Notebook per
Shattering Logic to Explain the Flynn Effect
Citation (APA): Gottfredson, L. (2016). Shattering Logic to Explain the Flynn Effect [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
Shattering Logic to Explain the Flynn Effect By Linda S. Gottfredson
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IQ test scores rose steadily and rather dramatically throughout much of the Twentieth Century,
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power to capture changes in human intelligence
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intelligence researchers themselves, Flynn’s “g-men,” do not accept IQ scores at face value.
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understand a major discovery of the last century: the g factor.
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capacity to learn and reason,
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regardless of task content and context.
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IQ tests measure g well,
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IQ tests are merely one tool in that endeavor.
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he succeeded only by overthrowing the “conceptual imperialism” of g,
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RIVOLUZIONE FLYNN
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recent generations do little better on IQ subtests such as Vocabulary, Arithmetic Reasoning, and General Information, mankind’s donning of “scientific spectacles” has enabled it to answer many more Raven’s Matrices and Similarities items than did earlier generations.
Nota - Posizione 27
x I MIGLIORSMENTI
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“Interventions that may enhance IQ include the efforts of parents, programs that afford an enriched environment to children at risk, adoption, and university study.”
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x FLYNN: C È SPAZIO X INTERVENTI
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interventions already known not to raise IQ.
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Flynn’s Argument
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T
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How can something so heritable as IQ change so quickly from one generation
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ENIGMA
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we have yet to learn something fundamental about intelligence or current measures
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there is no evidence that g itself has increased,
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denying that the empirical phenomenon of g is relevant,
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POSIZIONE IMPLICITA DI FLYNN
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incontrovertible evidence for g’s existence
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its correlations with many aspects of brain physiology,
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and the strong genetic basis of both g and brain physiology
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strictly cultural explanation for rising IQ scores.
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ALTERNATIVA A FLYNN
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(an historical shift from pre- to post-scientific thinking caused an advance from concrete to formal thinking;
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x SPIEGAZ DEL F EFFECT PER FLYNN
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let different cognitive skills “swim free.”
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L ERRORE
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An “imperialistic” g (pp. 55ff ) must be restricted to its “proper kingdom” by maintaining a “separation of powers” between the physiological, individual differences, and social levels of intelligence,
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x INTENTO DI FLYNN CONTRO G
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“unravel g into its component parts”
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LA MISSIONE FLYNN
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components at both levels now seem separately malleable:
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VISIONE DI FLYNN
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Flynn rules out biological influences
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.....
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for explaining rising IQs
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he eliminates nutrition as a possible cause of rising IQ
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noting that the trends for height do not seem consistent, in his view, with the disproportionate gains in IQ
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Flynn’s Fallacies
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T
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his core argument rests on logical fallacies that profoundly misinterpret the evidence.
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Averages vs. correlations
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T PRIMO DEI TRE ERRORI
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Taller people tend to weigh more; that is, height and weight are correlated.
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If everyone gained 10 pounds, this average gain would have no effect whatsoever on the correlation
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the fact that average scores on the Similarities subtest have risen over time but average scores on Vocabulary and Arithmetic Reasoning have not says nothing about whether the correlation between them has changed.
Nota - Posizione 70
x L ERRORE
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In fact, it remains very high.
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The case for having “shattered” g rests precisely on this confusion, however.
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The g factor is derived, via factor analysis from the correlations among subtests. Averages do not affect the calculation of correlations.
Nota - Posizione 71
x COS È G COS È L INTELLIGENZA
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demographic groups (e.g., ages, races, nationalities) yield the same g despite often very different average levels of performance
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it is intriguing that subtest averages have not changed in tandem with their g
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g constitutes the core of all mental abilities,
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Relative vs. absolute levels of ability
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T SECONDO ERRORE
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IQ tests are excellent measures of relative differences
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The best we can do, which Flynn does admirably, is to plug cross-generation differences in raw scores into the formula for calculating deviation IQs for the current generation.
