Chapter 9 HISTORY Rights Flow from Frontiers

Chapter 9 HISTORY Rights Flow from Frontiers
Note:9@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Page: 279

A Market of Governance Is an Engine of Moral Progress
Note:ttttttttr

Yellow highlight | Page: 279

Most of human prehistory was barbaric.
Note:BARBARIE OVUNQUE

Yellow highlight | Page: 279

Civil society emerged in ancient Greece,
Note:GRECIA... UNA PENISOLA

Yellow highlight | Page: 279

to move to neighboring city-states
Note:PIEDI

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

Plato and Aristotle place a negative connotation on the old, respected means of governing: tyranny.
Note:CONTRO LA TIRANNIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

economic specialization and interregional trade

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

Those who trade, trade in ideas—

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

democracy

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

republicanism,

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

federations

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

divisions of power,

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

“Greece was divided into many small self-governing communities,
Note:MICROCOMUNITÀ

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

Greek geography: every island, valley,
Note:RUOLO DELLA GEOGRAFIA...ARCIPELAGO

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

lack of a political center.

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

dozens and later hundreds of independent poleis,

Yellow highlight | Page: 280

Each city-state became a testing ground for small innovations in laws,
Note:SCIENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 281

With conquest and control so difficult,
Note:DIFESA RINTANATA

Yellow highlight | Page: 281

market competition outstripped military competition.
Note:EC E POL

Yellow highlight | Page: 281

The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece, scholar Josiah Ober
Note:A SUPPORTO

Yellow highlight | Page: 281

“Experts in various arts and crafts migrated to new homes
Note:VOTARE COI PIEDI

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

Athens emerged; it was not designed.

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

learning from the past governance
Note:ATENE

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

the Italian Renaissance.
Note:L UNCA ESPERIENZA SIMILE

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

Armies of monarchs couldn’t get across the Alps in one piece, leaving the Italian peninsula a natural experiment in polycentric governance with easy access to water.
Note:ITALIA POST ROMANA

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

terrible time to be conqueror, but a great time to be a trader.
Note:AMEDIOEVO RINASC

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

merchant and banking class who patronized the arts,

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

sovereign cities engaged in ceaseless economic and artistic competition,

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

increase in literacy, numeracy, and an unprecedented near tripling of per capita income
Note:ITALIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

from the eleventh century to the fifteenth
Note:EPOCA D ORO

Yellow highlight | Page: 282

immigrate to cities en masse and making Italy the most urbanized region

Yellow highlight | Page: 283

free-trade zones sprouted in Tuscany, and entrepreneurs who served became wealthier than nobility who ruled,
Note:GOVERNATI E GOVERNANTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 283

the dynamic aquatic peninsula:

Yellow highlight | Page: 283

magnates who built cities

Yellow highlight | Page: 283

Only in the land without a king did business innovations outstrip military innovations,
Note:COMMERCIO E GUERRA

Yellow highlight | Page: 283

Venice
Note:LA CITTÀ ACQUATICA

Yellow highlight | Page: 283

Venice was rich, urban, and intensely aquatic, a center for commerce with no center of political power.
Note:IL MODELLO

Yellow highlight | Page: 283

Venetians had developed equity and mortgage instruments, bankruptcy laws, double-entry accounting, the first business schools,
Note:INNOVAZ

Yellow highlight | Page: 283

features that for a time discourage centralized control and encourage decentralized creation and choice.
Note:LA FORTUNA

Yellow highlight | Page: 284

On the American frontier,
Note:NUOVO MONDO

Yellow highlight | Page: 284

proliferation of states, territories, and laws,

Yellow highlight | Page: 284

“Shesteading”

Yellow highlight | Page: 284

Brit Benjamin

Yellow highlight | Page: 284

how many seasteaders would like to maintain the gender balance
Note:DOMANDA DELLA FEMMINISTA

Yellow highlight | Page: 284

dumbstruck silence

Yellow highlight | Page: 284

competition in the market of marriage.
Note:LA SOLUZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 285

everybody was excluded except periwigged property owners,
Note:CGI VOTAVA IN GRECIA O TRA I COLONI

Yellow highlight | Page: 285

Suffrage was apparently a big lure for these migrants,
Note:COME SI ESTESE IL VOTO

Yellow highlight | Page: 285

One by one, the fringe states granted voting rights to formerly disenfranchised groups:

Yellow highlight | Page: 286

property acquired during the marriage is owned jointly by both spouses, on the basis that it would attract “women of fortune” and was thus “the very best provision to get us wives.”
Note:PRIPERTY LAW IN CALIFORNIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 286

female suffrage,

Yellow highlight | Page: 286

In ancient Greece, Aristophanes wrote a play called Lysistrata,
Note:COME ANDÒ IN GRECIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 286

boycott sex until the men agree

Yellow highlight | Page: 287

the best strategies for moral progress

Yellow highlight | Page: 287

efforts of obscure social entrepreneurs in competing jurisdictions innovating to attract citizens by treating them like customers.

Note | Page: 287

LA NASCITA DEI DIRITTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 287

Moral progress emerges from millions of individuals competing for novel ways to profit by pleasing one another.

Yellow highlight | Page: 287

Human rights come from the fringe on the frontier, and so does technological innovation.
Note:INNOV E DIRITTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 287

begin as innovators and then become stagnant monopolies protecting themselves against innovation.
Note:CICLO DELL INNOVAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

innovation is destabilizing—

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

“Cardwell’s Law,”
Note:CICLO

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

no nation remains technologically innovative for long.

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

As one nation became stagnant, the torch of technological leadership was passed to another,
Note:STAFFETTA

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

a story of repeated failure.
Note:COLOMBO ALLA RICERCA DI UNO SPONSOR

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

Portugal,

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

Venice

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

Genoa,

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

England,

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

Spain,

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

France,

Yellow highlight | Page: 288

Luis de Santángel,

Yellow highlight | Page: 289

Competition really has a way of driving risky ventures.

Yellow highlight | Page: 289

Compare this to China,
Note:UN CONFRONTO

Yellow highlight | Page: 289

If the Italian merchant Marco Polo’s tales are true, he arrived in China in 1271 to find a futuristic wonder world far surpassing what he had known in Europe.
Note:LA CINA PIÙ AVANTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 289

Jared Diamond proposes that innovation in China was stifled by the lack of competitive governance.
Note:DIAMOND

Yellow highlight | Page: 289

There was no frontier or enclave
Note:CINA

Yellow highlight | Page: 289

geography of zigzagging mountains, seas, islands, peninsulas,
Note:EUROPA

Yellow highlight | Page: 289

A Chinese explorer with a nutty notion could not bounce from king to king to queen.
Note:CC

Yellow highlight | Page: 289

“Any man of genius is paralyzed immediately by the thought that his efforts will bring him punishment rather than rewards.”
Note:DINASTIA MING

Yellow highlight | Page: 290

the Great Wall to keep out foreigners,

Yellow highlight | Page: 290

“How China Became Capitalist,”
Note:COASE...COME CAMBIÒ LA CINA?

Yellow highlight | Page: 290

“When China’s 32 provinces, 282 municipalities, 2,862 counties, 19,522 towns, and 14,677 villages threw themselves into an open competition for investment and for good ideas
Note:VALORIZZATI I LOCALISMI

Yellow highlight | Page: 290

the sea becomes a permanent frontier for pilgrims
Note:LA NUOVA COMUNITÁ COME FRONTIERA PERMANENTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 292

Franklin was a genius. But he was also in the right place at the right time.
MGLIAIA DI FRANKLIN NEL MONDO