martedì 15 novembre 2016

Shattering Logic to Explain the Flynn Effect Linda Gottfredson

Notebook per
Shattering Logic to Explain the Flynn Effect
Linda Gottfredson
Citation (APA): Gottfredson, L. (2016). Shattering Logic to Explain the Flynn Effect [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
Shattering Logic to Explain the Flynn Effect By Linda S. Gottfredson
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 8
IQ test scores rose steadily and rather dramatically throughout much of the Twentieth Century,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
power to capture changes in human intelligence
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intelligence researchers themselves, Flynn’s “g-men,” do not accept IQ scores at face value.
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understand a major discovery of the last century: the g factor.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 13
capacity to learn and reason,
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regardless of task content and context.
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IQ tests measure g well,
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IQ tests are merely one tool in that endeavor.
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he succeeded only by overthrowing the “conceptual imperialism” of g,
Nota - Posizione 21
RIVOLUZIONE FLYNN
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recent generations do little better on IQ subtests such as Vocabulary, Arithmetic Reasoning, and General Information, mankind’s donning of “scientific spectacles” has enabled it to answer many more Raven’s Matrices and Similarities items than did earlier generations.
Nota - Posizione 27
x I MIGLIORSMENTI
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“Interventions that may enhance IQ include the efforts of parents, programs that afford an enriched environment to children at risk, adoption, and university study.”
Nota - Posizione 29
x FLYNN: C È SPAZIO X INTERVENTI
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interventions already known not to raise IQ.
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Flynn’s Argument
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T
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How can something so heritable as IQ change so quickly from one generation
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ENIGMA
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we have yet to learn something fundamental about intelligence or current measures
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 35
there is no evidence that g itself has increased,
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denying that the empirical phenomenon of g is relevant,
Nota - Posizione 37
POSIZIONE IMPLICITA DI FLYNN
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incontrovertible evidence for g’s existence
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its correlations with many aspects of brain physiology,
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and the strong genetic basis of both g and brain physiology
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strictly cultural explanation for rising IQ scores.
Nota - Posizione 40
ALTERNATIVA A FLYNN
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(an historical shift from pre- to post-scientific thinking caused an advance from concrete to formal thinking;
Nota - Posizione 42
x SPIEGAZ DEL F EFFECT PER FLYNN
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let different cognitive skills “swim free.”
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L ERRORE
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An “imperialistic” g (pp. 55ff ) must be restricted to its “proper kingdom” by maintaining a “separation of powers” between the physiological, individual differences, and social levels of intelligence,
Nota - Posizione 46
x INTENTO DI FLYNN CONTRO G
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“unravel g into its component parts”
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LA MISSIONE FLYNN
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components at both levels now seem separately malleable:
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VISIONE DI FLYNN
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Flynn rules out biological influences
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.....
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for explaining rising IQs
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he eliminates nutrition as a possible cause of rising IQ
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noting that the trends for height do not seem consistent, in his view, with the disproportionate gains in IQ
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Flynn’s Fallacies
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T
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his core argument rests on logical fallacies that profoundly misinterpret the evidence.
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Averages vs. correlations
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T PRIMO DEI TRE ERRORI
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Taller people tend to weigh more; that is, height and weight are correlated.
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If everyone gained 10 pounds, this average gain would have no effect whatsoever on the correlation
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 68
the fact that average scores on the Similarities subtest have risen over time but average scores on Vocabulary and Arithmetic Reasoning have not says nothing about whether the correlation between them has changed.
Nota - Posizione 70
x L ERRORE
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In fact, it remains very high.
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The case for having “shattered” g rests precisely on this confusion, however.
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The g factor is derived, via factor analysis from the correlations among subtests. Averages do not affect the calculation of correlations.
Nota - Posizione 71
x COS È G COS È L INTELLIGENZA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
demographic groups (e.g., ages, races, nationalities) yield the same g despite often very different average levels of performance
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 74
it is intriguing that subtest averages have not changed in tandem with their g
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g constitutes the core of all mental abilities,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 79
Relative vs. absolute levels of ability
Nota - Posizione 79
T SECONDO ERRORE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 80
IQ tests are excellent measures of relative differences
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 84
The best we can do, which Flynn does admirably, is to plug cross-generation differences in raw scores into the formula for calculating deviation IQs for the current generation.