Nota - Posizione 85
x CFR TRA CLASSI
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we do not know whether the transported points represent an increase in g rather than something else.
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NN SAPPIAMO A COSA SIA DOVUTO L AUMENTO DI IQ
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Measure vs. the construct being measured.
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T TERZO ERRORE
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No one would mistake a thermometer for heat,
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Nor should one do so with IQ tests.
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confuse the yardstick (IQ scores) with the construct (g) actually measured.
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each ability test measures a different ability
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IL DOGMA FLYNN
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For example, it was once received wisdom (but mistaken) that tests of verbal ability would predict reading but not math achievement, whereas tests of arithmetic reasoning would do the reverse.
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x ESEMPIO DEL DOGMA
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Specificity theory was falsified decades ago,
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Professor Flynn may believe that the Similarities subtest measures the ability “to classify” and that Vocabulary assays a different cognitive “skill,” but he needs to provide evidence and not mere belief. Belief did not smash the atom. Belief cannot explain the Flynn Effect.
Nota - Posizione 105
x CHIUSA POLEMICA
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DISCUSSION Flynn, Ceci, and Turkheimer on Race and Intelligence: Opening Moves By Linda S. Gottfredson
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Ttt
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a non-trivial genetic basis for racial differences in IQ
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How strong is the scientific evidence favoring a partly-genetic hypothesis?
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hypothesis is, in his view, “offensive” and “dangerous.”
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moral distaste
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“offensive” the IQ-based scholarship
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in order to seem to discredit it without actually engaging its large interlocking body of evidence.
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criticism succeeds precisely by avoiding such engagement.
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create doubt about some small portion of it
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PRIMA TATTICA X SCREDITARE L IPOESI GENETICA
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put unwelcome evidence off-limits by labeling it immoral or ill-motivated.
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What Is the Debate About— Phenotypic or Genotypic Differences in Intelligence?
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T
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IQ tests measure only phenotypic (developed) differences in general intelligence (g), not what causes them.
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When scientists speak of race or sex differences, this is short-hand for averagedifferences
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as when we refer to men being taller than women
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or Americans being fatter today than decades back.
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Public commentary on black-white IQ differences generally confuses these two questions: whetherblacks and whites differ in average developed intelligence level, and, if so, why.
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x LE DUE QUESTIONI FONTE DI CONFUSIONE
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first question has been scientifically settled for decades.
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American Psychological Association
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“The differential between the mean intelligence test scores of [Western] Blacks and Whites… does not result from any obvious biases in test construction and administration” (Neisser et al., 1996).
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x VERDETTO APA GIÀ ASSODATO
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gap in abilities is real,
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has real-world, practical consequences
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Racial-ethnic differences in phenotypic intelligence are the rule, not the exception, worldwide.
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“why” question— are
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........
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genetic?— remains a matter of much scientific debate.
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researchers differ on the extent to which the average difference is genetic
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Some have written that current evidence makes the black-white gap more plausibly 80% genetic than 0% genetic and others that 50% genetic is more plausible than 0% genetic, and yet others have argued that the available evidence is equally consistent with 0% genetic or is not yet sufficient to venture an opinion. I suspect that most experts on the topic now believe that the gap is at least somewhat genetic, because that was the plurality judgment when solicited confidentially twenty years ago (Snyderman & Rothman, 1988). My view is that the current weight of evidence favors a 50-80 percent rather than a zero percent genetic component (Gottfredson, 2005b).
Nota - Posizione 159
x %
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Gambits for Seeming to Discredit the Genetic Hypothesis Without Actually Doing So
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T
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creating doubt about the evidence for g and its relation to race.
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L ARGOMENTO DEI CULTURALISTI
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The longer and stronger this chain of evidence for both blacks and whites, the more scientifically plausible a genetic component to their average IQ difference becomes.
Nota - Posizione 169
x PLAUSIBILITÀ DELLA GENETICA
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link in the chain
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tested many times
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each has proven robust.
