COME VANNO QS COSE...È POSSIBILE DISCRIMINARE E SOPRAVVOVERE

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managers routinely overlook small profit opportunities but rarely pass up large ones.
Note:CARLITA È LA PIÙ SAGGIA...BISOGNA QUANTIFICARE

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Pure logic can’t settle this one.
Note:Ccccccccc

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the workforce is currently (to a rough but reasonable approximation) about 50 percent female.
Note:PEIMO DATO

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corporations pay out about ⅔ of their revenue in employee
Note:SECNDO DATO...IL RESTO VA AL CAPITALE

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we can assume that of every $300 that comes in, about $200 goes to the employees
Note:DI FATTO

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Instead of paying your workers $200, you’re now paying them 89.5 percent of that, or $179—a saving of $21.
Note:RISPARMIO

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a 42 percent increase.
Note:NEL GUADAGNO

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That’s huge.
Note:Cccccccc

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If Alice is right, corporate managers everywhere are seeing that opportunity and choosing not to grab it.
Note:STRANO

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what does account for gender gaps in wages.
Note:SCEGLIAMO UN ALTRA SPIEGA

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a conglomeration of a great many factors,
Note:RISPOSTA VCOMPLESSA

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differences in ability, differences in training, differences in interests, differences in wage-negotiation tactics, differences in career choices, differences in priorities, and, yes, discrimination.
Note:ELENCO

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The evidence, pro and con, could fill a book—a
NN PROSEGUIAMO QS DISCORSO

HL Bugs bryan caplan mike huemer

Bugs bryan caplan mike huemer

riccardo-mariani@libero.it

Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2018). Bugs bryan caplan mike huemer [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

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Parte introduttiva

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 1

Bugs 41 By Bryan Caplan

Nota - Posizione 3

ARGOMENTO: COME CONSIDERARE GLI ISETTI? 1. RILEVANTI...ALLORA SEI INCOERENTE 2. IRRILEVANTI RISPETTO ALLA GALLINA...ALLORA LA GALLINA PUÒ ESSERE IRRILEVANTE RISPETTO ALL UOMO NB... L INSETTO SOFFRE MENO MA IL N FA LA DIFFERENZA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 4

Bugs are animals.

Nota - Posizione 4

LA PIÙ GRANDE OBIEZIONE ALL ANIMALISTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 4

Every human being directly kills bugs just by walking

Nota - Posizione 4

UN FATTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 5

Yet I’ve never heard even a strict vegan express a word of moral condemnation for this mass animal killing.

Nota - Posizione 6

CONDANNA ZERO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 9

If even morally scrupulous advocates of view X don’t live in accordance with X,

Nota - Posizione 10

ARGUMENT FROM COSCIENCE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 15

What exactly do leading animal rights activists actually say about bugs?

Nota - Posizione 15

SAREI CURIOSO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 27

the determination of when lethal defense against insects and animals is acceptable must be judged on a case-by-case

Nota - Posizione 28

PETA SU BUGS

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 32

No one would say that humans have a “right to live free from unnecessary suffering,” then immediately talk about killing them on a “case-by-case basis.”

Nota - Posizione 34

STRANO PRONUNCIAMENTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 34

if someone killed hundreds of humans with his car on a cross-country trip,

Nota - Posizione 34

ANALOGIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 36

common-sense intuition that human lives are more morally important than insect lives.

Nota - Posizione 36

DI HIARAZIONE INDIRETTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 37

human convenience is more morally important than insects’ very lives.

Nota - Posizione 38

PETA AMETE INDIRETTAMENTE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 42

behavioral indications,

Nota - Posizione 42

I TRE CRITERI SINGER...PRIMO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 42

appropriate nervous system,

Nota - Posizione 42

SECONDO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 42

evolutionary usefulness for the experience of pain.

Nota - Posizione 43

TERZO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 43

satisfied for insects, if only in a primitive way.

Nota - Posizione 43

SEMBRA CHIARO CHE...LO SOSTIENE ANIMAL RIGHT

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 45

large industries are built around honey production, silk production,

Nota - Posizione 46

ESEMPIO DI INDUSTRIE DI SFRUTTAMENTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 46

mass insect death results from our use of insecticides.

Nota - Posizione 46

STRAGI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 52

Some would draw a line at some level of complexity of the nervous system,

Nota - Posizione 53

OPZIONE 2 RAZZISMO INTERSPECIE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 54

Some may postulate a scale of life with an ascending capacity to feel pain and suffer.

Nota - Posizione 54

OPZIONE 2 RAZZISMO INTRASPECIE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 55

Is the cut-off above insects and the lower invertebrates?