Nota - Posizione 85
x CFR TRA CLASSI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 85
we do not know whether the transported points represent an increase in g rather than something else.
Nota - Posizione 86
NN SAPPIAMO A COSA SIA DOVUTO L AUMENTO DI IQ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 91
Measure vs. the construct being measured.
Nota - Posizione 92
T TERZO ERRORE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 92
No one would mistake a thermometer for heat,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 93
Nor should one do so with IQ tests.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 93
confuse the yardstick (IQ scores) with the construct (g) actually measured.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 100
each ability test measures a different ability
Nota - Posizione 100
IL DOGMA FLYNN
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 101
For example, it was once received wisdom (but mistaken) that tests of verbal ability would predict reading but not math achievement, whereas tests of arithmetic reasoning would do the reverse.
Nota - Posizione 102
x ESEMPIO DEL DOGMA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 102
Specificity theory was falsified decades ago,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 103
Professor Flynn may believe that the Similarities subtest measures the ability “to classify” and that Vocabulary assays a different cognitive “skill,” but he needs to provide evidence and not mere belief. Belief did not smash the atom. Belief cannot explain the Flynn Effect.
Nota - Posizione 105
x CHIUSA POLEMICA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 119
DISCUSSION Flynn, Ceci, and Turkheimer on Race and Intelligence: Opening Moves By Linda S. Gottfredson
Nota - Posizione 123
Ttt
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a non-trivial genetic basis for racial differences in IQ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 131
How strong is the scientific evidence favoring a partly-genetic hypothesis?
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hypothesis is, in his view, “offensive” and “dangerous.”
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moral distaste
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“offensive” the IQ-based scholarship
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in order to seem to discredit it without actually engaging its large interlocking body of evidence.
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criticism succeeds precisely by avoiding such engagement.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 139
create doubt about some small portion of it
Nota - Posizione 139
PRIMA TATTICA X SCREDITARE L IPOESI GENETICA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 140
put unwelcome evidence off-limits by labeling it immoral or ill-motivated.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 140
What Is the Debate About— Phenotypic or Genotypic Differences in Intelligence?
Nota - Posizione 141
T
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IQ tests measure only phenotypic (developed) differences in general intelligence (g), not what causes them.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 143
When scientists speak of race or sex differences, this is short-hand for averagedifferences
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 145
as when we refer to men being taller than women
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or Americans being fatter today than decades back.
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Public commentary on black-white IQ differences generally confuses these two questions: whetherblacks and whites differ in average developed intelligence level, and, if so, why.
Nota - Posizione 148
x LE DUE QUESTIONI FONTE DI CONFUSIONE
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first question has been scientifically settled for decades.
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American Psychological Association
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“The differential between the mean intelligence test scores of [Western] Blacks and Whites… does not result from any obvious biases in test construction and administration” (Neisser et al., 1996).
Nota - Posizione 151
x VERDETTO APA GIÀ ASSODATO
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gap in abilities is real,
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has real-world, practical consequences
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Racial-ethnic differences in phenotypic intelligence are the rule, not the exception, worldwide.
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“why” question— are
Nota - Posizione 153
........
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 153
genetic?— remains a matter of much scientific debate.
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researchers differ on the extent to which the average difference is genetic
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 155
Some have written that current evidence makes the black-white gap more plausibly 80% genetic than 0% genetic and others that 50% genetic is more plausible than 0% genetic, and yet others have argued that the available evidence is equally consistent with 0% genetic or is not yet sufficient to venture an opinion. I suspect that most experts on the topic now believe that the gap is at least somewhat genetic, because that was the plurality judgment when solicited confidentially twenty years ago (Snyderman & Rothman, 1988). My view is that the current weight of evidence favors a 50-80 percent rather than a zero percent genetic component (Gottfredson, 2005b).
Nota - Posizione 159
x %
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Gambits for Seeming to Discredit the Genetic Hypothesis Without Actually Doing So
Nota - Posizione 161
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 163
creating doubt about the evidence for g and its relation to race.
Nota - Posizione 164
L ARGOMENTO DEI CULTURALISTI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 168
The longer and stronger this chain of evidence for both blacks and whites, the more scientifically plausible a genetic component to their average IQ difference becomes.
Nota - Posizione 169
x PLAUSIBILITÀ DELLA GENETICA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 170
link in the chain
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tested many times
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 171
each has proven robust.