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critics of the genetic hypothesis will concede one or more of the links, at least implicitly, but then assert that crucial other links have been broken.
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seven “yes-but” gambits
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the existence of intelligence (g), its fair measurement, practical importance, stability (lack of malleability), and high heritability.
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x I PRIMI 5 PUNTI
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None of these facts relates to race,
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The first, Non-Existence gambit is to concede racial differences in scores on IQ tests but then to assert that IQ tests do not measure intelligence because, for instance, “intelligence” is only that which a particular culture chooses to value.
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x PRIMA MOSSA DEL CULTURALISTA
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but, they produce falsely low readings for blacks”).
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SECONDO APPROCCIO CULTURALISTA
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urge us to abolish IQ tests or question testers’ motives rather than take the IQ gaps seriously.
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Where once they could seem to discredit the reports of racial differences in intelligence simply by asserting that intelligence (or fair measurement or genetic influence within race) does not exist, they now frequently assert that the existence of biological races has been disproved.
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x DALLA NN ESISTENZA DI G ALLA NN ESISTENZA DELLE RAZZE
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race is only a social construct, without any biological component,
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Unthinkable gambit. It gains popularity when the empirical evidence starts to seem incontestable.
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out of the scientific realm and into the moral arena.
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we need not consider whether the hypothesis is true or false
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but whether accepting it makes one good or evil
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unwelcome idea may be attacked all the more fiercely for possibly having truth on its side.
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moral duty requires suppressing and censuring evil speech
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they demand that unwelcome conclusions be proved beyond all possible doubt.
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it shifts the scientific standard for adjudicating competing claims
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The favored side is presumed true
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In the court of moral judgment, defending the scientific validity of an unwelcome conclusion amounts to confessing moral guilt.
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x CONFESSARSI COLPEVOLI
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Scientific strengths are rendered moral flaws
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(objectivity becomes insensitivity;
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(dedication is depicted as a fetish,
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Scientific conclusions on what “is” (racial differences in IQ) are construed as personal preferences for what “ought to be.”
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x FALLACIA NATURALISTICA
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academic freedom are derogated
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Avoiding the Totality of Evidence on g
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T RASSEGNA DEI PUNTI
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the [following] syllogism:” An underlying ability (called g) is needed for all forms of cognitive performance g is manifest in any broad cognitive battery such as IQ g is related to many types of biological markers and is highly heritable Large individual and group differences exist in g Variation in g predicts differential life outcomes Therefore, variation in life outcomes is at least partly rooted in biological differences in g
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IL SILLOGISMO
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syllogism has already been empirically verified.
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Level of education, occupation, and income are themselves moderately heritable (60-70%, 50% and 40-50%, respectively), and these heritabilities overlap that for g by at least half (yielding 40%, 25%, and 20% of the phenotypic variation in the three life outcomes being jointly heritable with g: e.g., Rowe, Vesterdal, & Rodgers, 1998).
Nota - Posizione 254
x EREDITARIETÀ NEI MESTOIERI
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Flynn “has shown beyond doubt that general intelligence fluctuates systematically over time and this cannot be due to our having better genes than our grandparents.”
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TESI DEGLI ANTI G
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Flynn has shown neither,
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There is no evidence that g itself has risen
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if any at all, for the observed increases on certain subtests,
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only a narrow band of skills has been affected.
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Ceci proposes education.
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patterns of change in IQ subtest scores are opposite of what one would expect if school instruction
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must turn away from the large body of contrary evidence in the US from standard educational
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bits of research from odd corners of the globe (rural Kharwar Indian and Brazilian children) or forms of “natural stimulation” during childhood (herding, running errands, playing videogames or Legos).
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x IL TIPICO SUPPORTO DEI CONTRARI
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Turkheimer selects a different target for scientific doubt: g itself
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he then demolishes with a thought experiment.
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construct a universe in which abilities are independent.
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that factor analysis will extract a g factor nonetheless.
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g is therefore an “illusion.”
