Notebook per
THE PROACTIONARY PRINCIPLE
Citation (APA): More, M. (2016). THE PROACTIONARY PRINCIPLE [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
THE PROACTIONARY PRINCIPLE By Max More
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freedom to innovate technologically is highly valuable,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 9
decision process based on science rather than collective emotional reactions.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 9
Account for the costs of restrictions and lost opportunities
Nota - Posizione 9
PARTE INTEGRANTE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
proportionate to the probability and magnitude of impacts,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 11
high priority to people’s freedom to learn, innovate,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 12
Unpacking the Proactionary Principle
Nota - Posizione 12
T
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nine component
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Freedom to innovate:
Nota - Posizione 15
1
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Our freedom to innovate technologically is valuable to humanity. The burden of proof therefore belongs to those who propose restrictive measures.
Nota - Posizione 17
x BURDEN
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2
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Objectivity:
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Use a decision process that is objective, structured, and explicit. Evaluate risks and generate forecasts according to available science, not emotionally shaped perceptions;
Nota - Posizione 19
x
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fully disclose the forecasting procedure;
Nota - Posizione 19
c
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selecting disinterested experts,
Nota - Posizione 21
c
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devil’s advocate procedure
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c
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3
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Comprehensiveness:
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Consider all reasonable alternative actions, including no action. Estimate the opportunities lost by abandoning a technology, and take into account the costs and risks of substituting other credible options.
Nota - Posizione 23
x COSTO OPPORTUNITÀ
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consider not only concentrated and immediate effects, but also widely distributed
Nota - Posizione 24
c
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Openness/ Transparency:
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4
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Take into account the interests of all potentially affected parties, and keep the process open to input from those parties.
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c
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5
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Simplicity:
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Use methods that are no more complex than necessary
Nota - Posizione 27
x
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6
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Triage:
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Give precedence to ameliorating known
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 29
Symmetrical treatment:
Nota - Posizione 29
7
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Treat technological risks on the same basis as natural risks; avoid underweighting natural risks and overweighting human-technological
Nota - Posizione 30
x
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8
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Proportionality:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 33
If measures to limit technological advance do appear justified, ensure that the extent of those measures is proportionate to the extent of the probable effects.
Nota - Posizione 34
x LA PROIBIZIONE COME CSO ESTREMO
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Prioritize (Prioritization):
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9
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(a) Give priority to risks to human and other intelligent life over risks to other species; (b) give non-lethal threats to human health priority over threats limited to the environment (within reasonable limits); (c) give priority to immediate threats over distant threats; (d) prefer the measure with the highest expectation value by giving priority to more certain over less certain threats, and to irreversible or persistent impacts over transient impacts.
Nota - Posizione 39
x PRIORITÀ
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Renew and Refresh:
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T
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Create a trigger to prompt decision makers to revisit the decision,
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x
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A Proactionary Alternative to the Precautionary Principle
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T
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Extropy Institute’s Vital Progress Summit I in 2004.
Nota - Posizione 42
DOVE È STATO PROPOSTO IL PROACT
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that principle is strongly biased against the technological progress
Nota - Posizione 45
PRINC DI PRECAUZ
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to feed billions more people over the coming decades, to counter natural threats from pathogens to environmental changes, and to alleviate human suffering from disease, damage, and the ravages of aging,
Nota - Posizione 47
x I PROBLEMI IN CAMPO
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Principle Against Progress
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T
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Variations exist between influential formulations, such as those involved in the North-Sea conferences from 1984 to 1995, as well as those expressed in the Rio Declaration of 1992 and the UN Framework Climate Convention of 1992. All versions do have in common three elements: The possibility of harm to humans or the environment, resulting from a technology or activity; scientific uncertainty regarding cause-effect relationships; and the justifiability of taking precautionary measures.
Nota - Posizione 64
X LA FORMULAZIONEVAGA
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in The Wingspread Declaration (1999), the precautionary principle states that:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 65
“When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not established scientifically.
Nota - Posizione 67
X FORMULAZIONE PIÙ INVALSA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 67
proponent of the activity, rather than the public, should bear the burden of proof.”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 69
We should permit no new technology to be developed and no new productive activity to take place unless we can scientifically prove that no harm to health or environment will result.
Nota - Posizione 70
x ALTRA FORMULA
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a basic distinction between a weaker and a stronger formulation.
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threats of serious or irreversible harm or damage.
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DEBOLE
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even when the possible harm is not a serious or irreversible one.
Nota - Posizione 74
FORTE
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include a cost-effectiveness clause.