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critics of the genetic hypothesis will concede one or more of the links, at least implicitly, but then assert that crucial other links have been broken.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 173
seven “yes-but” gambits
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the existence of intelligence (g), its fair measurement, practical importance, stability (lack of malleability), and high heritability.
Nota - Posizione 175
x I PRIMI 5 PUNTI
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None of these facts relates to race,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 178
The first, Non-Existence gambit is to concede racial differences in scores on IQ tests but then to assert that IQ tests do not measure intelligence because, for instance, “intelligence” is only that which a particular culture chooses to value.
Nota - Posizione 180
x PRIMA MOSSA DEL CULTURALISTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 182
but, they produce falsely low readings for blacks”).
Nota - Posizione 182
SECONDO APPROCCIO CULTURALISTA
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urge us to abolish IQ tests or question testers’ motives rather than take the IQ gaps seriously.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 198
Where once they could seem to discredit the reports of racial differences in intelligence simply by asserting that intelligence (or fair measurement or genetic influence within race) does not exist, they now frequently assert that the existence of biological races has been disproved.
Nota - Posizione 199
x DALLA NN ESISTENZA DI G ALLA NN ESISTENZA DELLE RAZZE
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race is only a social construct, without any biological component,
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Unthinkable gambit. It gains popularity when the empirical evidence starts to seem incontestable.
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out of the scientific realm and into the moral arena.
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we need not consider whether the hypothesis is true or false
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but whether accepting it makes one good or evil
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unwelcome idea may be attacked all the more fiercely for possibly having truth on its side.
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moral duty requires suppressing and censuring evil speech
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they demand that unwelcome conclusions be proved beyond all possible doubt.
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it shifts the scientific standard for adjudicating competing claims
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The favored side is presumed true
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In the court of moral judgment, defending the scientific validity of an unwelcome conclusion amounts to confessing moral guilt.
Nota - Posizione 222
x CONFESSARSI COLPEVOLI
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Scientific strengths are rendered moral flaws
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(objectivity becomes insensitivity;
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(dedication is depicted as a fetish,
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Scientific conclusions on what “is” (racial differences in IQ) are construed as personal preferences for what “ought to be.”
Nota - Posizione 224
x FALLACIA NATURALISTICA
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academic freedom are derogated
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 227
Avoiding the Totality of Evidence on g
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T RASSEGNA DEI PUNTI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 229
the [following] syllogism:” An underlying ability (called g) is needed for all forms of cognitive performance g is manifest in any broad cognitive battery such as IQ g is related to many types of biological markers and is highly heritable Large individual and group differences exist in g Variation in g predicts differential life outcomes Therefore, variation in life outcomes is at least partly rooted in biological differences in g
Nota - Posizione 243
IL SILLOGISMO
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syllogism has already been empirically verified.
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Level of education, occupation, and income are themselves moderately heritable (60-70%, 50% and 40-50%, respectively), and these heritabilities overlap that for g by at least half (yielding 40%, 25%, and 20% of the phenotypic variation in the three life outcomes being jointly heritable with g: e.g., Rowe, Vesterdal, & Rodgers, 1998).
Nota - Posizione 254
x EREDITARIETÀ NEI MESTOIERI
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Flynn “has shown beyond doubt that general intelligence fluctuates systematically over time and this cannot be due to our having better genes than our grandparents.”
Nota - Posizione 256
TESI DEGLI ANTI G
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Flynn has shown neither,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 257
There is no evidence that g itself has risen
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 259
if any at all, for the observed increases on certain subtests,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 259
only a narrow band of skills has been affected.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 262
Ceci proposes education.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 262
patterns of change in IQ subtest scores are opposite of what one would expect if school instruction
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 266
must turn away from the large body of contrary evidence in the US from standard educational
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 267
bits of research from odd corners of the globe (rural Kharwar Indian and Brazilian children) or forms of “natural stimulation” during childhood (herding, running errands, playing videogames or Legos).