Nota - Posizione 55

ARBITRARIO...OPZ 1

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 57

push the line back as far as possible, giving the benefit of the doubt

Nota - Posizione 58

LA STRATEGIA ANIMALISTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 59

They try to justify a massive difference in treatment with a totally debatable difference

Nota - Posizione 60

IL PROBLEMA OPZ 1 …O PROB INSETTI...PROBLEMA OPZ 2… RAZZISMO UMANO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 61

It’s easy to show that some creatures are much smarter than others; but how on earth could we ever convincingly show that some feel much less pain than others?

Nota - Posizione 62

INTELLIGENZA E SOFFERENZA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 63

If there’s a real possibility that killing bugs is very wrong, we should refrain until we know better.

Nota - Posizione 63

COSA DOVREBBE DIRE UN ANIMALISTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 67

Huemer on Ethical Treatment of Animals (Including Bugs) 29 By Bryan Caplan

Nota - Posizione 69

Ttttttttttttttt REPLICA HUEMER

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 73

I don’t think the best way of determining whether x is true is by seeing whether x-advocates are hypocritical

Nota - Posizione 74

SBAGLIATO IL METODO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 79

It seems wrong to cause extreme amounts of pain and suffering for the sake of minor benefits to oneself.

Nota - Posizione 80

TESI ANIMALISYA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 82

If you think it is not wrong to inflict severe suffering as long as the victim of the suffering is stupid, then you’d have to say that it is permissible to torture retarded people

Nota - Posizione 84

LA CONTRADDIZIONE DELL ANIMALISTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 87

The fact that people kill many insects is supposed to be evidence that . . . pain isn’t really

Nota - Posizione 88

ANCORA SUL METODO ERRATO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 93

we know that pain is only bad if you’re smart.

Nota - Posizione 94

LO SCRITTO DI CAPLAN SEMBREREBBE SUGGERIRE CHE...MA LA COSA NN SEMBRA EVIDENTE...E COSA FANNO QUELLI DEL PETA È IRRILEVANTE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 101

Reply to Huemer on Ethical Treatment of Animals (including Bugs) 34 By Bryan Caplan

Nota - Posizione 103

Ttttttttttt

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 113

Argument from Hypocrisyand the Argument from Conscience provide us with additional moral insight,

Nota - Posizione 115

RILEVANTE AL MARGINE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 116

moral impasses.

Nota - Posizione 116

L ESITO SENZA QUESTI AIUTINI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 119

Jefferson’s hypocrisy at least slightly undermined the credibility of the case against slavery.

Nota - Posizione 120

PENSIAMO AL CASO DELLA SCHIAVITÙ

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 128

it’s subject to devastating counter-examples. Like: “What if you have to painfully kill one bug to build a house rather live in a tent?”

Nota - Posizione 129

L ARGOMENTO ANIMALISTA...

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 130

If you just look at some of the things that go on on factory farms, you’re going to be horrified.

Nota - Posizione 131

IN SUPERFICE SÌ...COME LO SONO QUANDO VEDO UN OPERAZIONE CHIRURGICA...POI RIFLETTO E APPROVO IN ENTRAMBI I CASI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 138

It depends on the degree of stupidity. I’m not saying it’s okay for Einstein to murder his secretary.

Nota - Posizione 139

È PERMESSO TORTURARE GLI STUPIDI?

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 139

if a creature with human appearance literally had the mind of a bug,

Nota - Posizione 140

GIUSTO TRATTARLO COME UN INSETTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 143

that creatures that will normally develop human-level intelligence

Nota - Posizione 144

E I BIMBI?

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 148

it seems obvious that the pain of such a creature is extremely morally unimportant.

Nota - Posizione 148

INTELLIGENZA DELL INSETTO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 170

Do you really think painfully killing bugs to build a house is morally wrong?

Nota - Posizione 171

RISPONDETE RICORDANDO L ARGOMENTO ANIMALISTA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 186

Further Reply to Huemer on the Ethical Treatment of Animals 17 By Bryan Caplan

Nota - Posizione 188

Tttttttttt PARLA A HUEMER

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 203

one key factor that makes such pain morally acceptable is low intelligence

Nota - Posizione 203

SEMBRA CHE LA COSA SIA CONCESSA ANCHE DA H

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 206

the burden of proof shifts back to the critic of conventional human treatment of animals.

Nota - Posizione 206

L ONERE DELKA PROVA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 210

If you accept that killing multitudes of bugs for trivial gain is morally acceptable by a big margin, then factory farming could be vastly worse than killing multitudes of bugs, but remain morally acceptable.

Nota - Posizione 212

IL VERO ARGOMENTO DI C...NN FACCIAMONE LA CARICATURA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 215

Factory farming doesn’t cause more pain and suffering than killing bugs.

Nota - Posizione 216

ATTENZNE....IL NUMERO DEGLI INSETTI QUI È DECISIVO...IL CFR 1:1 È IRRILEVANTE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 224

American cars alone kill over 30 trillion bugs a year.

Nota - Posizione 225

ESEMPIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 236

I’d much rather drive 10% less than stop eating animal products.