Nota - Posizione 75
ALTRO DISCRIMINE TRA PRI PRE
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“Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures.”
Nota - Posizione 77
x RIO 1992
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clause concerning our knowledge of the causal relationship
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precautionary measures are justified and required “if any possibility” of harm exists,
Nota - Posizione 80
POSSIBILITÀ
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A less drastic claim says that precautionary measures are justified even if the cause-effect relationship has not been fully established.
Nota - Posizione 82
NOT FULLY ESTSBISHED
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skewed against economic and technological progress
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PP SEMPRE CONTRO IL PROG
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easily be wielded to prevent the introduction of all kinds of new technologies.
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Alar, a chemical for regulating growth in apples, was withdrawn from distribution in 1989 following misinformed public clamor regarding its alleged carcinogenicity. Dr. Elizabeth Whelan has noted how the principle has been used to ban “a health-enhancing chemical like chlorine” because of doubtful “adverse effects on wildlife— or its effect in high dose laboratory animal experiments.”
Nota - Posizione 87
x ESEMPI
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favorite tool of those who oppose medical applications of biotechnology
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......
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agricultural biotechnology,
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.....
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genetically modified crops
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.......
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GM foods and medical biotech have enormous potential for meeting global needs
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improved health
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adequate nutrition.
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What’s Wrong with the Precautionary Principle?
Nota - Posizione 92
T
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precautionary principle always assumes worst-case scenarios.
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Any release of chemicals into the environment might initiate a chain of events leading to a disaster. Genetically modified organisms might cause unanticipated, serious, and irreversible problems.
Nota - Posizione 100
x WC SCENARIO
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the precautionary principle ignores background risk, distracting our attention from established dangers to health.
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Nature itself brings with it a risk of harms such as infection, hunger, famine, and environmental disruption. We should apply our limited resources first to major risks that we know are real, not merely hypothetical.
Nota - Posizione 105
x I RISCHI DELLA NATURA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 108
Third, adherents of the precautionary principle assume that proposed regulations and restrictions will cause no harm to health.
Nota - Posizione 109
BUROCRAZIA INFALLIBILE
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Consider, for instance, the consistent correlation between the health of a nation’s citizens and their standard of living. Widespread application of the precautionary principle, by hampering economic activity, will tend to reduce living standards and thereby worsen health.
Nota - Posizione 111
x
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Fourth, the precautionary principle fails to treat natural and human threats on the same basis.
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Users of the principle routinely ignore the potential benefits of technology, in effect favoring nature over humanity. The principle does not account for the fact that the risks created by technological stagnation are at least as real as those of technological advancement. As biochemist Bruce Ames of UCLA has demonstrated, almost all of our exposure to dangerous chemicals comes in the form of natural chemicals. Yet fear and attention are primarily directed toward synthetic chemicals.
Nota - Posizione 116
x
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Fifth, the precautionary principle illegitimately shifts the burden of proof
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The content— even the very name— of the precautionary principle positions environmental activists and Luddites as friends and protectors of the common person. The innovators are made to prove safety, having already been portrayed as indifferent to the common good and interested only in profiting.
Nota - Posizione 122
x
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For example, the Environmental Working Group opposed the use of pesticides, speculating about possible carcinogenic effects of trace amounts of their residues.
Nota - Posizione 125
c
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Activists get away with the burden of proof trick by managing perceptions of risk instead of examining the real risks.
Nota - Posizione 127
c
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Sixth, and finally, the precautionary principle conflicts with the more balanced approach to risk and harm derived from common law.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 131
Common law holds us liable for injuries we cause, our liability being proportionate with the degree of foreseeable risk. By contrast, the precautionary principle dismisses liability and acts like a preliminary injunction— but without the involvement of a court, without the burden of proof, and without taking responsibility for harm caused by the injunction.[
Nota - Posizione 133
x VOMMON LAW
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The Essence of the Proactionary Principle
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T
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If the precautionary principle had been widely applied
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........
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Human suffering would have persisted without relief, and life would have remained poor, nasty, brutish, and short:
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No chlorination and no pathogen-free water; no electricity generation or transmission; no X-rays; no travel beyond the range of walking.
Nota - Posizione 138
x VITA SGRSDEVOLE
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Proactionary Principle allows for handling mixed effects
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compensation and remediation instead of prohibition.
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Proactionary Principle stands for the proactive pursuit of progress.
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learning by acting.
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opportunities to learn through diverse experiments.
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Let a thousand flowers bloom!