Nota - Posizione 268
x IL TIPICO SUPPORTO DEI CONTRARI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 268
Turkheimer selects a different target for scientific doubt: g itself
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 273
he then demolishes with a thought experiment.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 273
construct a universe in which abilities are independent.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 274
that factor analysis will extract a g factor nonetheless.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 275
g is therefore an “illusion.”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 276
His other-worldly demonstration does nothing, however, to invalidate the independent bodies of evidence showing that this “illusion” exists beyond factor analysis as a biological (Jensen, 1998) and cross-species phenomenon (Chabris, 2007), and that it has more predictive substance in the real world than does any other cognitive ability. In any case, Humphreys (1986) and others put his hypothesis to the test half a century ago when they earnestly tried, but failed, to build useful ability tests that did not also measure general intelligence.
Nota - Posizione 278
x CRITICHE ALL ESPERIMENTO MENTALE
Nota - Posizione 280
...........
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 280
Flynn
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 280
simply declaring the most troublesome ones irrelevant.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 282
Flynn does not deny the existence of g or its high heritability, he attempts to “shatter” it with secular changes in IQ.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 284
emphasize the cultural malleability of “intelligence.”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 285
He accomplishes this “shattering” by reversing perhaps the most important advance in intelligence measurement of the 20th Century, which was to separate the latent trait, g, from the specific devices used to measure it, including IQ tests.
Nota - Posizione 288
x MA... L ERRORE DI FLYNN
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 288
separation is what allows us to describe different mental tests according to their “g loading”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 291
narrower skills and abilities that also contribute
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 292
but their power to predict important life outcomes has been shown to reside almost exclusively with their common gcomponent.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 294
He ignores latent traits and focuses on the measurement device.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 295
people are doing dramatically better on a few of the various subtests
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 295
He cannot say that g has increased, because scores on some g loaded subtests have increased a lot (e.g., Similarities) but others hardly at all (e.g., Vocabulary), so he merely says “intelligence” has increased.
Nota - Posizione 298
x SMENTITO FLYNN
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 298
the score increase rests on only a few subtests,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 306
“intelligence” is not only made malleable, but made amenable to change via “cultural priorities”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 307
The problem with his explanation, however, is that IQ (g) remains highly heritable.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 309
Dickens’ proposed environmental “multipliers.”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 310
environmental reinforcement of all our abilities.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 312
The result is to reconstitute g from the outside in.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 315
The resulting g is highly heritable because of the single, genetically-influenced ability that happened to recruit a very powerful environment.
Segnalibro - Posizione 316
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 318
Moral Denigration of Politically Unwelcome Research
Nota - Posizione 319
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 393
The Truth— What Possible Good? Lies— What Possible Harm?
Nota - Posizione 393
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 394
interest would be served by withholding the truth about race and IQ.
Nota - Posizione 394
IL BENE DELLA SOCIETÀ X FLYNN
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 400
None of our commentators mentions the large, persisting, and socially important black-white differences in phenotypic g,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 403
focus almost entirely on cultivating doubt about the scientific edifice for g
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 404
If g is an illusion, then there can be no racial differences in g.
Nota - Posizione 405
POSIZIONE DEI CRTICI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 407
Nature’s constraints may not be so constraining after all,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 408
so we have no lessons to learn from the many prior educational interventions
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 408
failed because they presumed ready malleability.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 409
“impose” such interventions on individuals more vigorously and into their adult years.
Nota - Posizione 410
REAZIONE AI FSLLIMENTI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 411
Proponents of the taboo on discussing race and IQ assume that the taboo is all for the common good, but whose good, exactly, is served? It is most certainly not individuals of below-average intelligence, who face a tremendous uphill battle in modern, literate societies where life becomes increasingly complex by the day.
Nota - Posizione 414
x MA WYALI INTERESSI SERVE IL TABÙ?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 418
Take, for example, health care.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 419
Individuals of lower health literacy, or IQ, are less likely to seek preventive care even when it is free,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 421
They have worse health, more accidental injuries, higher health costs, and die sooner— regardless of income, insurance coverage, or quality of health care.
Nota - Posizione 422
x IQ METTRS
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 425
It overstates only slightly to say that health care providers currently pay no attention to patient differences in the ability to learn and understand. As health literacy researchers have shown, however, a sizeable fraction of patients in urban hospital outpatient clinics are unable to understand an appointment slip (when to come back), a label indicating how to take four pills a day, or, among their insulin-dependent diabetic patients, the signs of low (or high) sugar and what action to take to bring their blood sugar back under control. Do proportionately more blacks have such problems? Yes, many more. Is that a reason to continue ignoring or disputing individual and group differences in g?
Nota - Posizione 429
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