Nota - Posizione 236

UNA CONSEGUENZA SE ACCETTIAMO GLI INSETTI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 240

proportional to the intelligence of the sufferer. (Or something like that. Maybe the theory is just that it is an increasing function of the being’s intelligence.)

Nota - Posizione 241

LA TEORIA DI CAPLAN

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 262

I say you assign similarly microscopic value to the welfare of bugs.

Nota - Posizione 263

ALL ACCUSA DI NN DAR PWESO ALKA SFFEEENZA DELLA GALLINE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 264

Your anti-factory farming conclusion follows readily from the premise that you shouldn’t inflict immense pain on a creature for a minor benefit. 2. But this premise implies that everyone, even you, is treating bugs very wrongfully, which is absurd.

Nota - Posizione 266

L ACCUSA DI C A H

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 267

You can avoid this conclusion by switching to the view that bug suffering is only microscopically bad. 4. But then why are you so puzzled by the view that non-bug animal suffering is (a) more important than bug suffering, but (b) still only microscopically bad?

Nota - Posizione 269

SE LA SOFFERENZA DEGLI INSETTI È IRRILEVANTE RISPETTO A QUELLA DEPLLA GALLINA ALLORA QUELLA DELKA GALLINA PUÒ ESSERLO RISPETTO A QUELLA UMANA

LA CURVA DI LAFFER

https://www.econlib.org/a-laffer-curve-for-government-spending/

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

LA CURVA DI LAFFER

Ve la ricordate? E’ quel meccanismo perverso per cui il governo aumenta le tasse ma incassa di meno.

Non vale solo per le tasse, vale anche per la spesa pubblica: il governo decide di spendere di più per i suoi cittadini ma di fatto spenderà meno.

Con le tasse il meccanismo è noto: aumentando le aliquote oltre un certo livello la gente rinuncia a lavorare e lo stato incassa meno tasse.

Con la spesa il meccanismo è meno noto, anche se noi italiani siamo in una posizione di privilegio per comprenderlo: decidi di aumentare la spesa ma gli interessi che devi pagare per farlo superano la spesa che hai messo in programma. Esempio: decido di spendere 100 in più e per farlo pago 120 di interessi in più rispetto a prima.

L’Italia ha un debito del 132% e il suo governo spende già il 50% della ricchezza prodotta. Ieri il governo populista ha deciso di indebitarsi ulteriormente per spendere ancora di più. Poiché non governa la sua moneta, decisioni del genere fanno aumentare il rischio di fallimento con conseguente aumento dei tassi. La spesa per interessi non compare immediatamente ma il rischio di finire sulla curva di Laffer della spesa esiste.

INFORMAZIONEFISCALE.IT

Curva di Laffer: cos’è e cosa significa | Informazione Fiscale

La curva di Laffer mette in relazione la pressione fiscale con il gettito. Cos’è e cosa significa l’equazione elaborata dall’economista Arthur (...)

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Commenta

Il "padroni a casa nostra" secondo Nozick

One popular position on immigration goes something like this: “It’s our country. We can let in or keep out whomever we want.” This could be interpreted as a claim that the right to exclude aliens is based on property rights, perhaps collective or national property rights. Would this sort of claim receive support from theories in which property rights play a central role? I think not, because those theories emphasize individual property rights and the concept of collective or national property rights would undermine the individual rights that these theories wish to protect.

Carens on Nozick on Immigration, by Bryan Caplan https://www.econlib.org/carens-on-nozick-on-immigration/

Traslocare è vivere

marriage rates rise sharply shortly before and in the first two months after a move.
– Additional moves encourage marriage, raising the likelihood of marriage and of having children present as dependents.
– The likelihood of marrying prior to five years of Army service rises by 8 percentage points with an additional domestic move, representing an increase of 14 percent from the mean marriage rate.
– We first considered a model in which relocation likely requires investment in thinking about long-term plans that may simultaneously lower the cost of considering other types of long-term commitments, like marriage.
– This suggests that the decision to marry may be affected by other events requiring long-term planning. This in turn implies that a disruptive event, like a relocation, may actually strengthen family ties rather than strain them.

Do moving and making big decisions tend to happen together? http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2018/09/moving-making-big-decisions-tend-happen-together.html

GENDER BIAS A BERKLEY

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

GENDER BIAS A BERKLEY

Un caso vecchio (1973) ma sempre istruttivo: l’Università californiana ammetteva ai suoi corsi il 46% dei maschietti che presentavano domanda di iscrizione e solo il 30% delle femminucce. Scattò subito il processo per discriminazione di genere.

Tuttavia, il processo finì in nulla (in realtà nemmeno cominciò) quando si scoprì che TUTTE le facoltà dell’ Università prese una ad una, discriminavano i maschi.

Le ragazze respinte erano in numero sproporzionato solo perché si iscrivevano in modo sproporzionato alle facoltà più selettive :-).

RATIONALWIKI.ORG

rationalwiki.org

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