Can Machines Become Moral?
Citation (APA): Howard, D. (2016). Can Machines Become Moral? [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
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Can Machines Become Moral? By Don Howard
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question is a hard
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it is beset by many confusions
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sorting out some of the different ways
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For some, the question is whether artificial agents, especially humanoid robots, like Commander Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation, will someday become sophisticated enough and enough like humans in morally relevant ways so as to be accorded equal moral standing with humans.
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x PRIMA VERSIONE
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holding the robot morally responsible for its actions
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the right answer is, “We don’t know.”
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Only time will tell
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convince ourselves that it is wise and good— or necessary— to choose to include
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If movies and television were a reliable guide to evolving sentiment, it would seem that many of us may even be eager to embrace our mechanical cousins as part of the clan, as witness recent films like Ex Machina and Chappie or the TV series Humans.
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x VOGLIA DI CONSIDERARE
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Why we are drawn to such a future
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Why are we so enchanted by an ideal of mechanical, physical, and moral perfection unattainable by flesh-and-blood beings?
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x LA VERA DOMANDA A CUI RISPONDETE
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cultural anxiety
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Some pose the question “Can machines become moral?” so that they may themselves answer immediately, “No,”
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robots cannot be intelligent or conscious.
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I MOTIVAZIONE DEL NO
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robots cannot understand and express emotions.
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ALTRA MOTIVAZIONE DEL NO
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Start with consciousness.
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...
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Skeptics
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often point to John Searle’s “Chinese room” argument
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Imagine yourself, ignorant of Chinese, locked in a room with a vast set of rule books, written in your native language, that enable you to take questions posed to you in Chinese and then, following those rules, to “answer” the questions in Chinese in a way that leaves native speakers of Chinese thinking that you understand their language. In fact, you don’t have a clue about Chinese and are merely following the rules. For Searle, a robot or a computer outfitted with advanced artificial intelligence would be just like the person in the box,
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x L ARGOMENTO
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Criticisms of the Chinese room
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we humans don’t really understand that which we call “consciousness” even in ourselves, how do we know it isn’t just the very competence that such a machine possesses?
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CRITICA
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Surely, the reasoning goes, my graphing calculator doesn’t understand the mathematics
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FALSA ANALOGIA
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artificial neural nets are remarkably simple. Modeled explicitly on the neuronal structure of the human brain,
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they consist of neuron-like nodes and dendrite-like connections among the nodes, with weights on each connection like activation potentials at synapses. But, in practice, such neural nets are remarkably powerful learning machines that can master tasks like pattern recognition that defy easy solution via conventional, rule-based computational techniques.
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x RETE NEURONALE
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what can or cannot be done in the domain of artificial intelligence is always an empirical question,
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LA LEZIONE
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Confident a priori assertions about what science and engineering cannot achieve have a history of turning out to be wrong, as with Auguste Comte’s bold claim in the 1830s that science could never reveal the internal chemical constitution of the sun and other heavenly bodies, a claim he made at just the time when scientists like Fraunhofer, Foucault, Kirchhoff, and Bunsen were pioneering the use of spectrographic analysis for precisely that task.
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x SCONFITTA DELL APRIORISMO
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it would be unwise to put a bet on any claim that “computers will never be able to do X.”
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technology forecasting, especially in this arena, is a risky business.
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don’t be surprised if in a few years claims about computers not possessing an emotional capability begin to look as silly as the once-commonplace claims back in the 1960s and 1970s that computers would never master natural language.
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x ESEMPIO DI ESITO INATTESO
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T
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Some thinkers
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...
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think that it is critically necessary that we begin to outfit smart robots with at least rudimentary moral capacities
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Two arenas
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ethics for self-driving cars
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ethics for autonomous weapons.
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we will soon be delegating morally fraught decisions
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we can produce robot warriors that are “more moral” than the average human combatant.
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I spend a lot of time thinking about the rapid expansion of health care robotics,
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patient-assist robot that might soon be helping my ninety-year-old mother into the bathtub
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In the book Moral Machines, Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen argue
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...
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The question for them is not whether but how.
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two different approaches to programming machine morality: the “top-down”
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Top-down approaches to programming machine morality combine conventional, decision-tree programming methods with Kantian, deontological or rule-based ethical frameworks and consequentialist or utilitarian, greatest-good-for-the-greatest-number frameworks (often associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill).
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X TOP DOWN
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one writes an ethical rule set into the machine code and adds a sub-routine for carrying out cost-benefit calculations.
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the approach endorsed by Arkin in his book Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots.
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the rule set consists of the International Law of Armed Conflict and International Humanitarian Law (basically, the Geneva Conventions),
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correct objection to this approach
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one cannot write a rule to cover every contingency;
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second, consequentialist calculations quickly become intractable in all but the simplest cases
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Some critics also fault the inflexibility of the deontological
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shortcomings of the top-down approach might be compensated by a bottom-up approach
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deep-learning techniques
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to make the moral machines into moral learners
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This approach borrows from the virtue ethics tradition
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the idea that moral character consists of a set of virtues understood as settled habits or dispositions to act, shaped by a life-long process of moral learning and self-cultivation.
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x VIRTÙ
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...
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Critics
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moral competence of such machines is black-boxed and inherently unpredictable.
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human moral agents is similarly
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machine should be able to justify its actions by reconstructing,
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ALTRA CRITICA
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reply that human moral agents normally do not act on the basis of explicit, algorithmic or syllogistic moral
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offering ex-post-facto rationalizations
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Future efforts in programming machine morality will surely combine top-down and bottom-up approaches.
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x CONCLUSIONE