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His other-worldly demonstration does nothing, however, to invalidate the independent bodies of evidence showing that this “illusion” exists beyond factor analysis as a biological (Jensen, 1998) and cross-species phenomenon (Chabris, 2007), and that it has more predictive substance in the real world than does any other cognitive ability. In any case, Humphreys (1986) and others put his hypothesis to the test half a century ago when they earnestly tried, but failed, to build useful ability tests that did not also measure general intelligence.
Nota - Posizione 278
x CRITICHE ALL ESPERIMENTO MENTALE
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...........
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Flynn
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simply declaring the most troublesome ones irrelevant.
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Flynn does not deny the existence of g or its high heritability, he attempts to “shatter” it with secular changes in IQ.
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emphasize the cultural malleability of “intelligence.”
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He accomplishes this “shattering” by reversing perhaps the most important advance in intelligence measurement of the 20th Century, which was to separate the latent trait, g, from the specific devices used to measure it, including IQ tests.
Nota - Posizione 288
x MA... L ERRORE DI FLYNN
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separation is what allows us to describe different mental tests according to their “g loading”
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narrower skills and abilities that also contribute
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but their power to predict important life outcomes has been shown to reside almost exclusively with their common gcomponent.
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He ignores latent traits and focuses on the measurement device.
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people are doing dramatically better on a few of the various subtests
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He cannot say that g has increased, because scores on some g loaded subtests have increased a lot (e.g., Similarities) but others hardly at all (e.g., Vocabulary), so he merely says “intelligence” has increased.
Nota - Posizione 298
x SMENTITO FLYNN
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the score increase rests on only a few subtests,
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“intelligence” is not only made malleable, but made amenable to change via “cultural priorities”
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The problem with his explanation, however, is that IQ (g) remains highly heritable.
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Dickens’ proposed environmental “multipliers.”
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environmental reinforcement of all our abilities.
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The result is to reconstitute g from the outside in.
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The resulting g is highly heritable because of the single, genetically-influenced ability that happened to recruit a very powerful environment.
Segnalibro - Posizione 316
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 318
Moral Denigration of Politically Unwelcome Research
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T
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The Truth— What Possible Good? Lies— What Possible Harm?
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T
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interest would be served by withholding the truth about race and IQ.
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IL BENE DELLA SOCIETÀ X FLYNN
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None of our commentators mentions the large, persisting, and socially important black-white differences in phenotypic g,
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focus almost entirely on cultivating doubt about the scientific edifice for g
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If g is an illusion, then there can be no racial differences in g.
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POSIZIONE DEI CRTICI
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Nature’s constraints may not be so constraining after all,
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so we have no lessons to learn from the many prior educational interventions
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failed because they presumed ready malleability.
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“impose” such interventions on individuals more vigorously and into their adult years.
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REAZIONE AI FSLLIMENTI
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Proponents of the taboo on discussing race and IQ assume that the taboo is all for the common good, but whose good, exactly, is served? It is most certainly not individuals of below-average intelligence, who face a tremendous uphill battle in modern, literate societies where life becomes increasingly complex by the day.
Nota - Posizione 414
x MA WYALI INTERESSI SERVE IL TABÙ?
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Take, for example, health care.
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Individuals of lower health literacy, or IQ, are less likely to seek preventive care even when it is free,
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They have worse health, more accidental injuries, higher health costs, and die sooner— regardless of income, insurance coverage, or quality of health care.
Nota - Posizione 422
x IQ METTRS
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It overstates only slightly to say that health care providers currently pay no attention to patient differences in the ability to learn and understand. As health literacy researchers have shown, however, a sizeable fraction of patients in urban hospital outpatient clinics are unable to understand an appointment slip (when to come back), a label indicating how to take four pills a day, or, among their insulin-dependent diabetic patients, the signs of low (or high) sugar and what action to take to bring their blood sugar back under control. Do proportionately more blacks have such problems? Yes, many more. Is that a reason to continue ignoring or disputing individual and group differences in g?
Nota - Posizione 429
c
